固液混合火箭发动机喷焰红外辐射特性分析

为了研究固液混合火箭发动机喷焰在不同飞行状态的红外辐射特性,建立了固液两相状态下喷焰的红外辐射计算模型,获得了喷焰在2~12μm波段的红外辐射.将喷焰的温度、压力、摩尔组分等作为输入条件,米氏散射(Mie)模型计算颗粒相的散射,采用有限体积法(FVM)离散辐射传递方程,利用中分辨率大气辐射传输(MODTRAN)模型计算不同观测距离的大气透过率,编程计算得到不同飞行高度,不同观测方向下喷焰的红外辐射.结果表明喷焰红外辐射亮度与温度分布类似,在2.7~3.0μm和4.2~4.5μm波段范围内的辐射较强,高温粒子在近红外比远红外对总辐射的贡献大,太空与地面观测不同飞行高度的发动机喷焰辐射率因大气衰减的不同而有所差异,可为目标跟踪与发动机设计提供参考.      

Dynamic imaging and RCS measurements of aircraft

Results on radar cross section (RCS) measurements and inverse synthetic aperture radar images of a Mooney 231 aircraft using a ground-to-air measurement system (GTAMS) and a KC-135 airplane using an airborne radar are presented. The Mooney 231 flew in a controlled path in both clockwise and counterclockwise orbits, and successively with the gear down, flaps in the take-off position and with the speed brakes up. The data indicates that RCS pattern measurements from both ground-based and airborne radar of flying aircraft are useful and that the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images obtained are valuable for signature diagnostics     

后燃对火箭发动机羽流红外特性的影响

为研究火箭发动机后燃羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解.计算中考虑了10种组分,使用有限速率化学反应模型对羽流后燃现象进行计算,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1~15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,与试验数据符合较好.在羽流近场内能够捕捉到辐射特性随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度.随着来流马赫数和飞行高度的增加,后燃引起的羽流红外辐射强度的增量均变小.     

Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions

With the projected growth in demand for commercial aviation, many anticipate increased environmental impacts associated with noise, air quality, and climate change. Therefore, decision-makers and stakeholders are seeking policies, technologies, and operational procedures that balance environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this paper is to address shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. We review knowledge of the noise, air quality, and climate impacts of aviation, and demonstrate how including environmental impact assessment and quantifying uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policies. A comparison is presented between the cost-effectiveness analysis currently used for aviation environmental policy decision-making and an illustrative cost-benefit analysis. We focus on assessing a subset of the engine NO_X emissions certification stringency options considered at the eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The FAA Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the policy assessments. We show that different conclusions may be drawn about the same policy options depending on whether benefits and interdependencies are estimated in terms of health and welfare impacts versus changes in NO_X emissions inventories as is the typical practice. We also show that these conclusions are sensitive to a variety of modeling uncertainties. While our more comprehensive analysis makes the best policy option less clear, it represents a more accurate characterization of the scientific and economic uncertainties underlying impacts and the policy choices.     

液体火箭发动机尾焰对发射平台冲击效应

为研究液体火箭发动机尾焰对发射平台的冲击效应特性,建立液体火箭发动机尾焰对发射平台冲击数值计算模型.针对液氧/煤油发动机尾焰对发射平台冲击特性,基于建立模型研究了喷管出口距离平台3,5m工况下推进剂流量和复燃对冲击特性的影响,并分析了影响差异及其产生差异的原因.结果表明:尾焰自由射流区的激波膨胀、压缩距离和壁射流区面积随推进剂流量的增大而增大;考虑复燃化学反应不仅改变了自由射流区和滞止区的形状结构,而且增大了壁射流区的面积和温度;复燃和推进剂流量均是通过影响尾焰结构对冲击特性产生影响,具体影响效果与喷管出口和发射平台间距离有关.      

某型航空活塞发动机进排气系统优化分析

针对高空小型飞机的动力要求,对某型航空活塞发动机的进排气系统均匀性进行了分析,建立了某型航空活塞发动机的仿真模型,分析了进排气管路结构参数对发动机性能的影响.以进气质量流量不均匀度和进气压力波动效应为评价指标,对发动机的进排气系统结构参数进行了优化.通过改变进排气歧管和总管的长度,把不均匀度降低到5%以内,最大降幅为38%,并且提高了发动机的扭矩和功率,最大提高幅度为5%.      

某航空活塞发动机进、排气正时优化

利用基于仿真的遗传算法优化方法,对某型点燃式航空活塞发动机气门正时优化进行了研究。通过耦合发动机性能模型与modeFrontier专业优化软件,以提高发动机巡航工况下有效功率和降低燃油消耗率为目标对发动机的进、排气正时和进、排气持续期进行了优化。分析结果表明:相比于原机,通过优化进、排气门正时和进、排气持续期,发动机在巡航工况下燃油消耗率降低2.5%,功率提升7.3%;优化后的进、排气参数也可以提升发动机节气门全开时发动机的性能,减少飞行器的起飞滑跑距离。      

火箭弹发射过程冲击流场压力和温度实验测量

考虑燃气流场的冲击效应，根据冲击特点对燃气作用区域的装置结构和强度进行合理的设计，以获得有效的导流和防护效果。实验对火箭发射阶段管后冲击流场在平面斜钢板上的流动参数进行了测量。得到了火箭燃气射流对倾斜钢板热冲击的最大滞止压力和温度，以及冲击流场的压力与温度分布，并确定了管后燃气冲击流场的危险区域。     

固体火箭发动机排气羽流对微波衰减的计算方法

研究了弱电离的羽流等离子体对平面正弦微波的衰减机理,应用羽流等离子体电磁场标准Maxwell方程,结合颗粒相产物充放电的Shukla方程,给出有效用于微波衰减的预估方法;编制了(Radio fre-quency attenuation calculation,简称RFAC)羽流场微波衰减计算软件;分析了羽流场各特性参数对复电导率及微波衰减常数的影响规律,并结合ThermoCalc推进剂热力学评估系统计算了两种不同推进剂配方下,喷管出口羽流场对微波制导信号的衰减,计算结果与文献中的实验结果符合较好.      

火箭发动机出口参数对喷焰流动及辐射的影响

基于详细化学反应机理+逐线积分法+视在光线法开展了火箭发动机喷焰流动与辐射特性研究,分析了不同化学反应机理对流动与辐射的影响,利用地面试验数据校验了模型的正确性,并详细分析了火箭发动机出口参数变化对喷焰流动及辐射的影响规律。研究结果表明:喷管出口温度增加,对流场结构影响较小,但会显著提升喷焰的复燃效应;喷管出口压强增加,会对流场马赫波系结构产生影响,但对喷焰二次燃烧影响较小;喷焰红外辐射强度会随着出口温度或出口压强的升高而增加,且红外辐射强度与出口推力正相关。      

某型无人机火箭弹射起飞俯仰姿态角优化设计

某型无人机在火箭助推起飞过程中,为了能在火箭助推末端使无人机达到一定的高度和速度,并且较好地控制俯仰姿态角的变化,必须对发射角和火箭在无人机尾部的安装角进行优化设计。计算结果表明,优化设计在很大程度上能满足无人机弹射起飞的技术需要。     

IR radiation characteristics of rocket exhaust plumes under varying motor operating conditions

The infrared(IR) irradiance signature from rocket motor exhaust plumes is closely related to motor type,propellant composition,burn time,rocket geometry,chamber parameters and flight conditions.In this paper,an infrared signature analysis tool(IRSAT) was developed to understand the spectral characteristics of exhaust plumes in detail.Through a finite volume technique,flow field properties were obtained through the solution of axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds-averaged approach.A refined 13-species,30-reaction chemistry scheme was used for combustion effects and a k-e-Rtturbulence model for entrainment effects.Using flowfield properties as input data,the spectrum was integrated with a line of sight(LOS) method based on a single line group(SLG) model with Curtis-Godson approximation.The model correctly predicted spectral distribution in the wavelengths of 1.50–5.50 lm and had good agreement for its location with imaging spectrometer data.The IRSAT was then applied to discuss the effects of three operating conditions on IR signatures:(a) afterburning;(b) chamber pressure from ignition to cutoff;and(c) minor changes in the ratio of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB) binder to ammonium perchlorate(AP) oxidizer in propellant.Results show that afterburning effects can increase the size and shape of radiance images with enhancement of radiation intensity up to 40%.Also,the total IR irradiance in different bands can be characterized by a non-dimensional chamber pressure trace in which the maximum discrepancy is less than 13% during ignition and engine cutoff.An increase of chamber pressure can lead to more distinct diamonds,whose distance intervals are extended,and the position of the first diamond moving backwards.In addition,an increase in HTPB/AP causes a significant jump in spectral intensity.The incremental rates of radiance intensity integrated in each band are linear with the increase of HTPB,and the growth rates of radiance intensities in some bands reach up to 50% as HTPB weight increases by 3%.     

月球探测器发动机羽流辐射热流计算

火箭发动机羽流的辐射的计算需要求解气体介质的辐射传递方程(RTE).计算模型中基于单线组(SLG)模型考虑气体组分的光谱特性,并采用离散传递法(DTM)求解RTE,对波长积分得到辐射热流密度.通过对圆柱高温CO₂气团辐射热流计算来验证计算程序,然后在流场计算的基础上,计算了月球探测器主发动机和姿控发动机羽流对各部位和仪器的辐射热流密度,根据对不同工况计算结果的分析为探测器的设计提供参考.      

火箭发动机羽流红外特性计算方法研究

为研究火箭发动机羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外辐射传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解。计算中考虑了7种主要燃气组分,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1～15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,均与文献的计算结果和红外试验热图符合较好。在羽流近场内能够捕捉到流场内各点辐射强度随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度。     

考虑飞机排放因素的飞机巡航性能参数优化方法

巡航是民航飞机主要的飞行阶段,航班飞行中绝大多数的燃油消耗、飞行时间和污染物排放均发生在该阶段。基于国际民航组织（ICAO）基准排放数据和BM2方法,建立了污染物排放量和排放成本计算模型;提出污染物排放价格权重、成本指数排放因子和综合成本指数概念,以改进飞行成本计算模型,考虑污染物排放对飞行成本优化的影响;通过计算分析输入成本指数对性能参数和飞行成本的影响,建立了基于搜索方法的综合成本指数优化流程,并采用Visual Studio予以开发实现;然后计算了综合成本指数飞行的经济效益,以及飞机质量、成本指数和巡航高度对飞行成本的影响。结果表明,选择合适的综合成本指数和巡航高度,可使总飞行成本达到最小,提高运行经济性。与传统巡航相比,在典型情况下采用综合成本指数巡航可以降低相同条件下的总飞行成本的0.15%。     

底排装置空腔干扰下的火箭燃气流场数值模拟

从二维轴对称Euler方程出发,应用隐式有限体积TVD格式和分区技术数值模拟来流马赫数Ma=2 0,攻角α=0°时超声速绕流与底排装置空腔内的火箭燃气流相互干扰的复杂流场,计算得到了清晰的流场波系结构,包括底排装置空腔中的激波,火箭燃气流在底排装置空腔外底部与外来绕流作用后形成的相交激波、反射激波等,其结果可为底排火箭复合增程弹丸的结构设计和气动特性研究提供理论依据。     

A new model to simulate infrared radiation from an aircraft exhaust system

A multi-scale narrow band correlated-k distribution(MSNBCK) model is developed to simulate infrared radiation(IR) from an exhaust system of a typical aircraft engine.In this model,an approximate approach instead of statistically uncorrelated assumption is used to treat overlapping bands in gas mixture.It significantly reduces the requirement for computing power through converting the exponential increase of computing power consumption with the increase of participating gas species to linear increase.Besides,MSNBCK model has a great advantage compared with conventional methods which can estimate each species' contribution to the total gas mixture radiation intensity.Line by line(LBL) results,experimental data and other results in the references are used to evaluate this new model,which demonstrates its advantage in terms of accuracy and computing efficiency.By coupling this model and finite volume method(FVM) into radiative transfer equation(RTE),a comparative study is conducted to simulate IR signature from the exhaust system.The results indicate that wall's IR emission should be considered in both 3-5 μm and8-14 μm bands while gases' IR emission plays an important role only in 3-5 μm band.For plume IR radiation,carbon dioxide's emission is much more significant than that of water vapor in both3-5μm and 8-14 μm bands.Especially in 3-5 μm band,the water vapor's IR signal can even be neglected compared with that of carbon dioxide.     

旋转对固体火箭发动机燃烧室燃气流动的影响

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,计算了某管状装药旋转固体火箭发动机在不同旋转速度情况下的燃烧室喷管统一流场,着重分析了不同转速情况下燃烧室内燃气流动的特点,得到了该发动机燃烧室内旋流切向速度沿径向分布趋势以及旋流涡核半径在不同转速情况下的变化特点,对燃烧室前封头局部区域的流场结构也进行了较为细致的分析.     

Effects of aircraft emissions on ozone,cirrus clouds,and global climate

Although gaseous emissions from aircraft represent only a small fraction of all man made emissions, they may have particular significance because they are delivered directly into the upper atmosphere. This paper describes some research investigations of the effects of aircraft emissions and reviews the impact of those effects upon global climate.