A study on turbulence transportation and modification of Spalart–Allmaras model for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow

It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation(DNS). It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S–A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S–A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the modification of S–A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulating the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.     

转捩对压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰分离泡的影响

为了研究转捩对压缩拐角内分离泡结构的影响,进行了来流马赫数2.9,24°压缩拐角激波/转捩边界层干扰的直接数值模拟（DNS）。通过在拐角上游平板的不同流向位置处添加周期性吹吸扰动激发流动转捩,使得转捩不同阶段进入拐角入口,从而在拐角内产生激波/转捩边界层的相互干扰。计算得到的平均速度剖面、壁面压力分布以及分离泡大小与风洞试验及以往直接数值模拟结果吻合较好,验证了计算结果的可靠性。研究了转捩过程对角部干扰区内分离泡结构的影响规律,分析比较了不同转捩阶段下角部分离区内湍动能的生成、耗散和分配机制。研究结果表明：转捩初期的拟序涡结构对分离泡尺度及形状影响最大,发卡涡包在角部拐点附近发生展向融合,并在角部区域形成湍流斑,此时分离泡尺度最小,形状呈现中间高两边低的山峰型。随着转捩的发展,分离区内湍动能生成和近壁区的耗散逐步降低,此时输运项起到了主要的平衡作用。     

Assessment and improvement of k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition prediction

The purpose of this work is to improve the k-ω-γ transition model for separationinduced transition prediction. The fundamental cause of the excessively small separation bubble predicted by k-ω-γ model is scrutinized from the perspective of model construction. On the basis,three rectifications are conducted to improve the k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition.Firstly, a damping function is established via comparing the molecular diffusion timescale with the rapid pressure-strain timescale...     

侧板构型对二维高超声速进气道启动性能的影响

对侧板前掠和侧板后掠两种构型的二维高超声速进气道开展了自由射流试验和数值模拟,考察了侧板构型对进气道启动性能的影响。结果表明,侧板前掠进气道的启动性能要明显优于后掠构型。通过对壁面压力分布、油流试验和数值模拟结果进行分析,发现侧板后掠进气道不启动流场大规模流动分离位于底板一侧,而前掠侧板对底板附近的流动分离具有限制作用,使得前掠构型不启动流场大规模分离形成于外罩一侧。外罩一侧边界层更薄,抵抗反压能力更强,更不容易发生分离,这正是造成前掠构型启动性能更优的原因。     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

低雷诺数下进气道异常起动现象及其影响因素探析

结合激波风洞实验和数值模拟分析,对一种二元混压式进气道在实验中低单位雷诺数下反而呈现出自起动特征的异常现象进行了研究。根据激波风洞的反复实验观察,表明随着来流单位雷诺数的降低,在继进气道进入不起动状态之后又会重新出现自起动特征的异常起动现象。该结果与层流模型计算得到的流场结构相符,而与湍流模拟结果差异显著;分析表明,层流情况下,由于分离区向前体压缩面大范围地延伸,缓解了进气道入口的逆压梯度,从而在喉道处可以形成主体为超声速的通畅流道,而湍流情况下,进气道入口处激波/边界层干扰形成过分集中的分离泡则呈现明显的壅塞状态;尽管层流情况下进气道流场结构呈现出较为通畅的类似起动的特征,但其流量系数仍明显低于湍流的情况。因此,实验上所观察到的这种异常起动现象严格地说并不属于真正意义上的起动状态。     

An improved prediction model for corner stall in axial compressors with dihedral effect

Corner stall predictions are important and difficult in axial compressors. However, all of the prediction models have proved to be ineffective for advanced compressor blades, which tend to use the combined sweep and dihedral. As for the prediction parameter DL, although it effectively modeled the effects of the adverse pressure gradient and secondary flow, it failed to predict the corner stall of curved blades because the model failed to consider the intersection of the boundary layer at the corner region. In this paper, the shape factor gradient Ψ of the boundary layer at the corner region was investigated by numerically studying specially shaped expansion pipes under different adverse pressure gradients. The improved prediction parameter DJ was presented based on the model of Ψ and the circumferential pressure gradient ξ. A comparison of the critical range of the prediction parameters DL and DJ was investigated using the NACA65 cascade database, which was established by a numerical method. Then, the stall criterion was validated according to the experimental results of various test facilities with different blade geometries and experimental conditions. The results show that the improved prediction parameter is able to predict the corner separation/stall flows and is in good agreement with the experimental results for axial compressors with three-dimensional designed blades.     

流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响

采用大涡模拟方法、结构化网格建立了低压高负荷透平Pak B叶栅的非稳态数值分析模型,研究了不同流动参数对合成射流控制叶栅流动分离的影响.控制前随着雷诺数的减小和气流攻角的增大,叶栅流动分离区域变大,在气流攻角为5°下发生分离未在尾缘前再附的情况.合成射流控制后,不同流动参数下的流动分离都得到了有效的控制,并且在射流偏角为30°时,合成射流控制效果最好.合成射流使叶栅吸力面的流动分离位置推迟,再附位置前移,分离泡尺寸减小,叶栅吸力面的逆压梯度段缩短,吸力面边界层表面的剪切层在向下游迁移的过程中,没有发生充分的抬升,避免了大尺度涡旋的形成,并且很快地黏附于壁面,进而有效地控制了流动分离.      

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

低负荷和高负荷压气机叶栅气动性能的实验和数值模拟

为了明确采用高负荷设计及一般设计(低负荷)方法的压气机气动性能和流动转捩的差异,进行了不同攻角下的叶栅吸力面流谱绘制和参数测量实验.并基于实验边界条件,采用γ-θ转捩模型开展数值研究.结果表明:与低负荷叶栅相比,随着攻角的增大,高负荷叶栅主流附面层由附着流变为分离流,尾迹的宽度和损失强度增加,并与角区分离融合为一个"带...     

合成射流方向布局对S形进气道分离控制的效应

对合成射流控制一种S形进气道边界层分离进行了数值研究.选用狭缝出口的合成射流,详细讨论了展向和流向两种布局对控制效应的影响.结果显示:流向布局相对展向布局具有抗逆压梯度强、穿透深、控制效果持久等特点,在射流动量系数为1.62×10-3,特征频率等于1的工况下,其分离区长度缩减了38.39%.流向布局对S形进气道性能的提升也更显著,出口压力系数比无控制时提高158.91%,总压恢复系数提高0.71%,总压畸变指数降低56.75%.      

某型燃气轮机涡轮过渡段流场的数值模拟

对某型燃气轮机涡轮过渡流道流场进行数值模拟,得到了与实验结果比较吻合的计算结果。结果表明:过渡段内流动为亚声速流动,沿流道有较大的逆压梯度,整流支板的作用类似于扩压叶栅。该方法与结果为此类过渡流道的设计提供了参考,并为以后的进一步改进和优化打下了坚实的基础。     

激波边界层的相互作用对扰动波传播的影响

利用线性稳定性理论和直接数值模拟研究了带有入射斜激波的、来流马赫数Ma=4．5条件下的平板边界层的失稳特性。重点考察了在由于激波边界层相互干扰,平板边界层上形成分离区,又进而产生激波、膨胀波和旋涡等复杂流动现象的流场上游,引入小扰动的TS波后,扰动波传播通过带有这些复杂流动现象的流场时,扰动波的发展变化特点。通过对流场中扰动波（包括基本波和衍生波）演化特征的分析,研究分离和激波等复杂流动现象对平板边界层稳定性的影响特点。数值模拟发现,激波的出现不同于一般的压缩波,在亚声速区与超声速区对扰动波演化的影响是不同的,此外,分离对扰动有稳定作用。     

Unsteady experimental and numerical investigation of aerodynamic performance in ultra-high-lift LPT

Detailed experimental and numerical investigations were performed for an ultra-high-lift front-loaded low-pressure turbine cascade (Zw = 1.58) with periodic wakes. The interaction mechanisms between the incoming wakes and endwall secondary flow were carefully examined. Wakes were produced by moving upstream rods, and flow field downstream of the cascade was measured using a seven-hole probe. Experimental results revealed that incoming wakes influenced not only the boundary layer development of the blade suction surface but also the complex endwall secondary vortex structures. On the suction surface: Incoming wakes clearly suppressed the suction side separation bubble at a low Reynolds number of 25000. Nevertheless, the effects of different wake passing frequencies were not significantly different at Re = 100000, and the profile losses under wake passing were even greater than in the absence of wakes. At the endwalls: Incoming wakes more strongly suppressed secondary flow at Re = 100000 than at Re = 25000, because the low-momentum fluid inside the incoming wakes clearly increased the endwall cross-passage pressure gradient at Re = 25000. The experimental results indicated that periodic wakes decreased the passage vortex and counter vortex core strength by 25% and 30%, respectively, at Re = 100000. Instantaneous results also demonstrated that endwall secondary vortices decreased significantly near the position of wakes passing.     

应用改进的低雷诺数湍流模型预测转捩流动

基于Launder-Sharma(LS)低雷诺数k-ε两方程湍流模型发展了一种改进的具有转捩敏感性的低雷诺数湍流模型.针对LS模型的可实现性(realizability)问题和前缘滞止点湍动能预测过大的不足,模型进行了改进.改进模型只使用当地物理量,不需要求解壁面距离、y+和边界层积分参数.改进模型能够适用于广泛的流动,且容易应用到通用的计算流体动力学(CFD)程序中.对具有详细数据的零压力梯度平板转捩边界层T3A实验的模拟结果显示,改进模型能够预测转捩流动,并能对自由湍流变化给出合理的响应.      

基于DES方法的高超声速激波/边界层干扰的双微楔控制数值研究

高超声速飞行器在流场中通常会伴随激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI),其引发的流动分离将导致进气道性能下降。采用湍流离散涡模拟(DES)方法、结合有限体积离散方法与自适应网格加密(AMR)技术对来流马赫数为7.0的流场中SWBLI诱导的流动分离进行数值模拟,并分别采用单、双微楔对其进行控制。针对流场结构、近壁面流向速度、压力梯度及总压损失等参数,分析讨论了不同双微楔流向安装位置对SWBLI的控制效果。研究结果表明:双微楔产生的流向涡对与涡对之间的相互诱导促进了各自流向涡对之间的卷吸作用,使得双微楔对分离气泡的消除效果优于单只微楔;流动总压损失系数随着微楔后缘与分离气泡中心的距离的减小呈先减小后增加的趋势;综合讨论流向涡强度与形状阻力的影响,得到了双微楔最佳流向安装位置。     

间断Galerkin方法计算叶型转捩流动

使用间断Galerkin方法研究叶型转捩流动,进行了大涡模拟(LES)和转捩模型的求解,对T106低压透平和Zierke-Deutsch压气机叶栅内的流动进行了计算.通过T106低压透平的计算对LES和转捩模型进行了比较,结果表明两种方法得到的压力分布和分离泡位置均与实验值吻合良好.LES得到的分离泡的轴向位置为0.145~0.165m,转捩模型得到的分离泡的轴向位置为0.150~0.156m.LES可以再现复杂的瞬时流动细节,对于深入研究流动机理很有意义,而转捩模型尽管无法获得足够的流动细节,但是也能预测边界层的分离和转捩现象,并且结果与LES时均结果相差不大,对于工程应用很有价值.使用转捩模型计算Zierke-Deutsch压气机叶栅内的流动也获得了与实验值符合的结果.      

平面压气机叶栅通道分离流动高精度直接数值模拟

采用高精度有限差分格式直接求解二维Navier-Stokes方程组,数值模拟V103平面压气机叶栅分离流动,数值结果表明:在瞬时流场中,吸力面后部发生流动分离,在分离区前端存在大尺度分离涡,分离涡下游是由二次涡和脱落涡交替形成的涡串,直至叶片尾缘,形成以脱落涡为主结构的尾迹;在时均流场中,吸力面后部存在短分离泡,分离区压力分布存在明显压力平台。与逆压力梯度下平板边界层分离流动相比,瞬时和时均流场结构相似;叶栅通道内无量纲涡脱落频率是前者的两倍。与文献计算结果对比表明:叶片表面压力分布除分离区外吻合很好;非定常计算所得分离区轴向长度比定常计算大41%。在分离区内三个二阶统计量均达到最大值,表明流场强非定常性集中在分离区。     

某大负荷涡轮过渡段设计探索

对某大负荷过渡段进行了探索设计和数值模拟。对比分析表明:在支板数很少的情况下,支板厚度分布对主流区的流动影响很小,主要通过叶型曲率分布来影响支板表面逆压梯度和分离。凹曲率和凸曲率搭配可以有效控制轮毂、机匣和支板叶尖的流动分离。可以通过支板周向倾斜改变支板叶型在S1流面的安装角,从而起到改变攻角效应和控制流动分离的作用。在条件允许的情况下应尽可能将支板部分或全部置于主流逆压梯度较小的区域以减小支板表面压力梯度和分离风险。