差分码偏差对PPP授时精度影响的研究

论文分析了不同机构差分码偏差(DCB)产品的天稳性.选取了2个外接氢原子钟的测站进行实验,以国际GNSS服务组织(IGS)发布的接收机钟差为参考值,分析了不同机构DCB产品对2个测站PPP授时精度的影响.实验结果表明:1)不同机构DCB产品的天稳性差异不大,中国科学院天稳性略优于德国宇航中心;2)2个测站使用不同机构的DCB产品估计钟差的均方差(RMS)和时间偏差(Bias)均优于0.4ns,其中中国科学院产品精度最高,RMS和Bias均优于0.2ns;德国宇航中心和欧洲定轨中心精度略差,但也能够达到亚纳秒级,可为下一步推广PPP授时应用提供一定的参考.     

Overview of adaptronics in aeronautical applications

The Institute of Structural Mechanics (ISM) at the German Aerospace Center is working on several projects, concerning adaptive structures. This paper focuses on some aeronautical applications that are subject of current investigations.     

Dynamic qualification of the HIRENASD elastic wing model

The High Reynolds Number Aero-Structural Dynamics (HIRENASD) project is conducted by the Collaborative Research Center “Flow Modulation and Fluid-Structure Interaction at Airplane Wings (SFB 401)” at RWTH Aachen University. It is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) since 2004. Steady and unsteady state experiments with an elastic semispan wing model were performed under transonic and high Reynolds number conditions in the European Transonic Windtunnel (ETW) in Cologne, Germany. The main components of the complete windtunnel assembly were the wing model itself, a piezoelectric 6-components balance and a mechanical excitation mechanism able to excite the wing model at selected resonance frequencies. These components were designed, sized and assembled at the Department of Aerospace and Lightweight Structures at RWTH Aachen University. The dynamic qualification of the windtunnel assembly under wind-off condition was carried out in the department's test laboratory. Modal survey testing based on the hammer impact method was performed, as well as response decomposition analysis using enforced excitation by means of the mechanical excitation mechanism itself. Within the qualification, a test procedure enabling investigations of modal parameter changes under wind-off and wind-on conditions in a cryogenic windtunnel was also verified.     

锆酸镧涂层高温结构演变及热导性能

采用固相反应法制备 La2Zr2O7原料粉体,经喷雾造粒后,采用大气等离子喷涂工艺(air plasma spray,APS)制备 La2Zr2O7涂层。重点研究 La2Zr2O7 涂层在高温长时间条件下的物相组成、微观结构以及导热性能。结果表明:La2Zr2O7涂层具有烧绿石单相结构,密度平均值为 5.24 g cm^3,相成分及密度均不随热处理时间的延长而发生明显变化;初始态涂层内部存在大量非晶态结构,能够有效阻碍声子的传递,涂层热导率可低至 0.392 W·m^-1· K^-1;经高温热处理后,非晶态结构逐渐转变为晶态结构,声子传递效率明显提高,导致涂层热导率显著上升;同时,热处理后的涂层高温热导率的回升现象明显减弱。     

Aerothermodynamics – A critical review at DLR

The paper presents the results of a study done for the German Aerospace Center, DLR.¹ The goal of the study is to identify the required design capabilities in external hypersonic aerothermodynamics for future space transportation vehicles. Lessons learned from the latest German program on Technologies for Reusable Future Space Transportation Systems, TETRA, as well as experiences collected from past European technology programs and flight vehicles are taken into account. The study does not go in to details since it pretends to be a reference for future research programs in aerothermodynamics. The potentials and shortcomings of the major prediction tools for aerothermodynamics, i.e., computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnels are shortly highlighted. Overviews of the most relevant external flow problems encountered during the design of space vehicles are presented. Research fields that require serious improvements are also identified.     

Improvement of the SERN nozzle performance by aerodynamic flap design

As continuation of the former study [P. Gruhn et al., Aerospace Science and Technology 4 (2000) 555–565], we examine the flow at a SERN nozzle for a future hypersonic cruise vehicle with help of a nozzle/afterbody wind tunnel model. Main focus is on the flow at the nozzle flap and the separation of the boundary layer at the flap cowl. The location of this separation is determined for different nozzle pressure ratios and different Reynolds numbers. An empirical criterion to predict the separation point at the flap cowl of the nozzle/afterbody model is established.Based on the experiments and recent studies, a geometry for the nozzle flap of the reference configuration ELAC of the Collaborative Research Center 253 of the Aachen University of Technology is suggested. Numerical studies result in an improved axial thrust going along with an improved thrust vector angle for this new flap in the whole examined Mach range between 1.23 and 7. The improvements of up to 11 percent in axial thrust coefficient and up to 15° in thrust vector angle at low Mach numbers exceed the progresses made for the nozzle of the nozzle/afterbody model in the former study.     

基于高斯过程回归的连续式风洞马赫数控制

在风洞实验中保持实验段马赫数的稳定对实验的成功具有重要意义。传统的PID控制算法具有一定时滞性,不能满足连续变迎角实验模式下马赫数的控制精度要求。针对这一缺陷,提出了一种基于高斯过程回归的前馈控制策略,结合PID控制器共同完成马赫数控制任务。首先,对原始数据执行了预处理操作,将数据集中的异常数据进行清洗并且对清洗后的数据进行标准化;其次,选取迎角、实时马赫数、实验段截面积作为高斯过程回归模型的输入,压缩机转速作为输出,采用随机划分数据集与分组划分数据集两种策略进行建模,并将高斯过程回归与常用回归模型的预测精度进行了比较;最后,给出了利用高斯过程回归预测结果及预测置信度进行PID反馈控制的方法。实验结果表明高斯过程回归对风洞实验数据具有很好的建模能力,基于高斯过程回归的前馈控制与PID结合的控制策略能够提高连续变迎角模式下的马赫数控制精度。     

美国高超声速涡轮基组合循环发动机的进展及分析

旨在为未来空天动力技术研究和产品研制提供参考与借鉴。综述了美国高超声速涡轮基组合循环(TBCC)发动机的进展,重点对与涡轮发动机有关的预研计划进行详细描述,如国家空天飞机(NASP)计划、高速推进评估(Hi SPA)计划、猎鹰组合循环发动机试验(Fa CET)计划等。总结与归纳了TBCC发动机的研究发展的特点:TBCC发动机一直是高超声速飞行器研究的关键技术;目前涡轮发动机的首选是现有涡轮发动机改进,未来可能选择正在预研的高速涡轮发动机或自适应发动机;冲压发动机和模态转换技术已经取得明显进展,但还需长期深入验证。     

Application of Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) for the determination of the instantaneous pressure field of models in a wind tunnel

A two-dimensional and non-intrusive operating optical pressure measurement system PSP (Pressure Sensitive Paint) is described. In recent years, this novel PSP-technology has attracted considerable attention in the aerospace community. The PSP technique can be used to realize absolute pressure measurements on a surface of a model and in addition to quantitatively evaluate flow phenomena using a scientific grade camera and image processing techniques. The PSP system was tested in the Transonic Wind tunnel of the German Aerospace Center in Göttingen (TWG) under real flow conditions. Instantaneous pressure distributions are recorded in almost real time on a three-dimensional double-delta wing model. These pressure images can be interpreted as the `footprints' of the vortex field near the wall. Therefore the recognition and analysis of the vortex dynamics on the model surface are possible. Moreover even the vortex breakdown process as well as secondary vortex structures can be detected by this measurement technique.     

航空发动机限寿件概率失效风险评估的等效应力转化

提出一种从整个飞行循环出发并基于全局的限寿件等效应力转化方法,将转化后的等效应力作为概率失效风险评估的输入条件,从而获得更为精确的失效风险结果。首先通过流固耦合数值模拟获得限寿件在整个飞行循环的瞬态应力,然后基于雨流计数法及线性累计损伤理论编制转换程序,将限寿件模型全部节点上的瞬态应力转化为等效应力,最后作为概率失效风险分析流程的输入条件确定寿命期内的概率失效风险。相同飞行循环条件下,与基于局部最大应力的转化方法相比,全局等效应力转化方法获得的失效风险更低。该方法的提出,为我国民机型号概率失效风险评估时作为关键输入数据应力的确定给出了定量参考,有力支撑了适航取证。     

多模多频卫星导航系统码偏差统一定义与处理方法

精确处理和修正观测量偏差（OSB）是有效发挥多模多频优势,提升GNSS服务和应用效能的前提和基础，已成为国内外卫星导航高精度定位领域研究的热点问题之一。国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）和国际大地测量协会（IAG）专门成立了工作组推动相关工作。然而，目前有关观测量偏差处理的方法仍存在着定义不统一、求解不严密、使用不便捷等突出问题，给实时高精度定位应用带来诸多不利因素。针对此，首先阐述了中国科学院（CAS）电离层分析中心码偏差产品的定义、估计策略和使用方法，然后给出了部分精度评估和分析。结果表明：CAS、CODE和DLR发布的码偏差参数一致性优于0.30ns，CAS码偏差月稳定性优于0.15ns。相关工作对于推动多模多频GNSS在电离层监测、高精度定位和授时定时等领域的应用具有重要参考价值。     

Recent progress in the National Aerospace Plane program

The goal of the NASP (National Aerospace Plane) program is to develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a horizontal take-off and landing aircraft that utilizes conventional airfields, accelerates to hypersonic speeds, achieves orbit in a single stage, delivers useful payloads to space, returns to Earth with propulsive capability, and has the operability, flexibility, supportability, and economic potential of airplanes. The technological requirements of such a craft are examined, and current research efforts are described     

Low-NOx Combustor Development pursued within the scope of the Engine 3E German national research program in a cooperative effort among engine Manufacturer MTU,University of Karlsruhe and DLR German Aerospace Research Center

MTU Aero Engines, the University of Karlsruhe and the DLR Aerospace Research Centre co-operated within the scope of the German national aeronautical research program Engine 3E. The program was focused on improving high-bypass turbofan engines. As a part of this program, a low-emission single-annular combustor was developed. The NOx emissions of this combustor are significantly reduced by using the rich-lean combustion concept.The basic idea of this concept is to avoid stoichiometric combustion conditions by splitting the combustion domain into a fuel-rich zone (low-oxygen zone) and a fuel-lean (low temperature zone). The NOx reduction capability of a combustor of this type scales with the homogeneity of the mixture in the rich zone and the time interval needed for the transition from the rich to the lean zone.Based on the insights gained from this cooperative research, an annular combustor was developed and tested at pressures up to 20 bar and inlet temperatures up to 800 K. The tested annular combustor was found to have NOx emissions of about 40% of the ICAO 96 standard. The carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions of the combustor are of about the same levels as present state of the art combustors.     

The German satellite mission TerraSAR-X

TerraSAR-X is Germany's first national remote sensing satellite being implemented in a public-private partnership between the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and EATS Astrium GmbH. TerraSAR-X was launched on June 15, 2007 and will supply high-quality radar data for purposes of scientific observation of the Earth for a period of at least five years. At the same time, it is designed to satisfy the steadily growing demand of the private sector for remote sensing data in the commercial market [1].     

Deutsche Airbus flight test of Rosemount smart probe fordistributed air data systems

Deutsche Aerospace Airbus (division of DASA) and Rosemount Aerospace Inc. Jointly sponsored a flight test program to evaluate in-flight performance of distributed multifunction air data smart probes. The probes measure pitot pressure, static pressure, and angle of attack. The tests were conducted at the DLR Flight Test Center, near Braunschweig, Germany. Two smart probes were installed on the DLR VFW 614 ATTAS Flight Test Aircraft and tested between June of 1992 and January of 1993. Flight test results are presented together with suggested air data system architectures, including ARINC 738, that can be used with the distributed smart probe concept. New architectures are developed for future commercial aircraft. The smart probe concept offers several advantages including reduced weight and size, reduced number of line replaceable units (LRUs), and increased reliability. Overall cost of ownership is significantly lowered     

羽流效应地面模拟试验系统关键技术发展

叙述了羽流效应地面模拟试验系统由高空模拟试车台向真空试验系统发展的过程,指出引射原理的局限性和低温冷凝技术的适用性.介绍了应用低温冷凝技术建成的美国CHAFF-4(the collaborative high altitude flow facility-Ⅳ)系统和德国STG(Simulationsanlage für Treibstrahlenin G?ttingen)系统及中国首座大型羽流效应地面模拟试验系统——PES(the plume effects experimental system)系统.采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo )方法对PES设备的内置式液氦深冷泵的抽气能力进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明无论有无羽流吸附泵时,2g/s级发动机点火时,内置式液氦深冷泵都能满足发动机出口截面后 ? 4m×5m范围内的背压小于10-3 Pa,羽流吸附泵能有效地阻止压缩波向喷管方向推进.      

Viet Nam?An Electronic Proving Ground

A panel discussion held at the 1966 Aerospace and Electronics Systems Convention, October 4, 1966. Session Moderator: Trevor Clark, Manager, Program Operations, Washington Defense and Space Center, Baltimore, Md. Figures mentioned in the text are unavailable for publcation.     

环氧类韧性耐烧蚀防热涂层的研制与表征

针对现有环氧类防热涂层韧性差、不耐烧蚀的缺点,设计了一种环氧类防热涂层--TR-48.测试了其基本性能及3-5个批次的典型性能,并与国外现有涂层进行了比较.结果证明:TR-48具有韧性好、强度高、耐烧蚀等特点;其中扭伸强度为8.7-11.2 MPa,伸长率为6.8%-12.2%,TG分析800℃残碳率为51%,800℃马弗炉烧蚀5 min残碳率为38%-47%.利用SEM、DSC表征了涂层的烧蚀过程,发现600-800℃存在烧结反应.利用液氧/煤油发动机和电弧风洞考核试验考核了涂层在高温、高速气流环境下的表现,结果表明该涂层具有较好的抗冲刷及防热性能.     

结构复合材料修补技术研究进展

综述了国内外结构复合材料修补技术的最新研究进展,对修补影响因素进行了分析,介绍了结构复合材料修补技术在航天领域中的应用.     

采用TRIP3.0模拟CHN-T1模型气动特性

采用TRIP3.0软件平台(TRIsonic Platform version 3.0),对第一届航空CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)可信度研讨会组委会提供的运输机标模构型(CHiNa-Transport,CHN-T1)进行了流动数值模拟。本文采用粗、中、细三套网格及百亿极细网格进行了网格收敛性研究;采用相应网格分别从气动特性、压力系数分布曲线、表面流态三个方面分析,研究了支撑装置、机翼静弹性变形以及雷诺数效应对CHN-T1构型气动特性的影响。数值模拟结果与试验结果有良好的一致性。数值模拟得到了网格收敛结果;支撑装置对力矩特性影响较大;机翼静弹性变形对气动特性影响较小;雷诺数效应对气动力特性影响较大。