基于弹体表面吹气的埋入式进气道性能改善

针对埋入式进气道进口处吸入了大量的弹身边界层低能流而导致的总压恢复系数较低,出口流场畸变较大的问题,提出了一种基于弹体表面吹气的埋入式进气道流场控制概念,并采用数值仿真先对不带进气道的纯弹身模型进行了边界层控制研究,而后进一步对完整的进气道/弹身模型进行了仿真分析,获得了吹气控制措施对埋入式进气道流动结构和工作性能的影响特性.结果表明:合适的吹气方案确实能够有效地吹除部分弹身边界层,改善埋入式进气道进口前的边界层状况及内通道流态,提高其总压恢复系数并降低出口流场畸变.设计状态下埋入式进气道的总压恢复系数提高了1.5%,畸变指数降低了6.6%.      

机身减速板流动特性研究（英文）

现役高机动战斗机普遍采用机身减速板来减小飞行速度和转弯半径并提高机动能力。采用物面测压及空间流场测量相结合的实验方法,在机身减速板开度60°,机身迎角0°～70°条件下,研究了机身减速板铰链力矩随迎角的变化规律,分析了减速板迎风侧和背风侧的流动结构。研究结果表明：减速板铰链力矩按迎角可分为3个区域：常值区（α=0°～16°）,减速板铰链力矩基本不变,因为减速板迎风侧正压力逐渐减小,而背风侧负压力逐渐增加,两种相反的变化趋势相互抵消。非线性增长区（α=16°～32°）,减速板铰链力矩显著增加,因为减速板铰链力矩主要贡献区为背风侧,该迎角区内减速板背风侧存在一对不断增强的旋涡,背风侧负压力显著增加。在非线性衰减区（α=32°～70°）,减速板铰链力矩在迎角32°～36°范围内急剧减小,因为在迎角36°减速板背风侧旋涡流动变为速度较低的再附流动;减速板铰链力矩在迎角36°～44°范围内逐渐增加,因为该迎角区作用于减速板迎风侧的机身涡不断增强,导致减速板迎风侧正压力显著增加;减速板铰链力矩在迎角44°～70°范围内逐渐减小,因为该迎角区作用于减速板迎风侧的机身涡不断减弱直至破裂,导致减速板迎风侧正压力逐渐减小。     

Crashworthiness analysis of aircraft fuselage with sine-wave beam structure

An integrated design concept for crashworthy fuselage using sine-wave beam and strut is proposed and investigated. The finite element model of aircraft fuselage is built first. The structures above cabin floor, occupant and seat are simplified as two rigid blocks. The fuselage frame is redesigned, and the sine-wave beam is arranged under the frame. The impact dynamic performance of the aircraft with bottom sine-wave beam structure is studied and compared with that of conventional type. To obtain better crashworthiness performance, different rigidity of strut is combined with the sine-wave beam bottom structure. Numerical simulation result shows that the proposed sine-wave beam bottom structure could not only dissipate more proportion of impact kinetic energy but also reduce the initial peak acceleration. The structure and rigidity of strut have great influence on the crashworthiness performance. To give a better fuselage structure, both of the strut and bottom structure should be properly integrated and designed.     

直升机机身气动外形的低阻优化设计

直升机机身阻力是飞行阻力的主要来源之一,通过对机身外形的优化设计,能够实现直升机的高效低阻飞行.首先,把机身划分为头部、中段和尾梁三段,对其外形轮廓线进行CST参数化表示;其次,采用拉丁超立方法选取试验设计样本点,计算各样本点的阻力系数,构造Kriging代理模型,估计模型预测的精度;最后,选用序列二次规划算法对其进行优化,并对优化后的机身模型进行了风洞试验.通过计算分析可知:所建立的Kriing代理模型能够精确预测阻力系数值,优化后得到了机身的设计参数;机身阻力系数减小了15.3％,理论值与试验值吻合良好.     

复合材料机身壁板的强度分析与试验验证

复合材料在大型客机机身主承力结构应用是近年来的发展趋势,通过分析与大型壁板试验结合的方式研究了复合材料机身壁板的静力承载能力,以及疲劳与损伤容限特性。采用理论公式、半经验公式、有限元模态分析研究了蒙皮的屈曲载荷、壁板的承载能力。依靠创新的机身壁板多轴载荷试验系统,模拟机身壁板的实际受载情况,实现充压载荷、拉伸/压缩、剪切载荷的独立施加与组合施加。通过静力试验验证蒙皮屈曲的工程及有限元分析方法和壁板的剩余强度承载分析方法。引入预埋缺陷、BVID、VID冲击损伤,通过试验研究了损伤对应变分布的影响,并通过疲劳、损伤容限试验,验证了壁板的设计以及损伤的无扩展特性。     

机身加筋壁板复合加载损伤容限性能试验

为研究机身加筋壁板裂纹扩展规律和剩余强度特性,按照机身壁板承受内压和轴拉载荷边界条件的要求,设计并制造试验装置,通过静力试验验证了试验方案的正确性和合理性。损伤容限试验结果表明:纵向裂纹沿直线扩展,左右两侧裂纹扩展对称性较好,半裂纹长度小于80mm时呈缓慢裂纹扩展特性,该裂纹可检性好,检出概率较高;纵向裂纹失稳扩展导致最终破坏,在最远的框处呈现"T"字状的裂纹扩展破坏模式。研究结果可为新型客机机身结构损伤容限分析与设计提供数据支持。     

舰载机机身加筋壁板屈曲疲劳试验

舰载机弹射起飞和拦阻着舰的张力场屈曲波在机身壁板上产生附加的拉伸或弯曲应力,从而显著降低结构疲劳强度、改变疲劳破坏部位。以张力场梁形式的三点弯曲试验开展了反复屈曲下的疲劳特性研究。通过疲劳试验测得的临界屈曲载荷与按工程张力场理论得到的临界屈曲载荷对比,吻合较好。根据3级不同载荷水平下的疲劳试验结果,给出了张力场梁屈曲疲劳试件的无量纲载荷比-寿命曲线及载荷比-张力场系数曲线。根据张力场系数与载荷关系、载荷寿命曲线及飞机寿命指标可控制张力场的严酷程度来开展机身壁板轻量化设计。本项工作为舰载机机身壁板在弹射起飞和拦阻着舰过程中的反复屈曲疲劳问题评定积累了数据。     

典型机身框地板梁缘条裂纹修理损伤容限分析

采用简单有效的方法对复杂的飞机结构进行损伤容限评定具有重要的意义,提出一种简单有效的应力强度因子获取方法,并结合损伤容限分析的一般流程,分析某机身框地板梁缘条含裂纹修补结构的疲劳寿命及使用寿命期内结构的剩余强度。根据机身框地板梁结构受载特点建立简化的分析模型,计算单位载荷时不同长度下裂纹尖端应力强度因子,再由结构边界载荷与应力强度因子的关系确定无量纲应力强度因子;根据损伤容限分析方法编制程序,计算结构在飞行载荷谱下从初始裂纹扩展到临界长度的寿命及各裂纹长度下结构的剩余强度,给出结构检查间隔。结果表明:结构修补后的疲劳寿命及剩余强度均满足损伤容限设计要求。本文给出的损伤容限分析过程及方法可应用于工程中类似结构的损伤容限评定。     

工程约束下基于自由曲面方法的机头气动修形设计

二次曲线由于其良好的几何特征,在传统的飞机建模过程中得到较多的应用,但是单一的控制参数使其外形变化受到限制,而灵活的外形变化恰是NURBS曲线的主要特点。根据飞机设计过程中总体布局要求及人机工效约束条件,采用NURBS曲线曲面方法,使用控制点位置的相对长度与角度为设计参数,在飞机机头参数化建模过程中融入相关的工程约束,通过CFD计算分析,对设计参数进行优化,得到符合要求的模型;并尝试在风挡区域增加一条横向控制线,调节风挡局部区域的气流流动。结果表明,采用NURBS方法可以得到符合设计要求的机头外形,而且对外形的控制更加灵活;增加风挡区域的横向控制线改善了风挡局部区域的气流流动。     

Determination of a soundproofing capacity of the model aircraft fuselage compartment

The results of experimental laboratory studies of an acoustic field inside the stiffened shell are presented; the shell simulates an aircraft fuselage compartment under its excitation by a diffusion sound field. The soundproofing capacity of the model compartment under diffusion excitation is experimentally evaluated.     

复合材料机身框轴向压缩屈曲分析与研究

通过试验研究了复合材料机身框承受轴向压缩载荷下的失效模式,并与工程理论计算、有限元分析进行对比。试验研究的框构型包含"C"型框和"Z"型框,试验结果显示,复合材料机身框与蒙皮结构在承受沿框方向的轴向压缩载荷时,首先蒙皮发生局部屈曲;随着载荷的增大,框腹板和内缘也发生局部屈曲,最终导致整个框截面的破坏。对蒙皮局部屈曲采用两加载边简支、两侧边固支的层压平板屈曲工程分析方法,分析结果表明,工程理论计算与试验数据吻合良好,并且理论值具有保守性。对于框腹板及框内缘这类薄壁结构,其边界支持作用弱于简支,导致工程理论计算结果不保守。为了获得框腹板与框内缘更准确的局部屈曲结果,必须采用几何非线性有限元建模分析。     

Collaborative force and shape control for large composite fuselage panels assembly

This study proposed a force and shape collaborative control method that combined method of influence coefficients(MIC) and the elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II) to reduce the shape deviation caused by manufacturing errors, gravity deformation,and fixturing errors and improve the shape accuracy of the assembled large composite fuselage panel. This study used a multi-point flexible assembly system driven by hexapod parallel robots. The proposed method simultaneously considers...     

A model-based prognostics method for fatigue crack growth in fuselage panels

This paper proposes a model-based prognostics method that couples the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a new developed linearization method. The proposed prognostics method is developed in the context of fatigue crack propagation in fuselage panels where the model parameters are unknown and the crack propagation is affected by different types of uncertainties. The coupled method is composed of two steps. The first step employs EKF to estimate the unknown model parameters and the current damage state. In the second step, the proposed efficient linearization method is applied to compute analytically the statistical distribution of the damage evolution path in some future time. A numerical case study is implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the coupled EKF-linearization method provides satisfactory results: the EKF algorithm well identifies the model parameters, and the linearization method gives comparable prediction results to Monte Carlo (MC) method while leading to very significant computational cost saving. The proposed prognostics method for fatigue crack growth can be used for developing predictive maintenance strategy for an aircraft fleet, in which case, the computational cost saving is significantly meaningful.     

Drop test and crash simulation of a civil airplane fuselage section

Crashworthiness of a civil airplane fuselage section was studied in this paper. Firstly, the failure criterion of a rivet was studied by test, showing that the ultimate tension and shear failure loads were obviously affected by the loading speed. The relations between the loading speed and the average ultimate shear, tension loads were expressed by two logarithmic functions. Then, a vertical drop test of a civil airplane fuselage section was conducted with an actual impact velocity of6.85 m/s, meanwhile the deformation of cabin frame and the accelerations at typical locations were measured. The finite element model of a main fuselage structure was developed and validated by modal test, and the error between the calculated frequencies and the test ones of the first four modes were less than 5%. Numerical simulation of the drop test was performed by using the LS-DYNA code and the simulation results show a good agreement with that of drop test. Deforming mode of the analysis was the same as the drop test; the maximum average rigid acceleration in test was 8.81 g while the calculated one was 9.17 g, with an error of 4.1%; average maximum test deformation at four points on the front cabin floor was 420 mm, while the calculated one was 406 mm, with an error of 3.2%; the peak value of the calculated acceleration at a typical location was 14.72 g, which is lower than the test result by 5.46%; the calculated rebound velocity result was greater than the test result 17.8% and energy absorption duration was longer than the test result by 5.73%.     

金刚石涂层为CFRP机加工插上腾飞的翅膀

纤维增强型塑料和纤维增强型复合材料、铝合金以及钛合金等新型材料被航空航天工业大范围地使用。只有使用涂层的整体硬质合金材料才能实现经济、合理地对付难以加工的材料进行长时间的精确加工,并确保加工的可靠性。     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coefficients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods: wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method,due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods.First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was presented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

Developing an engineering-statistical model for estimating aerodynamic coeffcients of helicopter fuselage

The design of the geometric shape of a helicopter fuselage poses a serious challenge for designers. The most important parameter in determining the shape of the helicopter fuselage is its aerodynamic coefficients. These coefficients are determined using two methods:wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The first method is expensive, time-consuming and limited. In addition, estimates in regions away from data can be poor. The second method, due to the limitations of numerical solution, the number of nodes and the used solution, is often inaccurate. In this paper, with the aim of accelerating the design process and achieving results with reasonable engineering accuracy, an engineering-statistical model which is useful for estimating the aerodynamic coefficients was developed, which mitigated the drawbacks of these two methods. First, by combining CFD simulation and regression techniques, an engineering model was pre-sented for the estimation of aerodynamic coefficients. Then, by using the data from a wind tunnel test and implementation of statistical adjustment, the engineering model was modified and an engineering-statistical model was obtained. By spending less time and cost, the final model provided the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage at the desired angles of attack with reasonable accuracy. Finally, three numerical examples were provided to illustrate the application of the pro-posed model. Comparative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the engineering-statistical model in estimating the aerodynamic coefficients of a helicopter fuselage.     

舰载直升机旋翼/机体非线性耦合稳定性分析

基于多体动力学方法建立了舰载直升机旋翼/机体耦合系统的动力学模型,其中机体起落架模型由非线性的液压作动器和橡胶轮胎两部分组成,而舰船的横摇和纵摇以简谐激励的形式通过起落架传递给旋翼/机体系统.针对不同的舰船激振频率,研究舰载直升机起动过程中旋翼/机体系统的时间响应历程和动力学稳定性.结果表明:舰载直升机的机体和桨叶摆振自由度在舰船激励下均会出现极限环振动现象,并且当舰船激振频率与旋翼旋转频率相等时会激发出旋翼的摆振后退型模态的极限环振动,使旋翼重心偏离桨毂中心,进而可能导致“舰面共振”事故发生.      

机身刚度对双体飞机颤振的影响规律分析

针对某双体飞机颤振特性复杂的问题,本文采用片条理论修正后的偶极子网格方法,建立了双体飞机非定常气动力模型,同时基于地面振动试验建立了不同机身刚度双体飞机等效梁模型。通过有限元方法,分析了机身刚度对双体飞机结构动力学的影响,同时通过求解耦合得到的频域方程,探究了机身刚度对双体飞机颤振的影响规律。研究结果表明,机身截面垂向刚度对机身一阶垂直对称弯曲模态、机身一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态与平尾滚转模态频率影响较大。机身截面垂向刚度降低到原设计刚度67%时,机身反对称弯曲模态对平尾扭转效应增强,机身一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态、平尾滚转模态与平尾一阶垂直反对称弯曲模态耦合,双体飞机在269.34 m/s时发生颤振,颤振频率为37.2 Hz。     

金属与复材机舱壁板隔声量仿真及声学优化

为研究金属及复材对机舱壁板隔声量的影响,建立了隔声量的统计能量模型,并通过均质铝板隔声量的理论计算结果及有限元仿真结果验证其有效性,利用该统计能量模型分析了不同铺层方式对复材板隔声量的影响,对比了等厚度、等面密度条件下金属板和复材板的隔声性能差异,最后通过铺设阻尼优化了复材板的隔声性能。分析结果表明：单向层厚度以及铺层层数的改变对复材板隔声量影响很小;厚度相同时,铝板的隔声量明显高于复材板,而面密度相同时,在高于2 500 Hz的高频段,铝板的隔声量高于复材板,其余频率下二者隔声量相近;阻尼优化后的复材板与优化前相比在2 500 Hz、3 150 Hz和4 000 Hz三个频率处隔声量分别提升1 dB、4.1 dB和18.6 dB,其他频率处隔声量变化较小,证明使用阻尼材料可以有效提高复材板的隔声性能。