复合材料技术与大型飞机

 给出了先进复合材料在大型飞机上应用的历史和现状,特别是在B787和A380等机种上的近期应用。指出了应用是从小到大、从少到多、从弱到强,一步一步走过来的。分析了应用的技术基础,说明了复合材料是一个性能优异的新材料,这是前提基础;其次应用是各种预研计划认真执行的结果;低成本复合材料技术是应用的重要前提,包括低成本的设计技术、制造技术和材料技术;30多年来复合材料技术的进步是坚实的保障。指出了中国于复合材料技术领域存在的问题和差距,提出了发展中国大型飞机复合材料技术的相关建议。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

宽体客机飞控电作动系统设计

为研究飞控电作动(EPA)系统技术,分析目前服役的国外多电客机空客A380、A350XWB飞控电作动系统、波音Boeing 787飞控电作动系统能源配置、作动器配置及技术特点,提出了国外多电客机飞控电作动系统发展趋势。结合中国电作动研制技术情况,提出中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统2H/2E能源配置方案及电作动系统配置方案,对电作动系统安全性、作动系统电功率、质量进行分析,为中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统研制提供有益参考。     

复合材料飞机结构低速风洞颤振模型的设计

金属飞机结构到复合材料结构的颤振模型设计,要求采用刚度等代法来完成,然而一般的设计方法通常需要消耗大量时间。为此,针对飞机结构有限元模型,提出一种基于设计元素的设计方法,对有限元模型进一步离散,以刚度为主要等代依据、工程设计和制造要求等为约束条件,完成金属结构到复合材料结构的等代设计。结合实验结果,验证了该设计方法的可行性与合理性。     

民用飞机结构非计划直接维修成本预计研究

民用飞机结构非计划直接维修成本在设计阶段难以预计。介绍DMC构成要素及影响因素,建立DMC预计流程、预计模型及预计调整模型;以前中机身上蒙皮壁板为例,基于工程设计输入及统计报告,计算来自MSG-3,DTA,DSEA的非计划维修任务DMC数值,对比并分析金属及复合材料非计划DMC预计结果。结果表明:该预计方法可行,反映预计模型准确性,金属结构环境退化及疲劳损伤是影响该结构DMC的主要因素,复合材料的使用可显著降低飞机结构非计划DMC。     

中国大型运输机的发展

Aircraft manufacturers always try to do new aircraft on an old basis. A300 is the basis of A380. It is very important for China to own a basis-one type of Chinese own commercial large transport. Trying to find some enlightenment from A380,for Chinese regional aircraft such as ARJ21, ERJ145 and other commercial large transports. Simultaneously,the opportunities and challenges to China Civil Aviation Industry are also discussed in this paper.     

Structural health monitoring techniques for aircraft composite structures

In order for composite materials to be used more extensively in load carrying aircraft structures, they have to be maintained in a safe and economical manner. Critical flaws may be induced in the structure requiring repair before the next scheduled inspection. Continuous monitoring will significantly increase operational safety. The information acquired in real-time would also benefit the understanding on fracture mechanics of composites, improving the confidence in their use and broadening their applications. The cost of inspection is approximately one-third of acquiring and operating composite structures. In order to compete in the increasingly demanding area of aircraft structures cost effective techniques need to be developed. Large areas need to be scanned rapidly without removal of individual components, minimising the disruption of the structure’s operation. In this paper a review of currently used inspection methods is presented and some examples are described where Lamb wave based scanning techniques have been used to identify internal damage in multi-layered composite structures.     

一代材料技术，一代大型飞机

 介绍了用于大型飞机的新材料的发展现状和趋势。当前,欧美大型飞机机体的材料结构正从以铝合金为主过渡至以复合材料为主,50%复合材料用量是未来飞机的起点。新一代大型飞机的材料技术特色首先是复合材料和钛合金用量创历史新高,以大幅度减轻飞机结构重量和降低燃油消耗;其次反映于一些具有新意的材料技术的成功推出,其中包括复合材料整体机身段、全钛发动机挂架、纤维金属层板、第3代铝锂合金、新型高强铝合金7085、新型高强高韧钛合金Ti-55531等。最后,对中国刚立项研制的大型飞机的选材原则提出了建议。     

A380客舱窗框结构设计的分析与研究

A380作为新一代大型客机的代表,数量庞大的大尺寸舷窗设计是众所瞩目的关键课题之一。通过与其他机型采用的窗框方案对比,重点分析A380窗框结构方案的优势,研究窗框结构的受载情况,将静力试验数据与有限元分析结果对比验证,从主结构的材料选用方面将A380的锻件窗框与不同材料的窗框进行对比分析。结果表明:A380客舱窗框结构的设计概念与现有机型相比,有效降低了加工复杂性、制造风险及研制成本,可为后续机型的窗框设计提供借鉴和参考。     

民用飞机复合材料层压板铺层设计方法研究

在民用飞机复合材料应用中,关键技术领域包括选材、结构设计、强度分析、制件成型及装配工艺、结构修理、适航等。针对民用飞机复合材料层压板铺层设计方法展开研究,在结构初步设计阶段运用工程方法完成结构铺层设计和尺寸设计。     

飞行器结构用复合材料制造技术与工艺理论进展

复合材料结构制造工艺是复合材料应用的关键,也是结构设计得以实现的关键。复合材料制造工艺的特殊性和复杂性,使其成为了结构可靠性、制件质量和成本控制的核心技术。近些年来,随着先进复合材料在航空航天领域的广泛应用,复合材料制造技术与工艺理论得到了很大发展。本文即围绕飞行器结构用复合材料,归纳作者掌握的资料,结合作者近期研究成果,介绍先进复合材料制造技术与工艺理论的国内外研究进展,阐述复合材料工艺质量控制的主要方法,展望复合材料制造新技术的未来发展方向,以期促进我国航空航天领域复合材料用量与应用水平快速提高。     

On the competition between Airbus and Boeing

The recent launch of the A380 is the culmination of the competition with Boeing, as Airbus completes its family of aircraft, in all classes from 100 seats up. This is a good occasion to review the preceding stages of the competition, up to the current A380, before presenting some short conclusions. It will be apparent in this exposition that Airbus has increased its market share at each stage because it has outperformed Boeing in incorporating technology advances in superior designs.     

飞机生存力评估与综合权衡方法研究

分析了飞机生存力的影响因素,基于每个因素对生存力的影响重要程度提出了评估飞机生存力的权重系数法和综合评估法;并考虑到飞机生存力的提高必须以费用作为代价,提出了一种飞机生存力/寿命周期费用综合权衡方法。飞机生存力评估方法和飞机生存力/寿命周期费用综合权衡方法的提出,将对飞机生存力提高和生存力设计产生积极的影响。     

The multi-site extended enterprise concept in the aeronautical industry

This article introduces the industrial deployment of multi-site extended enterprise concept within EADS AIRBUS SA for the development of the new AIRBUS. Between 1997 and 2000, EADS AURBUS SA, for the development of the A340 500 and 600 programmes co-located up to 600 persons on a common multidisciplinary platform (engineering, manufacturing, support, airlines involvement). The objectives were to reduce, in comparison with A340, the lifecycle of the development of 25%, to reduce the development costs of 30% and to reach, at the entry in service of the first aircraft, a maturity never seen (dispatch reliability of 99%). For that purpose, digital mock-ups were used and permitted to support all the actors involved all along the development and also during the assembly of the first aircraft. This approach continues actually with the involvement of all the parties of the new integrated AIRBUS company for the development of the A380 (very large aircraft) and the A400M (military transport aircraft).     

复合板材低雷达散射截面优化设计的研究

 本文将多层介质材料的电磁反射系数与优化技术相结合,提供了复合板材低雷达散射截面优化设计的方法。编制了优化复合板材几何参数和每层电磁参数的计算机程序。对两个算例进行了优化设计,所获结果合理,为隐身飞机的材料选择和结构设计提供了有用的方法。     

综合化飞机环境监视系统研究及其数字仿真测试

综合模块化航空电子(IMA)技术日益成为飞机航电系统开发的主流构型。基于美国航空无线电技术委员会(RTCA)对飞机环境监视系统(AESS)的定义,分析了AESS的发展过程及技术趋势,以空客A380、Boeing787飞机的AESS为例进行现状分析,依据ARINC768规范开展了综合飞机环境监视系统(IAESS)方案及架构设计,实现了由综合飞机环境监视系统处理单元(IAESSPU)对T3CAS(TCAS、TAWS和ATCRBS)和WXR数据综合与处理的统一,开展了基于高级体系结构(HLA)的IAESS数字仿真系统设计、测试用例和性能分析,验证了IAESS具有高可靠性、低功耗、低总量等优点,未来IAESS发展也将进一步使得系统具备多功能特点。     

The A380 programme — the big task for Europe's aerospace industry

This paper presents an adapted version of the lecture delivered by Jürgen Thomas giving an overview of the A380 aircraft project.     

复合材料修理技术研究

国内先进复合材料在飞机上的应用研究已上了一个新台阶,而复合材料修理技术的研究,相关技术标准或规范建立工作却相对滞后.大量复合材料部件在生产﹑使用和维护过程中,不可避免地会发生结构缺陷或损伤,必须进行及时修理以减少生产中部件的报废率,提高部件使用完好率,在保证安全的同时,降低复合材料使用成本.因此,复合材料构件修理问题的重要性便凸现出来.为了了解目前国内外复合材料修理技术的现状,在这重点介绍了美国空军于70年代起在复合材料修理技术领域的一些研究情况及国内在这方面的研究进展及趋势.     

涵道比对大型客机经济性和环保性的影响

为了综合评估配装发动机的涵道比对客机的经济性和环保性的影响,建立了一套包括动力、几何、气动、质量、性能、经济性、噪声、排放分析模型的多学科分析流程.以典型宽体客机为应用算例,分析了不同涵道比（8~14）发动机对宽体客机经济性和环保指标的影响.综合分析结果表明:增大发动机涵道比有利于降低客机噪声和起降循环氮氧化合物污染物的排放;而发动机涵道比为11左右时,客机的现金使用成本最低,航线氮氧化合物污染物排放量最少.      

民用飞机复合材料主结构适航符合性研究

介绍了民用飞机复合材料主结构适航取证方法。该取证方法是基于试样和组合件试验支持的分析方法,符合FAA和EASA发布的指导条例。根据FAA新近发布的资讯通报AC20—107B,给出了复合材料主结构静强度、疲劳和损伤容限符合性方法需遵循的原则。最后给出了全尺寸复合材料部件静强度、疲劳和损伤容限试验流程。研究的复合材料主结构取证方法符合适航当局颁布的适航规章和咨询通报要求。