非线性科学的研究主流综述

主要围绕非线性科学所研究的非线性现象，基本概念，研究方法和应用所涉有涉及的领域作一简要介绍，非线性科学研究不同领域非线性现象的共同特征，体现了各学科之间的相互渗透和联系，最后，简单阐述一下飞行力学中所涉及的非线性问题及研究状况，对今后的研究方向和问题进行一些讨论。     

The high throughput X-ray spectroscopy mission: XMM

The high throughput X-ray astrophysics mission is the second cornerstone in ESA's long-term space science programme. The long-duration X-ray observatory consists of three heavily nested X-ray imaging telescopes coupled to X-ray CCD cameras and gratings which provide a high throughput facility for cosmic X-ray spectroscopy. The mission is due for launch in 1998 with an anticipated lifetime of over ten years. The basic mission including the model payload is described and the capability of the observatory to tackle some of the more important scientific priorities are highlighted. Examples of some of the type of results we can expect from the mission are also provided. This observatory should enable major advances in X-ray astrophysics to be made at the turn of the century.     

空间站微重力环境研究与分析

太空中的微重力环境对基础科学研究和新技术开发具有重要意义,为了满足未来我国空间站开展微重力科学实验的需求,需要对空间站上的微重力水平进行分析和评估,指导高微重力要求实验载荷的布局和微重力实验期间的飞行任务规划。空间站上的微重力水平用加速度值度量,通常可以分为准稳态加速度、瞬态加速度和振动加速度。针对此问题调研总结了国际空间站的微重力研究情况,并以400 km轨道高度上100吨级"T"字型积木式空间站作为算例,估算其准稳态加速度大小及分布,并初步分析瞬态加速度水平的量级。结果表明,空间站准稳态加速度水平在1μgn量级,主要贡献来自重力梯度效应;瞬态加速度可达103μgn量级。文章对将来我国空间站微重力应用支持的设计工作有一定的借鉴意义。     

空间星光测量技术研究发展综述

空间星光测量技术在航天器执行各类任务的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。简要介绍了空间星光测量技术的基本概念，对典型的空间星光测量敏感器及其应用技术的研究进展进行了总结。通过对比国内外同类型敏感器的主要技术指标，评估了中国当前的研究水平以及与国外的差距。就空间星光测量技术目前存在的低频误差抑制与标校、亚角秒级动态测量精度以及极高精度目标指向测量等关键问题进行了初步分析与探讨。结合空间星光测量技术的研究进展与面临的挑战，对其发展趋势进行了展望，提出了高精度、高动态、多功能、智能化等未来重点研究方向。     

近地空间全天时星敏感器技术现状及发展综述

星敏感器是一种以恒星为参考源的姿态测量设备,在卫星、导弹、舰船等平台得到广泛应用。对于需在大气层内全天时工作的近地空间平台,如舰船、飞机、导弹、高空气球等,星敏感器面临白天强烈天空背景条件下探测暗弱恒星目标的难题。首先介绍了近地空间全天时星敏感器的基本工作原理;其次介绍了国内外研究现状;然后分析并总结了全天时星敏感器实现的主要技术途径;最后梳理出下一步研究方向。分析结果可为近地空间全天时星敏感器系统的研制提供参考和帮助。     

高校科技人才成长环境与管理模式探索

将科技人才成长环境分成外部环境和内部环境两个部分，以及一般环境和具体环境两个层次，提出了成长环境对科技人才成长的作用方式及其影响。在环境管理方面，提出了环境激励和环境管理的涵义、人才成长及流动环境激励的基本模式、科技人才成长环境管理十大设计原则等。初步提出了科技人才成长环境系统优化概念。     

当今炭素材料的研究热点和发展趋势

在系统地分析了当今炭素材料研究的基础上，结合科学技术发展的方向提出了炭素科学的研究热点，认为多孔碳材料、纳米碳材料和碳基复合材料是当今炭素材料的研究热点，而由能源的开发与利用、环境的保护与治理和生命科学的发展所引出的新型应用领域则代表了未来几年乃至几十年的研究热点和发展趋势，这些炭素材料的应用则构成了当今炭素材料应用科学的主要研究内容。炭素材料的基础研究主要围绕着炭素材料的性能和应用展开。     

科学实验卫星高速上行链路设计

为保障在卫星与地面之间开展空间量子科学实验的条件,必须为科学实验载荷建立一条星—地高速数据双向传输链路.通过跟踪CCSDS-SLS-NGU（空间数据系统咨询委员会-空间链路业务-下一代上行链路）工作组对NGU的研究进展,结合科学实验卫星有效载荷建立高速上行链路的需求,采用高带宽利用率调制技术、高效信道编码方式及适用的链路数据传输协议,设计了一种传输速率为1Mbit/s、误码率优于1×10-9的高速上行链路方案,并给出星载设备实现方案和地面初步测试结果.该方案在技术体制上兼容已有CCSDS规范,便于地面站及星载接收机实现,完全满足开展空间量子科学实验的需要.     

U. S. Navy in Space: Past, Present, and Future

The announcement last summer of the establishment of the U. S. Navy Space Command, and its subsequent activation at Dahlgren, Va., in October 1983, may have come as a surprise to some. This, however, was the latest of a series of actions taken by the Department of the Navy over the last several years to consolidate the Navy's space efforts. In fact, since the beginning of the Space Age, the Navy has been interested in space and involved in space-related activities. Its contributions in space science and technology have been significant. Driven by a realization that space assets are exceptionally well matched to its global mission, the Navy has become a major user of space. Primary areas of current activity include command, control, and communication and navigation and collection of environmental information. The Navy's operational use of space systems, the nature of the evolving Soviet threat (both air and space) directed in a large measure at U. S. naval targets, and the recent advances made in space technology, all argue for an increased level of Navy involvement in future Department of Defense space activities to secure Navy interests. As viewed by Navy decision-makers, this increased level of involvement will be selective in nature, emphasizing space research and development and operations that are considered vital to Navy interests.     

Space dust high-velocity particle influence on electronic equipment

Determination of failure causes of the control systems and navigation electronic elements of space flying vehicles (SFV), observed in the process of long-time flights, is of current importance. Failures of the control systems in the process of long-time flights considerably reduce their reliability and, consequently, raise expenses in this field. In particular, this requires an additional backup of satellites-retransmitters, which results in an increase of the number of SFV launches. At present, experts are actively elaborating the hypothesis that one of the most probable causes of the SFV electronic system failures are the flows of the space dust particles, moving in the near-Earth and interplanetary space, and possessing velocities from 7.8 km/sec to 16 km/sec. The flows of the high energy (Galactic) ions, for a number of cases, are considered to be the basic cause of the destruction of electronic control systems. This, in particular, makes it possible to explain the failures in flights to Mars of the autonomous space modules performed by the European and American space agencies. The optimum flight route to Mars passes through agglomerations of dust clouds, which necessitates a high probability of collision for the flying vehicles with dust clots. Therefore, the success of the American research module is quite logical, which was done with the highest deviation from the optimum route.     

Coherent nonlinear effects on electromagnetic wave-particle interactions

In many particle simulations and space experiments, the knowledge of nonlinear characteristics of both waves and particles in plasmas is very helpful in the data analysis phase. Such knowledge is needed even more in the designing phase of appropriate diagnostics and probings in both simulations and space experiments. In this tutorial lecture, I will attempt to provide a basic introduction to the fundamental features of coherent nonlinear wave-particle and wave-wave interactions in magnetized plasmas. The present lecture covers only some of the important and basic characteristics in the coherent nonlinear interactions. The main subjects are: (1) trapping dynamics in the electrostatic wave, (2) nonlinear phase trapping and phase bunching in electromagnetic wave both in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas, and (3) coherent three wave interactions.     

Comet Knudsen Layers

This paper reviews some important results about Knudsen layers obtained in theoretical gas kinetics research in the last few decades, focusing on the weak and strong evaporation problems in two-surface, half-space, and spherical geometries. Furthermore, the application of such results in cometary science is reviewed. In order to illustrate some properties of the half-space evaporation problem for water ice surfaces at temperatures relevant for active comets, a number of numerical Direct Simulation Monte Carlo calculations are presented.     

中国电推进技术发展及展望

为了促进国内电推进技术的发展,简要介绍了国际上主要电推力器的种类和特点,并结合国外电推进技术的研究及在轨应用情况,介绍了中国电推进技术发展过程和应用现状,总结了国内外电推进技术的发展趋势。在此基础上,根据国内深空探测、商业航天、重力场测量、引力波探测等空间任务对推进器的高比冲、长寿命、宽调节范围、低成本、高精度等需求,提出了国内电推进技术应该将小型离子推力器、大型霍尔推力器、脉冲等离子体推力器以及无拖曳控制推力器作为重点发展方向的建议。     

基于MAX2769B的多系统兼容GNSS中频采样器设计与实现

GNSS软件接收机具有算法灵活性高、更新方便等特点,逐步发展为一种较为流行的卫星导航研究与应用平台。从处理多频多系统的角度出发,介绍射频前端的基本结构,对比了几款单芯片GNSS射频解决方案,详细介绍一套基于MAX2769B的多频多系统兼容中频采集系统的设计与实现过程,给出了多系统兼容的参数配置方法。对于采样器研制过程中与性能关系较为密切的部分,提供了设计参考建议与测试流程。针对设计的采样器,测试了其采集GPS系统L1频点信号的性能,并通过后端的软件接收机处理得到了信号捕获、跟踪、测量与定位结果,基于这些结果对中频采样系统的基本功能、多频处理能力等进行了分析和评估。     

Results and perspectives in the field of space materials science (SMS)

This paper is a review dealing with recent publications on theoretical and experimental investigations on space materials science under lower gravity. The importance of the results obtained by the present time and the wide perspectives for future investigations in this field are outlined.     

基于广义S变换的图像局部时频分析

 非平稳信号具有良好的时频局部特性,但是使用一些常规的信号处理方法对其进行时频分析具有一定难度。为了解决这一难题,引入基于广义S变换的时频分析方法来进行一维和二维空间非平稳信号的时频分析。同时,为避开对图像直接进行S变换带来的大时间开销和运算难度,选用不同尺度的局部窗口将二维图像转化成一维信号进行处理,再分别利用基本S变换和时频分辨率可调的广义S变换进行算法仿真和时频分析。试验结果表明,广义S变换比基本S变换具有更灵活的时频聚焦性。     

The Swedish Small Satellite Program for Space Plasma Investigations

The success of the Swedish small satellite program, in combination with an active participation by Swedish research groups in major international missions, has placed Sweden in the frontline of experimental space research. The program started with the development of the research satellite Viking which was launched in 1986, for detailed investigations of the aurora. To date, Sweden has developed and launched a total of six research satellites; five for space plasma investigations; and the most recent satellite Odin, for research in astronomy and aeronomy. These fall into three main categories according to their physical dimension, financial cost and level of ambition: nano-satellites, micro-satellites, and mid-size satellites with ambitious scientific goals. In this brief review we focus on five space plasma missions, for which operations have ended and a comprehensive scientific data analysis has been conducted, which allows for a judgement of their role and impact on the progress in auroral research. Viking and Freja, the two most well-known missions of this program, were pioneers in the exploration of the aurora. The more recent satellites, Munin, Astrid, and Astrid-2 (category 1 and 2), proved to be powerful tools, both for testing new technologies and for carrying out advanced science missions. The Swedish small satellite program has been internationally recognized as cost efficient and scientifically very successful.     

基于椭圆空腔虚拟势场的航天器集群控制方法

航天器集群由多个航天器在空间轨道上近距离飞行,进行信息交换,并相互协同共同完成空间任务。航天器集群作为智能集群在空间领域的表现形式,是智能集群的重要组成部分。当前,许多空间科学研究机构提出了多个航天器集群的研究计划,如 ANTS计划、APIES计划等。文章以在小行星带探测航天器集群为研究对象,提出了航天器集群的自组织控制方法,利用虚拟势场力使得与这个参考航天器构成最大距离可控的空间构型,从而保 证了航天器集群中的所有航天器共同构成松散空间构型。     

Cosmogony as an extrapolation of magnetospheric research

A theory of the origin and evolution of the Solar System (Alfvén and Arrhenius, 1975, 1976) which considered electromagnetic forces and plasma effects is revised in the light of new information supplied by space research. In situ measurements in the magnetospheres and solar wind have changed our views of basic properties of cosmic plasmas. These results can be extrapolated both outwards in space, to interstellar clouds, and backwards in time, to the formation of the solar system. The first extrapolation leads to a revision of some cloud properties which are essential for the early phases in the formation of stars and solar nebulae. The latter extrapolation makes possible to approach the cosmogonic processes by extrapolation of (rather) well-known magnetospheric phenomena.Pioneer-Voyager observations of the Saturnian rings indicate that essential parts of their structure are fossils from cosmogonic times. By using detailed information from these space missions, it seems possible to reconstruct certain events 4–5 billion years ago with an accuracy of a few percent. This will cause a change in our views of the evolution of the solar system.     

飞机机翼积冰研究方法和进展分析

通过对目前国内外研究飞机机翼积冰三种方法的分析,指出了它们各自优缺点,重点介绍了现行国内外研究的进展和新趋势,提出了研究方法的改进方案和进一步研究的建议。