Nonlinear adaptive flight control system: Performance enhancement and validation

The problem of decreasing stability margins in L₁ adaptive control systems is discussed and an out-of-loop L₁ adaptive control scheme based on Lyapunov’s stability theorem is proposed. This scheme enhances the effectiveness of the adaptation, which ensures that the system has sufficient stability margins to achieve the desired performance under parametric uncertainty, additional delays, and actuator faults. The stability of the developed control system is demonstrated through a series of simulations. Compared with an existing control scheme, the constant adjustment of the stability margins by the proposed adaptive scheme allows their range to be extended by a factor of 4–5, bringing the stability margin close to that of variable gain PD control with adaptively scheduled gains. The engineered practicability of adaptive technology is verified. A series of flight tests verify the practicability of the designed adaptive technology. The results of these tests demonstrate the enhanced performance of the proposed control scheme with nonlinear parameter estimations under insufficient stability margins and validate its robustness in the event of actuator failures.     

稠液雾对激光散射液滴尺寸测量影响的试验研究

本文研究了稠液雾对激光散射液滴尺寸测量的影响。采用马尔文激光测雾仪, 用五个内混合空气雾化喷嘴沿激光束排列来组成稠液雾, 由此得出多重散射修正系数的数据。通过回归分析得出经验方程, 该方程表示修正系数是遮光率 OBS, 稀液雾状况下的索太尔平均直径 SMDo和稀液雾状况下的 Rosin-Rammler分布的液滴尺寸分布参数 No 的函数, 该经验方程可以非常好地概括试验数据, 可以在实际试验中用于对高遮光率下得出的马尔文测雾仪数据进行修正。      

SiCp/Al复合材料加工损伤及刀具优选研究进展

SiC_p/Al复合材料中增强相SiC颗粒的存在降低了该材料的加工性能,使得其切削加工时产生一系列加工损伤。本文综述了SiC_p/Al复合材料的加工缺陷类型、缺陷形成机理、缺陷控制策略和切削刀具的磨损机理与优选策略,并对今后SiC_p/Al复合材料加工损伤研究进行了展望。     

One-dimensional numerical investigation on multi-cylinder gasoline engine fueled by micro-emulsions,CNG, and hydrogen in dual fuel mode

This research work is the novel state-of-the-art technology performed on multi-cylinder SI engine fueled compressed natural gas, emulsified fuel, and hydrogen as dual fuel. This work predicts the overall features of performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions of individual fuels based on AVL Boost simulation technology. Three types of alternative fuels have been compared and analyzed. The results show that hydrogen produces 20% more brake power than CNG and 25% more power than micro-emulsion fuel at 1500 r/min, which further increases the brake power of hydrogen, CNG, and micro-emulsions in the range of 25%, 20%, and 15% at higher engine speeds of 2500–4000 r/min, respectively. In addition, the brake-specific fuel consumption is the lowest for 100% hydrogen, followed by CNG 100% and then micro-emulsions at 1500 r/min. At 2500–5000 r/min, there is a significant drop in brake-specific fuel consumption due to a lean mixture at higher engine speeds. The CO, HC, and NO_x emissions significantly improve for hydrogen, CNG, and micro-emulsion fuel. Hydrogen fuel shows zero CO and HC emissions and is the main objective of this research to produce 0% carbon-based emissions with a slight increase in NO_x emissions, and CNG shows 30% lower CO emissions than micro-emulsions and 21.5% less hydrocarbon emissions than micro-emulsion fuel at stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

激光毛化对Cf/SiC与TC4钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

由于线胀系数差异大,Cf/Si C复合材料与TC4钛合金钎焊接头容易形成较大的内应力而开裂失效。为了进一步提高接头强度,应用激光毛化工艺在Cf/Si C表面烧蚀出微孔,采用银基钎料对Cf/Si C与TC4进行钎焊。焊后对接头力学性能进行测试,对接头界面及断口显微组织进行观察。结果表明:焊前对Cf/Si C表面进行激光毛化处理,钎料能够填充微孔并形成良好的钎焊界面,能够提高Cf/Si C与TC4钎焊接头的剪切强度。     

Effects of B on the Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Nb-Ti-Si-based Ultrahigh-temperature Alloy

Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys concocted with boron ranging from 0 to 2 at% are prepared by arc-melting technology. The effects of adding boron on their as-melted microstructure and oxidation resistance are analyzed. The (Nb,Ti)ss, β-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ exist in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf alloy, while (Nb,Ti)ss, α-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ are present in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-1B and Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-2B alloys. The oxidation of Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys is dominated by the diffusion of oxygen through (Nb,Ti)ss. Compared to boron-free alloys, the boron-containing alloys have significantly lower oxidation rate when oxidized at 1 200 °C for less than 50 h, but, for more than 50 h, their oxidation resistance deteriorates.     

Coating deposition regularity depended on orientation difference in PS-PVD plasma jet

The YSZ coatings are prepared by the plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) technology based on a specific experimental design. The structure, thickness and growth angle of YSZ coatings on the entire circumferential surface of the cylindrical sample are studied. The results indicated that the structure, thickness and deflection growth angle of YSZ coatings are related to the orientation of deposition location. The numerical simulation of the multiphase mixed fluid near the substrate is carried out and the deposition regularity and mechanism of YSZ coatings prepared by PS-PVD is deduced. The growth rate is related to the local characteristics of the plasma flow field, and is directly proportional to the field pressure and inversely proportional to the field velocity. The growth angle of the coating is generally affected by the flow direction of the plasma jet. Especially, the normal component of velocity vector, V_norm, mainly affects the speed at which the coating grows vertically upwards. The tangential component of velocity vector, V_tan, determines the degree that the coating growth direction deviates from the vertical direction. When V_tan ≠ 0, the coating forms a fine column with a certain deflection angle and finally develops into an oblique columnar structure.     

Performance analysis and application on Ti-6Al-4V of micro-forging system

Micro-forging (MF) is a novel surface modification technology which is capable of smoothening and strengthening the workpiece surface simultaneously. Based on analysis of the mechanism and energy conversion of micro-forging process, an electromagnetically driven micro-forging system is developed. To further grasp the kinetic characteristic of the equipment, a simulation model is established and its accuracy is verified. With the help of simulation and experimental results, we propose an input voltage optimization method, which drives the micro-forging head moving in a uniform and stable way. In this study, the influence of MF on surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) is firstly reported. Experimental results show that MF treatment reduces surface roughness (R_a) and increases micro-hardness by 48% and 11.8% at most, respectively. Besides, a compressive stress layer with an amplitude of −1000 MPa and a depth of 0.8 mm is observed. This study analyzes the performance and reveals the potential of micro-forging technology, which lays a solid foundation for expanding its application in TC4 surface modification.     

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on finished quality in ultrasonic vibration assisted micromilling of Inconel718

Inconel718 was machined with the traditional micromilling (TMM) and ultrasonic vibration assisted micromilling (UVAMM) with the different technology parameters, whose surface quality and burrs formation were studied. The results show that TMM often forms pits, bumps and gullies in the size effect range. UVAMM effectively improves the surface quality compared with TMM. The surface defects are significantly reduced with the increase of feed per tooth (ƒ_z). When ƒ_z exceeds 4 μm, the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the surface quality is no longer obvious. The minimum burr size on the down milling side and the up milling side are 50.23 μm and 36.57 μm, respectively. The feasibility of vibration cutting in improving surface quality and suppressing burr size was verified. UVAMM effectively suppresses the formation of built-up edge, which can significantly improve the micromilling process. The cutting force is obtained through simulation and experiment. They are agreement in the change trend. The finite element simulation can be used to predict the cutting force. Compared with TMM, feeding force (F_x), radial force (F_y) and axial force (F_z) of UVAMM decrease by 7.6%, 11.5% and 1.3%, respectively.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

定向凝固Ni-44Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Mo合金的组织特征

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固方法制备了Ni-44Ti-5 Al-2 Nb-1 Mo(原子分数,％)合金,分析了加热温度为1 550℃,抽拉速率为0.3、1.2、3.0、6.0、18.0 mm/min时的定向凝固组织特征.结果表明,定向凝固没有改变合金的相组成,但改变了组成相的形态.定向凝固组织均由初生的NiTi相与晶间析出...     

高温处理对液相气化沉积碳/碳复合材料微观组织结构及力学性能的影响

 对用快速液相气化法制备的碳 /碳复合材料进行了石墨化处理;用 X-ray衍射技术和扫描电子显微镜对高温处理前后材料的微观组织结构及断口形貌进行了研究观察;分析了影响石墨化前后微观结构、力学性能变化及断裂失效模式的因素及机理。结果表明 :经石墨化处理后,d₀₀₂ 值降低,L_c 值升高,弯曲强度σ_f大幅度降低,层间剪切强度 ILSS升高,但随热处理温度提高,ILSS值有降低趋势。     

自动铺丝末端缺陷角度对层合板拉伸性能的影响

自动纤维铺放(AFP)工艺能够有效制造大型复合材料构件,但在铺放过程中因为丝束末端等断面而出现不同角度内嵌缺陷。为解决相关问题,按照[(90°/0°)5/90°]和[(0°/90°)5/0°]的铺层顺序,在0°和90°铺层内分别设置不同丝束末端角度的孔隙缺陷或重叠缺陷。结果表明:不同角度纤维铺层内嵌不同角度缺陷时,导致复合材料构件差异明显。在90°纤维铺层方向上,内嵌90°孔隙缺陷和90°重叠缺陷时,试件拉伸强度最高,拉伸强度比分别为90. 89%和90. 11%。在0°纤维铺层方向上,内嵌±30°孔隙缺陷和30°重叠缺陷时,试件拉伸强度最高,拉伸强度比分别为28. 48%和50. 71%。     

Ultrasonic constitutive model and its application in ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling Ti3Al intermetallics

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted technology is widely utilized in the performance research and manufacturing process of metallic materials owing to its advantages of introducing highfrequency acoustic systems. However, the acoustic plasticity constitutive model and potential mechanism, involving Ti₃Al intermetallic compounds, have not yet been clarified. Therefore, the Ultrasonic-K-M hybrid acoustic constitutive model of Ti₃Al was established by considering the stress superpos...     

Instability characteristics of a co-rotating wingtip vortex pair based on bi-global linear stability analysis

The Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) technology is applied to measure the wingtip vortices generated by the up-down symmetrical split winglet. Then, the temporal bi-global Linear Stability Analysis (bi-global LSA) is performed on this nearly equal-strength co-rotating vortex pair, which is composed of an upper vortex (vortex-u) and a down vortex (vortex-d). The results show that the instability eigenvalue spectrum illustrated by (ω_r, ω_i) contains two types of branches: discrete branch and continuous branch. The discrete branch contains the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, the secondary branch of vortex-d and coupled branch, of which all of the eigenvalues are located in the unstable half-plane of ω_i > 0, indicating that the wingtip vortex pair is temporally unstable. By contrast, the eigenvalues of the continuous branch are concentrated on the half-plane of ω_i < 0 and the perturbation modes correspond to the freestream perturbation. In the primary branches of vortex-u and vortex-d, Mode P_u and Mode P_d are the primary perturbation modes, which exhibit the structures enclosed with azimuthal wavenumber m and radial wavenumber n, respectively. Besides, the results of stability curves for vortex-u and vortex-d demonstrate that the instability growth rates of vortex-u are larger than those of vortex-d, and the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is also larger than that of Mode P_d. Moreover, the perturbation energy of Mode P_u is up to 0.02650 and accounts for 33.56% percent in the corresponding branch, thereby indicating that the instability development of wingtip vortex is dominated by Mode P_u. By further investigating the topological structures of Mode P_u and Mode P_d with streamwise wavenumbers, the most unstable perturbation mode with a large azimuthal wavenumber of m = 5–6 is identified, which imposes on the entire core region of vortex-u. This large azimuthal wavenumber perturbation mode can suggest the potential physical-based flow control strategy by manipulating it.     

Technology review of aeroengine pollutant emissions

The Environmental effects issue of air traffic has been gaining increasing public attention. This has led to a considerable world-wide effort to reduce aircraft emissions. The task encompasses a broad variety of scientific and technological problems which are reviewed.The concerns about atmospheric effects have been based largely on laboratory information and experience from weather and climatic simulations. Research carried out over the past few years will improve the understanding of physical and chemical interaction phenomena and will support regulatory activities. Operational changes of airline flight profiles would be of benefit to the reduction of NO_x released into the stratosphere but would probably involve a major economic penalty. Emissions reductions through improved engine technology offer an overall potential of 10 % lower fuel burn but will also require a considerable component development effort and investment.Combustion technology appears most promising and industry is concentrating research in this area. Over the past two decades smoke emissions have become negligible and oxides of nitrogen have been reduced by 50 %. Staged combustion and emerging lean premix and rich-burn quick-quench lean-burn technologies are potentially good for another 50 % reduction. Alternative gaseous fuels will become of interest only in the context of a necessity to generally replace crude oil fuels.     

凹槽对涡轮叶片前缘换热特性影响的实验研究

为了探究带有凹槽造型的涡轮叶片前缘结构的换热特性,采用瞬态热色液晶技术研究了凹槽对涡轮叶片前缘外表面换热系数的影响,获得了不同主流雷诺数以及湍流度下涡轮叶片原始前缘结构及带两种不同深度凹槽的前缘结构外表面的换热系数分布数据,并采用努塞尔数评估对比了三种结构下的换热特性。实验结果表明：原始前缘结构存在高换热系数区,随着湍流度的增大,高换热核心区显著增大;由于凹槽对滞止区域的流动产生了影响,带凹槽的前缘结构在不同工况下均表现出将原始结构高换热核心区分割为凹槽两侧突出边缘的高换热区和槽内低换热区的分布特征;凹槽可以显著降低前缘表面的换热强度,带浅凹槽的前缘结构在前缘表面的面平均努塞尔数相比原始前缘结构降低约7.9%~14.5%,带深凹槽的前缘结构相比原始前缘结构降低约9.1%~20.9%;与Reg=200,000相比,当Reg=150,000时,带凹槽的前缘结构相比原始结构的低换热优势更强。     

整体叶盘柔性磨头自适应抛光实现方法

基于整体叶盘使用性能和寿命影响因素分析,以整体叶盘结构与材料特性为依据,结合整体叶盘人工抛光工艺方法,提出了适合整体叶盘表面抛光的自适应柔性磨头实现方案.对实现柔性磨头工作原理和自适应区域进行了分析计算,并对其控制技术进行了研究,对柔性抛光方法可行性进行验证,最终实现了整体叶盘自适应柔性抛光.初步抛光实验表明,较之人工...     

液体中心式同轴离心喷嘴液膜破碎特性仿真研究（液体火箭推进）

为了实现对不同工况下液体中心式同轴离心喷嘴液膜破碎特性的数值模拟研究,采用网格自适应加密技术、耦合的Level-set和Volume of Fluid（CLSVOF）方法对气液界面进行捕捉,利用改进延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法模拟湍流。分析了液膜的破碎模式、喷雾锥角、破碎长度以及流场特性。通过观察分析得到：随着气液相互作用的增强,液膜破碎模式依次经历主导表面波发展导致的液膜破碎、Rayleigh-Taylor（R-T）和Kelvin-Helmholtz（K-H）不稳定性引起的液膜破碎,以及气动破碎模式。随着气液动量通量比（Momentum Flux Ratio,MFR）的增大,喷雾锥角和破碎长度逐渐减小且呈渐进趋势,发现无量纲喷雾锥角和破碎长度均与MFR_^-A成正比例关系。相同液膜破碎模式而不同工况时,主要流场特征一致。