新型钝头体返回舱空投试验总体技术研究

<正>“阿尔忒弥斯”1任务于2022年8月29日实施,正式拉开了美国重返月球的序幕,这次飞行试验也是美国登月飞船“猎户座”(Orion)和“航天发射系统”(SLS)组合体的首秀。美国近年来大力发展多种新型载人航天器,按照其发展规划,除美国航空航天局(NASA)的“猎户座”载人飞船外,还有商业乘员发展计划(CCDev)中的多个载人飞船项目,包括太空探索技术(SpaceX)公司的“龙”(Dragon)飞船、波音公司的“星际航线”(Starliner)和蓝源公司的“新谢泼德”(New Shepard)等。     

2022年国外载人航天发展回顾

<正>2022年,尽管俄乌冲突的爆发让世界航天产业发生了巨大变化,俄罗斯被排除在大量航天国际合作之外,不过载人航天活动仍然延续了近年来的活跃趋势,“国际空间站”任务数量与往年基本持平。随着“阿尔忒弥斯” 1 (Artemis-1)任务圆满成功,美国载人航天的重心按计划逐步往月球偏移,美国航空航天局(NASA)加剧了载人着陆系统的竞争,创企也纷纷加入新一轮月球经济大潮;多家私营企业投入商业低地轨道空间站研制工作,希望填补“国际空间站”退役后的空白。     

美国航空航天局新时期月球探索路线初步显现

<正>随着航天技术的发展,越来越多的国家参与其中,国际月球探测逐渐形成合作与竞争并存的格局。美国在这种情况下适时调整美国航空航天局(NASA)的重点方向,再次聚焦"重返月球",保持载人太空探索的领导地位。NASA提出"月球探索活动",正广泛联合商业和国际力量,酝酿月球轨道站建设,规划一系列月球着陆任务,打算以机器人任务为开端,逐步提升任务复杂程度,最终实现载人登月,为更遥远的载人探火星目标奠定基础。     

揭秘俄罗斯的探月计划

上个世纪60～70年代是前苏联与美国的军备竞赛时期,两国的争霸对象延伸到了太空领域,其中包括对月球的探测。30多年来,俄罗斯的探月计划一直是个未解之迷。俄罗斯在完全具备载人登月技术水平的条件下,却没有登月,而由美国人完成了这一壮举。在当时那样的特定时期,这让我们很难理解。因为在冷战时期,探月和登月活动是两个国家用整体实力进行的一场较量与对抗,特别是登月活动,它承载的不仅是科研上的意义,而且是提升国际威望、增强民族信心的政治手段。但是,俄罗斯为什么要放弃这一计划?最近,世界范围内又一次掀起了“月球热”,许多国家纷纷推出自己的探月计划,而俄罗斯面对这股“热流”似乎没有积极的反应。人们不禁猜测:俄罗斯是已经成竹在胸,还是对曾经热衷的探月活动已经失去了往日政治般的狂热?     

字宙探测纵横谈(二)

(三)美国的空间探测为探索宇宙奥秘,发展宇宙科学,促进航天技术发展,同时也为了同苏联开展太空竞争,美国同前苏联几乎是同时开展了月球、行星和行星际探测。1.月球探测美为给阿波罗载人登月做准备,先后研制和发射了徘徊者号、勘测者号、月球轨道器号等探月器,尔后进行了载人登月探测。徘徊者号从1961年8月到1965年     

各国登月计划及载人登月的目的与可行性简析（上）

一、各国或地区的登月计划及其进展 1.美国的登月计划及其进展 20世纪中期美国实施了阿波罗载人登月计划,后又曾两次提出"重返月球".2004年1月美国总统布什发布"太空探索新构想",提出在2020年前重返月球.     

阿波罗工程的前世今生

2009年7月20日是阿波罗11号实施首次载人登月40周年纪念日。在此之前的一个多月,6月18日,美国一箭双星发射了“月球勘测轨道器”和“月球坑观测与感知卫星”目前最先进的月球探测器,从而拉开了其“重返月球”计划的序幕。该计划与昔日辉煌的阿波罗登月工程相比,无论是政治环境还是航天影响都不可同日而语。     

载人月球科研试验站建设规划及设想

进入21世纪以来，月球再次成为太空探索的焦点，许多国家提出各自的探月计划。区别于在美国60年前完成的阿波罗工程，未来月球探测的重点聚焦月球的长期建设与开发。如何充分利用当前的技术积累，在有限的运载能力和合理的发射运营成本条件下，建设载人月球科研试验站，实现月球极端环境下的长期运行是一个值得关注和研究的课题。结合当前国内外载人航天与探月工程发展情况，提出我国载人月球科研试验站人货分落、分段建设的规划设想。通过对安全性设计、乘组规模、环控生保需求、选址等展开分析，明确初步月球科研试验站建设需求，并提出满足2人长期月面驻留“2+1”构型月球科研试验站方案。     

宇宙探测纵横谈（二）

三）美国的空间探测为探索宇宙奥秘，发展宇宙科学，促进航天技术发展，同时也为了同苏联开展太空竞争，美国同前苏联几乎是同时开展了月球、行星和行星际探测。１．月球探测美为给阿波罗载人登月做准备，先后研制和发射了徘徊者号、勘测者号、月球轨道器号等探月器，尔后...     

NASA重返月球和火星的载人飞行计划

在中断了20年之后,美国计划重返月球,并在月球上建立飞往其他行星的基地。本文系统地讲述了美国的登月计划、载人火星飞行计划及其运载器——航天飞机Z的方案,并且较详细地提出实现这两个计划的具体措施。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国国家航天政策

<正>航天时代始于两个超级大国为安全和威望而展开的一场竞赛。它带来的机遇是没有界线的。随后几十年里我们的日常生活方式出现了根本性转变,而这在很大程度上要归功于空间的利用。空间系统已把我们带往其它天体,并把人类的视野拉回到宇