翼型动态失速DBD等离子体流动控制的数值模拟研究

进行了翼型深度动态失速及基于DBD介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器的流动控制技术数值模拟研究。将激励器对流动空气的作用以彻体力源项形式加入N-S方程。通过数值求解此N-S方程,研究了DBD激励器对NACA0012翼型俯仰运动深度动态失速的控制作用;研究了DBD激励器工作方式对动态失速平均气动力、气动力迟滞曲线的影响,提出了控制效果较好的激励器工作方式。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

翼型动态失速影响因素及流动控制研究进展

深入认识翼型动态失速,结合有效流动控制手段,对解决直升机、风力机桨叶等动态失速引起的高阻力、大低头力矩等气动问题具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了翼型动态失速的流场特点和危害,进而分析了缩减频率、雷诺数、马赫数以及翼型型面等参数对动态失速的影响,并在此基础上总结了常见的动态失速流动控制方法及其研究进展。等离子体气动激励易于产生快速、可控的宽频带气动激励,在动态失速控制领域具有潜力,本文着重介绍了等离子体气动激励动态失速控制的概念和流动控制原理,总结了近来年等离子体激励在翼型动态失速控制上的进展。     

变来流下翼型动态失速的协同射流控制数值模拟

针对直升机前飞时旋翼在变来流下出现动态失速的问题,发展了基于协同射流的翼型动态失速控制方法。选取NACA0012翼型为研究对象,基于转捩SST湍流模型求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,开展不同参数下协同射流控制翼型动态失速的数值模拟。研究结果表明,协同射流能够有效抑制变来流条件下的翼型动态失速。在变来流下,射流流道对翼型原始气动特性产生不利影响,功率系数的增长速度快于射流动量系数的增加,协同射流存在具有较好控制效果的最佳工作区间。协同射流通过与主流掺混来加速涡系演化,以抑制动态失速,通过增强弦向气流的动能以克服逆压梯度,从而抑制流动分离和促进流动再附着。在马赫数0.283、减缩频率0.151、前进比0.25的条件下,协同射流使翼型升力提高、阻力下降、负俯仰力矩峰降低、流动再附着提前,翼型气动特性得到明显改善。     

合成双射流控制翼型分离流动的数值研究

合成双射流激励器是合成射流技术发展的最新成果,所形成的射流具有更高能量、流动更稳定的特点。采用数值模拟的方法,对比研究了合成射流与合成双射流对翼型分离流动的改善效果。结果表明:合成射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高2°、最大升力系数增加18%,合成双射流可以将翼型失速攻角提高4°、最大升力系数增加35%,证明了合成双射流具有更好的分离流动控制效果。另外着重分析了合成双射流工作频率和动量系数对控制效果的影响,发现当激励器工作频率为流场特征频率的1和2倍时,对翼型气动特性的改善效果最好,同时控制效果会随动量系数的增加而增大。     

OA212翼型主动流动控制的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟的方法,探讨了基于零质量射流的主动流动控制技术对OA212旋翼翼型动态失速的控制效果和控制特性.以积分形式雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程为控制方程,采用格心有限体积法进行求解.空间离散采用AUSM~+-up格式,时间推进采用含牛顿型LU-SGS子迭代的全隐式双时间法,且引入了预处理方法和多重网格方法加速收敛.通过在喷口上施加非定常边界条件来模拟射流对翼型绕流的影响.研究了不同类型射流、不同位置射流以及不同控制参数(频率、相位、偏角、动量系数等)对动态失速控制效果的影响.研究表明:零质量射流和传统的定常射流均可减小动态失速迟滞环的回线面积,但在提高最大升力方面零质量射流明显优于定常射流;在12%c和62%c处施加组合零质量射流的控制效果最为明显.     

翼型动态失速的数值研究

用不可压缩流动的求解算法，结合WilcoxDC提出的k－ω模式和k－ωSST湍流模式，对翼型的动态失速进行了数值模拟。通过对典型的振荡翼型轻失速和深失速算例的计算结果分析可以看出：（1）绕动态失速翼型的流场结构十分复杂，轻失速和深失速在流动特性上有很大区别。计算结果显示：轻失速主要是由于后缘分离引起，分离涡的影响范围主要是在后缘附近。而深失速则首先形成很大的前缘分离涡，该分离涡在翼型表面上运动，并诱发出二次分离涡，引起翼型升、阻力系数的显著变化。（2）对于动态失速的翼型绕流，k－ωSST湍流模式是较为有效的，计算出的气动力系数迟带曲线变化趋势与实验结果符合得比较好。     

翼型动态失速的变下垂前缘控制数值模拟

用CFD方法对VR-12翼型可压缩动态失速的变下垂前缘控制概念进行了数值模拟研究.模拟结果显示,变下垂前缘控制能在最大升力下降不大的情况下,非常显著地降低最大阻力,减小俯仰力矩负峰值,明显改善动态失速的负面效应.在流动机理上,变下垂前缘控制完全消除了动态失速涡.对参数影响的模拟研究表明,变下垂前缘控制的优势对马赫数、简缩频率或下垂控制方式的变化不敏感,是一种健壮的翼型可压缩动态失速控制手段.      

基于充气前缘技术的旋翼翼型动态失速抑制

动态失速的发生会在直升机旋翼桨叶和桨毂上产生高的交变扭转振动载荷,并限制直升机高速重载状态下的使用包线。本文利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对基于充气前缘(ILE)技术的SC1095旋翼翼型动态失速抑制进行研究,分析了ILE抑制动态失速的控制机理,获得了ILE结构布置和充放气方式对动态失速的影响规律。研究表明:ILE可以有效抑制动态失速的发生;ILE最大膨胀程度越大,其抑制动态失速的效果越好,但膨胀程度过大后抑制效果开始减弱;ILE在翼型上仰至最大迎角时恰好达到最大膨胀状态,其对动态失速的抑制效果最好;ILE保持最大膨胀状态的时间长短对抑制效果影响不大;在翼型上仰至不同迎角时开始对ILE充气会对动态失速抑制有较大影响;ILE整流段与翼型连接位置对动态失速抑制有很大影响,整流段越长,抑制效果越好。     

基于后缘小翼的翼型动态失速主动控制试验

针对旋翼动态失速导致的非定常载荷增加和失速颤振问题,开展了基于后缘小翼的翼型动态失速主动控制试验,试验雷诺数Re=7.0×10⁵,减缩频率k=0.097。采用动态压力测试手段,重点分析了后缘小翼不同振荡相位差、幅值、平衡迎角对翼型动态失速的影响规律。结果表明,后缘小翼能以振荡周期T的1/2为时间间隔,周期交替地改变翼型的气动性能,在后缘小翼与翼型振荡相位差为0°的条件下,实现了俯仰力矩峰值降低54.9%的控制效果,同时更大的后缘小翼振荡幅值能实现更好的非定常载荷控制效果,但过大的振荡幅值有可能导致失速颤振。后缘小翼振荡平衡迎角的引入能起到调节升力系数、气动阻尼的作用。     

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

低雷诺数下协同射流关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响

协同射流是一种高效的新型主动流动控制技术,至今缺乏关键参数对翼型气动性能影响规律的系统研究。通过引入螺旋桨激励盘模型,发展了一种新的协同射流翼型流动模拟方法,使得射流反作用力计算更符合实际。在低雷诺数条件下,以NACA6415为基准翼型开展了射流动量系数、开口尺寸和位置等关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响规律研究,并探讨了相应的物理机制。结果表明：大迎角分离流状态下,射流动量系数对翼型气动性能的影响规律比小迎角附着流状态更复杂;随着吹气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数先减后增,有效升阻比先增后减;随着吸气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数逐渐减小,有效升阻比先增加后趋于平稳;吹/吸气口位置对翼型气动性能和气泵功率系数的影响很小。     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化,造成振动载荷激增,桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题,从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示,据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长）,旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法,采用运动网格技术,基于SC1095旋翼翼型,研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值;前缘波峰越大、波长越小,阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显,虽然升力系数峰值减小,但其减小量远小于前两者,例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%,阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%,升力系数峰值减小14.1%;在最大迎角附近,正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性,使载荷变化更为平缓;在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下,仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强,相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras(SA) turbulence model.Numerical methods are validated by a NA...     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ te...