柔性接头结构应力经验公式适用性

设计了接头球半径为8cm的柔性接头及其增强件环向应力电测系统,测试了不同燃烧室压强和摆角条件下增强件的环向应力,并与现有经验公式、有限元分析结果进行了对比,基于有限元分析研究了接头球半径变化对增强件环向压缩应力的影响,提出了新的接头球半径在6~10cm范围内增强件环向压缩应力估算公式,另外研究了喷管喉径对柔性接头结构应力的影响,讨论了冷试容器压强和热试车发动机燃烧室压强换算公式的适用性。结果表明:增强件环向压缩应力试验测试结果和有限元计算结果吻合较好,现有增强件环向压缩应力经验公式估算结果值得商榷,柔性接头冷试结构应力与热试结构应力是不同的,冷试容器压强和热试车发动机燃烧室压强换算公式对于增强件环向压缩应力是适用的,但是对弹性件切应力不适用。      

一种改进的基于Hough变换的精确圆检测方法

在空间航天飞行器的对接过程中,合作目标背景的复杂性使得对圆形对接靶标部位的准确快速识别能力显得至关重要.为了克服Hough变换的圆检测遍历边缘点的局限性,采用图像预处理方法,极大地减少了参与Hough变换的无效像素点,并对边缘进行抽样提高Hough变换圆检测效率;针对Hough变换圆定位精度低,对Hough变换检测出的像素点,采用最小二乘拟合圆心得到亚像素的圆心拟合精度.一方面利用Hough变换检测圆的鲁棒性,有效地解决了最小二乘拟合的平方项对离群点敏感的问题;另一方面利用了最小二乘法的精确性提高圆心的定位精度.仿真结果和实验结果均证明了方法可将圆定位精度提高到1/20像元.     

固体火箭发动机药柱伞盘结构应力应变分析

应用三维粘弹性有限元分析方法,分析了某固体火箭发动机药柱在低温载荷作用下的应力应变场,讨论了前伞盘曲面形式、宽度和深度对该部位最大Von Mises应变值的影响。在此基础上,通过调整前伞盘顶端双圆弧曲面结构的半径比,在基本不减少装药量的前提下,有效降低了该处最大Von Mises应变值,并初步确定了最佳半径比的范围,所得结论可为固体火箭发动机装药设计提供定量参考。     

跨音涡轮叶栅计算机辅助设计

 本文介绍了一种跨音涡轮叶片造型、气动设计的计算机辅助设计方法,它是“涡轮叶片一体化CAD系统”的核心环节之一。对应用该方法设计的大负荷斜切口叶背反凹叶型作了叶栅吹风试验,获得了很好的超音叶栅性能,但亚音工况叶栅性能略受影响。     

圆孔周边应力集中的非局部度量

应用非局部线弹性理论详细研究了含圆孔无限大板受单向均匀拉伸时孔边的应力集中问题。研究结果表明,孔边的应力集中系数不再恒等于３,而是随孔径与材料内部特征长度的比值变化而变化,因而较经典线弹性理论结果更符合实际。     

叶片前缘形状对涡轮气动性能的影响

采用Bezier曲线控制涡轮叶片前缘形状由圆弧形改为非圆弧形,用数值计算方法研究涡轮叶片前缘形状对其气动性能影响.首先以基元叶型为研究基础,数值模拟分析、比较不同基元叶型前缘形状在不同攻角下对涡轮叶栅性能影响.对于正常运行的攻角范围(-15°~+10°),由于非圆弧形前缘表面曲率半径增大较缓,减小了前缘表面流动的法向压力梯度,抑制过度膨胀,减小由摩擦力引起的能量耗散,损失减小,且非圆弧形曲率半径越大,提高性能效果相对越好.而在非设计工况的大攻角条件下,前缘曲率半径缓慢增大将导致叶型分离更严重,损失相对增加.其次以某5级低压涡轮作为验证实例,数值研究分析认为,非圆弧形前缘形状可改善叶片前缘流动特性,提高涡轮效率,但对于远离设计点的非设计工况,由于气流攻角的大幅度改变,会带来涡轮气动性能的负面影响.      

关于潜入式SRM冷流模拟试验中相似与模拟问题的探讨

评述了目前ＳＲＭ冷流模拟试验技术的发展，并从相似与模化的基本理论出发，探讨了ＳＲＭ喷管潜入段稳态不可压有加质的湍流流场相似准则，并根据该实验的具体特点，提出了以ＣＴ作为选定量来求解其它相似常数的设想。分析表明，用以高压气源作为冷流模拟气源一般只能近似模拟ＳＲＭ喷管潜入段内流场的流动工况，近似模化必须尽量满足Ｒｅ准则。     

Improved energy normalization function in rocket motor stability calculations

This work details the derivation of the energy normalization function which arises in motor stability calculations. It starts by identifying the flow parameters that appear in Kirchoff's expression defining the acoustic energy density in a given enclosure. Special care is taken to account for the rotational contributions due to unsteady chamber vorticity. Subsequently, these flow parameters are inserted into the energy normalization function and perturbed to the leading order. The resulting expressions are simplified and asymptotically integrated to obtain the average value of the energy normalization function. This procedure is repeated for two basic geometries pertaining to the circular-port and slab rocket motors, respectively. Our results demonstrate that inclusion of unsteady rotational flow components is critically important for the accurate assessment of energy. We also find that the conventional one-dimensional approach is lacking because it omits unsteady rotational contributions. It under-predicts the energy normalization function by 25% in each of the circular and slab motor cases.     

固体火箭发动机喷管烧穿故障的试验分析

根据某大型固体火箭发动机在地面试车喷管扩散段前部的烧穿故障的诊断，认为喷管的内型面半径对轴线的导函数在型面衔接点处不连续是导致烧穿故障的直接原因，通过对比模拟试验得到证实。又通过对原型喷管的Ｎ－Ｓ方程计算，发现在型面衔接处有漩涡存在，与最初分析的速度转折点的道理相一致，从而确诊故障。最后，提出型面设计的改进建议，即以余弦曲线代替圆弧曲面，使衔接点处导函数连接，可大大减弱冲刷烧蚀作用，从而避免烧穿。     

飞行器失稳平面振荡运动的物理机制

基于全局亚迭代耦合求解非定常流体动力学方程和刚体动力学方程(CFD/RBD),研究动不稳定飞行器在自由俯仰与自由沉浮二自由度下自激发平面失稳运动的非定常特征。数值研究表明:超声速锥-柱-裙飞行器的平面失稳运动发展为极限环形式,并伴随着波系结构非定常变化;平面运动保持了自由俯仰基本运动特征,但同步自由沉浮使得极限环周期运动的振幅更小、频率更快;平面自由运动中飞行器绕靠近头部的"不动点"转动。基于第二拉格朗日方程和虚功原理,导出能够描述迟滞现象的参数化非线性动力学模型。多尺度近似分析(MTS)获得参数化运动特征:自激振动过程是拟简谐运动;平衡点阻尼是决定运动稳定特性的分叉参数;振幅特性与阻尼非线性相关,频率特性与刚度非线性相关;模型分析证实了平面自由运动的"不动点"现象并自洽地解释了沉浮自由度存在使得极限环振幅变小的动力学机制。非线性模型的理论分析、重构都与数值结果高度一致,从而有效地佐证了自激振荡建模研究的合理性。     

流体喉部推力调节特性实验

采用空气与水作为二次流工质,进行流体喉部的冷流实验,研究了固体火箭发动机流体喉部的推力调节特性.分析了不同二次流工质、注射方式,注射流量下的推力响应时间、扼流性能、推力偏角和推力效率.实验结果表明:注射液态二次流推力响应时间更短;扼流性能、推力偏角与二次流的注射位置及注射角度有关,且随流量比的增大而增大;相同的流量比下,气态二次流的推力性能要比液态二次流的效果更好,但提供相同的流量比,液态二次流需要压比更小,且流量比的调节范围更大.      

Hypersonic shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a sharp cone/flare model

A direct numerical simulation of hypersonic Shock wave and Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction(STBLI) at Mach 6.0 on a sharp 7° half-angle circular cone/flare configuration at zero angle of attack is performed. The flare angle is 34° and the momentum thickness Reynolds number based on the incoming turbulent boundary layer on the sharp circular cone is Re_θ = 2506. It is found that the mean flow is separated and the separation bubble occurring near the corner exhibits unsteadiness. The Reynolds analogy factor changes dramatically across the interaction, and varies between 1.06 and 1.27 in the downstream region, while the QP85 scaling factor has a nearly constant value of 0.5 across the interaction. The evolution of the reattached boundary layer is characterized in terms of the mean profiles, the Reynolds stress components, the anisotropy tensor and the turbulence kinetic energy. It is argued that the recovery is incomplete and the near-wall asymptotic behavior does not occur for the hypersonic interaction. In addition, mean skin friction decomposition in an axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer is carried out for the first time. Downstream of the interaction, the contributions of transverse curvature and body divergence are negligible, whereas the positive contribution associated with the turbulence kinetic energy production and the negative spatial-growth contribution are dominant. Based on scale decomposition, the positive contribution is further divided into terms with different spanwise length scales. The negative contribution is analyzed by comparing the convective term, the streamwise-heterogeneity term and the pressure gradient term.     

加速度对固体火箭发动机内弹道性能的影响

用片型装药火箭发动机和含铝复合推进剂,研究了加速度对固体火箭发动机内弹道性能的影响。研究结果表明,在加速度７０ｇ的条件下,２０１０推进剂的平均效应燃速比ｒ＾－ａ／ｒ＾０高达１．５１５,固体火箭发动机的内弹道性能呈现明显的变化。该项研究对发动机设计有实际意义。     

小推力高室压NTO/MMH火箭发动机实验系统管路流阻特性实验

为研究小推力高室压NTO/MMH(四氧化二氮/甲基肼)火箭发动机实验系统管路流阻特性,对管路流阻理论、冷流实验及点火实验进行对比分析研究.通过管路介质流动能量损失计算,建立NTO/MMH管路流阻特性理论模型.开展无水乙醇冷流实验及NTO/MMH小推力高室压火箭发动机点火实验,以最小二乘法确定流阻特性实验拟合公式.与冷流实验结果相比,无水乙醇流量分别为0.10~0.40kg/s,0.09~0.36kg/s时,NTO/MMH管路理论流阻平均误差分别为5.42%,3.67%;与点火实验结果相比,真实推进剂流量分别为0.39~0.47kg/s,0.26~0.31kg/s时,NTO/MMH管路理论流阻平均误差分别为2.44%,2.47%,基于冷流实验预测的流阻平均误差分别为5.74%,3.46%,NTO流量为0.47~0.51kg/s(不含0.47kg/s)时,管路理论与冷流实验预测的流阻平均误差分别为16.56%,9.73%.实验与分析结果可应用于小推力高室压NTO/MMH发动机点火实验,并为实验系统设计提供必要支持.      

A progressive approach to predict shot peening process parameters for forming integral panel of Al7050-T7451

In this paper, a progressive approach to predict the multiple shot peening process parameters for complex integral panel is proposed. Firstly, the invariable parameters in the forming process including shot size, mass flow, peening distance and peening angle are determined according to the empirical and machine type. Then, the optimal value of air pressure for the whole shot peening is selected by the experimental data. Finally, the feeding speed for every shot peening path is predicted by regression equation. The integral panel part with thickness from 2 mm to 5 mm and curvature radius from 3200 mm to 16000 mm is taken as a research object, and four experiments are conducted. In order to design specimens for acquiring the forming data, one experiment is conducted to compare the curvature radius of the plate and stringer-structural specimens, which were peened along the middle of the two stringers. The most striking finding of this experiment is that the outer shape error range is below 3.9%, so the plate specimens can be used in predicting feeding speed of the integral panel. The second experiment is performed and results show that when the coverage reaches the limit of 80%, the minimum feeding speed is 50 mm/s. By this feeding speed, the forming curvature radius of the specimens with different thickness from the third experiment is measured and compared with the research object, and the optimal air pressure is 0.15 MPa. Then, the plate specimens with thickness from 2 mm to 5 mm are peened in the fourth experiment, and the measured curvature radius data are used to calculate the feeding speed of different shot peening path by regressive analysis method. The algorithm is validated by forming a test part and the average deviation is 0.496 mm. It is shown that the approach can realize the forming of the integral panel precisely.     

瞬态法测量高转速旋转盘表面传热系数

将实际发动机涡轮盘冷却系统简化为中心进气旋转盘,用瞬态实验的方法对该结构的换热特性进行了研究.以高转速旋转换热实验台为基础,建立了转静系盘腔中瞬态换热的实验流程和数据处理方法,得到了转盘表面的努塞尔数,并研究了流量系数、旋转雷诺数和出气间隙比对努塞尔数的影响.研究结果表明:对于中心进气冷却结构,在转盘低半径处,转盘表面的表面传热主要由冷气冲击控制,随着半径的的增大冲击对换热的影响减弱.转盘表面的努塞尔数随冷气流量系数的增大而增大,随旋转雷诺数的增大而增大,随出气间隙比的增大而减小.      

翼上螺旋桨构型耦合气动特性及翼型优化设计

针对半环形式翼上螺旋桨构型,研究了螺旋桨-机翼耦合流场特性,并以短距起降（STOL）状态最优升阻特性为目标对机翼翼型进行全局优化。首先,针对螺旋桨-气动面耦合构型,通过动量源法与真实桨叶模型CFD的计算对比,分析动量源法用于该构型设计分析的可行性。其次,为得到有利于桨-翼耦合特征的新翼型,建立了翼上螺旋桨构型自由型面变形（FFD）参数化模型,采用遗传算法对翼上螺旋桨构型机翼翼型进行全局寻优设计,分析了优化翼型参数及流场变化规律。最后,将优化翼型用于三维半环形机翼,分析其流场特性与二维计算结果的异同,验证二维翼型优化的有效性。结果表明：真实桨叶多重参考系（MRF）方法不能准确计算翼上螺旋桨构型下的流场结构,而动量源法计算结果与真实桨叶滑移网格非定常方法较为吻合;采用二维动量源CFD方法进行翼型的遗传算法优化是有效的,受半涵道的保护,二维优化翼型的优势在三维构型中得到了有效继承;翼上螺旋桨构型的翼型优化应当着重关注翼面曲率变化,在本文计算状态下,通过增加桨盘附近翼面曲率、保持附着流动来加强Coanda效应,有效实现了气动增升,优化后机翼升力提高了22.51%,显著减弱桨盘后高压区并产生二次吸力峰值,同时保持了机翼负阻力特性。     

变外涵工况下风扇增压级双涵匹配机理

针对某型民机大涵道比风扇增压级,在不同外涵工况下开展数值计算,旨在研究风扇增压级双涵性能匹配规律和相应机理。通过分析计算结果,掌握了外涵工况对内涵特性的影响规律:当外涵工况从近堵点移向近喘点的过程中,内涵的流量、总压比、效率逐渐增大,且内涵稳定裕度呈持续增大的变化规律。同时也在获取内涵特性时,掌握了外涵气动性能的变化规律,在不同外涵工况下阐明了内涵逼喘过程中双涵气动性能的相互匹配机理取决于风扇的总压比?流量特性和内外涵流量再分配机制的共同作用。      

Transverse curvature effects in turbulent boundary layer

The effect of transverse surface curvature on the turbulent boundary layer is reviewed by recourse to experiments on axial flow along a circular cylinder. Three flow regimes are identified depending on values of the two controlling parameters, namely, the Reynolds number and the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to cylinder radius. The boundary layer flow resembles a wake when both parameters are large. As expected, the effect of curvature is small when the Reynolds number is large and the boundary layer is thin. When the boundary layer is thick and the Reynolds number is small, which is typical of laboratory investigations, the effect of transverse curvature is felt throughout the boundary layer with evidence for relaminarization at the low Reynolds numbers. This review describes the experimental evidence and points out gaps that remain.     

Experimental study of curvature effects on jet impingement heat transfer on concave surfaces

Experimental study of the local and average heat transfer characteristics of a single round jet impinging on the concave surfaces was conducted in this work to gain in-depth knowledge of the curvature effects. The experiments were conducted by employing a piccolo tube with one sin-gle jet hole over a wide range of parameters: jet Reynolds number from 27000 to 130000, relative nozzle to surface distance from 3.3 to 30, and relative surface curvature from 0.005 to 0.030. Exper-imental results indicate that the surface curvature has opposite effects on heat transfer characteris-tics. On one hand, an increase of relative nozzle to surface distance (increasing jet diameter in fact) enhances the average heat transfer around the surface for the same curved surface. On the other hand, the average Nusselt number decreases as relative nozzle to surface distance increases for a fixed jet diameter. Finally, experimental data-based correlations of the average Nusselt number over the curved surface were obtained with consideration of surface curvature effect. This work con-tributes to a better understanding of the curvature effects on heat transfer of a round jet impinge-ment on concave surfaces, which is of high importance to the design of the aircraft anti-icing system.