Formation of the Cores of the Outer Planets

The formation of the giant planets seems to be best explained by accretion of planetesimals to form massive cores, which in the case of Jupiter and Saturn were able to capture nebular gas. However, the timescale for accretion of such cores has been a problem. Accretion in the outer solar system differs qualitatively from planetary growth in the terrestrial region, as the larger embryo masses and lower orbital velocities make bodies more subject to gravitational scattering. The planetesimal swarm in the outer nebula may be seeded by earlier-formed large bodies scattered from the region near the nebular “snow line”. Such a seed body can experience rapid runaway growth undisturbed by competitors; the style of growth is not oligarchy, but monarchy.     

Comparison of the Past Two Solar Minima from the Perspective of the Interior Dynamics and Dynamo of the Sun

Solar cycle 23 behaved differently than cycle 22 in many ways. Certain properties, namely the long minimum at the end of cycle 23, weakening of polar fields, shrinking of polar coronal holes, reduction in the terrestrial atmospheric neutral density layer, have been identified as unusual compared to several past cycles. The origin of these differences most likely lies in the ways the dynamo has operated that led to distinctly different generation and evolution of the large-scale magnetic fields in cycles 22 and 23. Certain differences in the properties of Galactic-Cosmic Rays during cycles 22 and 23 have recently been explained by the differences in evolutionary pattern of coronal holes, which are linked to the dynamo-generated large-scale magnetic fields. In this paper, I will discuss the differences in the solar interior dynamics, particularly the properties of flow fields and their influence in governing the evolution of dynamo-generated magnetic fields during cycles 22 and 23, respectively.     

论清代前期统一的历史局限性

对于清代前期的统一，我们既要看到它的深远影响，也应指出其严重失误。诸如排斥汉族将帅参与边疆事务，在边疆某些地区滥施淫威，对蒙古及黄教政策的消极影响，虚边政策的危害，闭关自守政策的恶果等等，结果很快从“盛世”坠入“衰世”，内忧外患，纷至沓来，到清末时已是不可救药了。     

The evolution of the anomalous component of the cosmic rays during the Ulysses mission

We have studied the evolution of the anomalous cosmic ray component at ULYSSES using observations of the quiet time helium fluxes obtained with the COSPIN Low Energy Telescope during the years from launch in October 1990 to the latest data in 1994. Shown are preliminary results of measurements in the energy range from 4.0 to 19 MeV/n. Following the drop in solar activity in late 1991, the low energy cosmic ray helium flux started to increase and continue to rise until the end of 1993, signifying the appearance of the anomalous component at ULYSSES.     

Comparative geology of the satellites of the giant planets

The geologic evolution of the Jovian and Saturnian satellites is reviewed with regard to the major discoveries of the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters with Jupiter and Saturn.Nearly forty satellites are now identified in the Jovian and Saturnian systems. Three of these satellites (Ganymede, Titan, and Callisto) are larger than Mercury, two (Io and Europa) have sizes similar to the Moon, and four others (Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, and Tethys) are larger than the largest asteroids.They all have experienced different geologic evolutions related to their composition, and to their location in the two systems. The emphasis is given upon the cratering record of their surfaces, and on their thermal evolution, with regard to the tidal effects produced by the giant planets. The small satellites are also presented with no attempt to review their geologic record since they are almost only known from their orbital properties.     

The Responsibility of the Engineering School in the Continuing Education of the Engineer

Engineering schools have a responsibility to provide a science background upon which graduates may build to solve the across-the-discipline challenges of tomorrow. They cannot and should not train for solutions to today's problems. Schools must insure that their faculty continues its education beyond the Doctor's degree by means of workshops, professional meetings, and involvement in investigation and research. Individuals must, however, retain primary responsibility for investment of time, energy, and effort necessary to remain a productive member of the profession for their career.     

可拓优度评价方法在创新项目选择中的应用

创新项目选择是否得当，直接关系着企业的生存和发展。针对创新项目选择的可行性问题，文章将可拓工程中的优度评价方法应用于创新项目的选择过程之中，运用定性与定量相结合的方法，对项目方案进行评价，为决策提供可靠依据。     

火星自然卫星分析历表的建立

为了解环火星探测器的运动规律,就要构造环火星探测器的轨道分析解,这会涉及2个火星自然卫星的分析历表,因而需要首先构造它们的轨道分析解。由于火星与地球类似,参照建立人造地球卫星轨道摄动解的方法,构造火星自然卫星轨道的摄动分析解,分离出短周期项,即可给出所需要的历表计算公式。将其与JPL网站上提供的历表进行比对,结果表明,所采用的数学模型以及构造轨道摄动解的方法均有效,能够达到期望的精度。     

两课教师在推进科学发展观进程中的效用分析

两课教师作为思想政治教育阵地的领军人物,在贯彻落实科学发展观的进程中,转变教育理念,贯彻以人为本,全面、协调、可持续、和谐发展的教育思想,重新进行角色定位,推进科学发展观进教材、进课堂、进学生头脑的教育进程,提高思想政治教育的针对性和实效性。     

提高瞄准棱镜安装精度稳定性

平台瞄准棱镜组件是平台方位光学瞄准的基准, 用于全箭初始对准, 其安 装精度的稳定性会直接影响火箭的落点精度。分析了影响瞄准棱镜安装精度稳定性的几 种原因,找到其关键因素,并针对影响精度稳定性的关键因素提出了改进设计的方法, 并进一步通过试验验证,证实了设计改进的正确性。     

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of the rocket nozzle

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of a rocket nozzle is very important for the study of infrared initiating technology. The Narrow-Band Zone model is developed for that purpose. The spectral transmission and absorption factors are introduced, and the equations between radiative heat flux and the temperature of waill surfaces and gas are developed. The radiative heat transfer in one axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure filled with homogeneous radiative participating medium is computed with the Narrow-Band Zone model and compared with those in the reference documents. The comparison shows good agreement. The radiative heat transfer to the nozzle of one rocket engine is also calculated with the Narrow-Band Zone model, and the outgoing radiative energy flux and energy rate integrated in a mid-wave infrared band 2-6 pm, a long-wave infrared band 8-14 pm and the full wave band are analyzed. The following conclusions can be derived: the spectral radiation from the inlet and outlet of the nozzle show apparent spectral discontinuity, which appears greater in the 2.7-2.95 pm than in the neighboring wave band. The spectral outgoing radiative energy flux of nozzle wail is similar to that of gray body, which decreases with wavelength in 2-14 pm. The outgoing radiative energy flux on the nozzle wall is greater in the cylindrical and contracting section of nozzle, but smaller in the divergent section, which is determined by temperature. The nozzle of the rocket engine radiates most energy in the mid-wave surfaces by absorption. The most important feature of gas radiation is the strong selection of the waveband, so the detailed study of the infrared characteristics of nozzle of the rocket engine should be carried out on narrow-band computation.     

对中部崛起战略的再认识

我国目前正处于重要的战略转型期,怎样既坚持科学发展、实现“五个统筹”,又保持国民经济的持续快速增长,是我们面临的一个重大课题。促进中部崛起不仅是一个区域性发展战略,而且承担着扩大国内需求、吸引国际产业转移、统筹区域发展、保持国民经济持续快速增长的历史任务,同时又是中国在发展进程中如何规避“拉美陷阱”,走出一条独具特色的现代化道路的全新探索。     

Evolution of the Protosolar Nebula and Formation of the Giant Planets

The formation of planetary systems is intimately tied to the question of the evolution of the gas and solid material in the early nebula. Current models of evolution of circumstellar disks are reviewed here with emphasis on the so-called “alpha models” in which angular momentum is transported outward by turbulent viscosity, parameterized by an dimensionless parameter α. A simple 1D model of protoplanetary disks that includes gas and embedded particles is used to introduce key questions on planetesimal formation. This model includes the aerodynamic properties of solid ice and rock grains to calculate their migration and growth. We show that the evolution of the nebula and migration and growth of its solids proceed on timescales that are generally not much longer than the timescale necessary to fully form the star-disk system from the molecular cloud. Contrary to a widely used approach, planet formation therefore can neither be studied in a static nebula nor in a nebula evolving from an arbitrary initial condition. We propose a simple approach to both account for sedimentation from the molecular cloud onto the disk, disk evolution and migration of solids. Giant planets have key roles in the history of the forming Solar System: they formed relatively early, when a significant amount of hydrogen and helium were still present in the nebula, and have a mass that is a sizable fraction of the disk mass at any given time. Their composition is also of interest because when compared to the solar composition, their enrichment in elements other than hydrogen and helium is a witness of sorting processes that occured in the protosolar nebula. We review likely scenarios capable of explaining both the presence of central dense cores in Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and their global composition. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

企业绩效差异根源论——来自转型期国有与非国有企业的经验证据

企业绩效本质上是人力资本与制度安排的函数，决定企业绩效的关键因素是创新型人力资本或企业人力资本的创新动力与能力。基于制度安排差异而导致的创新型人力资本缺乏、创新动力与能力双重不足，是转型期国有企业相对于非国有企业绩效低下的根本原因。从战略上改进国有企业绩效，应以创新型人力资本为核心重塑国有企业制度创新战略，促使一般型与专业型人力资本转变为创新型人力资本，充分调动经营者和职工的创新积极性，正确诱导经营者和职工的创新行为，从而提高企业团队的创新动力与能力。     

差值法与比值法的误差修正效果比较研究及应用

差值法与比值法对不同测量系统的误差修正效果不一样。本文将两种方法的比较用一个比值来描述,并用推得的公式进行量化表示。在进一步的应用研究中,理论分析与实验数据相互印证,同时得到许多有益的结论,有助于全面掌握测量系统的误差来源,从而灵活选择各种修正方法以获得更加准确的测量结果。     

网络环境中安全防御措施的研究

随着网络带宽增加和网络应用的日益丰富,网络受到频繁的攻击,这种攻击采用了结合病毒、蠕虫、后门等多种方式,本文详细分析了蠕虫病毒及木马、黑客对网络的侵入和威胁,提出了安全防御措施,并阐述了利用Windows2003提供的防火墙为网络构筑安全防线的方法,Internet连接防火墙可以有效地栏截对Windows2003服务器的非法入侵,防止非法远程主机对服务器的扫描,提高Windows2003服务器的安全性,如果在用Windows2003构造的虚拟路由器上启用此防火墙功能,能够对整个内部网络起到很好的保护作用.     

Large scale structure of the solar corona in the declining phase of the solar cycle

Maps of the corona, obtained at meter wavelengths with the Nançay Radioheliograph (France), are used to study, on the disk, the radio counterpart of the coronal plasma sheet observed in K-corona on the limb. We study here the evolution of the coronal plasma sheet from the maximum of the activity cycle in 1980 to the minimum in 1986 and identify some of its large scale structures.     

Short-Lived Radioactivities and the Birth of the sun

Now extinct short-lived radioactive isotopes were apparently extant in the early solar system. Their abundances can be inferred from isotopic effects in their daughter nuclei in primitive meteorites, and the deviation of these abundances from expectations from continuous galactic nucleosynthesis yields important information on the last nucleosynthetic events that contributed new nuclei to the solar system and on the general circumstances of the Sun's birth. In this paper we present a rudimentary model that attempts to reconcile the abundances of ten short-lived radioactivities in the early solar system. In broad outlines, the picture requires 1) that Type Ia supernovae maintained a steady ISM supply of ⁵³Mn and ¹⁴⁶Sm, 2) that the r-process events that slowly admixed new ¹⁰⁷Pd, ¹²⁹I, ¹⁸²Hf, and ²⁴⁴Pu nuclei to the solar system occurred over an interval of several hundred million years prior to solar system formation, and 3) that a massive star, by injecting only material outside its helium-exhausted core into the proto-solar nebula, contributed ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl, ⁴¹Ca, ⁶⁰Fe, and ¹⁸²Hf no more than one million years prior to the Sun's birth. In this picture, the live ¹⁸²Hf present in the early solar system was not due to r-process production but rather to a fast s-process in helium or carbon burning shell in the massive star. We conclude with a possible chemical-memory explanation for the putative ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr gradient in the solar system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

航空发动机技术状态标识建立的方法研究

为加强航空发动机的技术状态管理,对发动机技术状态标识的建立进行了具体的研究.依据发动机工作分解结构,对技术状态项的确定、选取原则、在系统中的建立以及实现更改控制给出了指导性思路,该方法已在航空发动机研制过程中进行了实践应用,可以满足技术状态管理中对基线的控制要求,同时也为其他复杂工程系统研发过程中开展技术状态标识工作提供参考.     

Influence of the Interstellar Magnetic Field and Neutrals on the Shape of the Outer Heliosphere

Formed as a result of the solar wind (SW) interaction with the circum-heliospheric interstellar medium (CHISM), the outer heliosphere is generically three-dimensional because of the SW asphericity and the action of the interstellar and interplanetary magnetic fields (ISMF and IMF). In this paper we show that charge exchange between neutral and charged components of the SW–CHISM plasmas plays a dominant role not only in determining the geometrical size of the heliosphere, but also in the modulation of magnetic-field-induced asymmetries. More specifically, charge exchange between SW and CHISM protons and primary neutrals of interstellar origin always acts to decrease the asymmetry of the termination shock and the heliopause, which can otherwise be very large. This is particularly pronounced because the ionization ratio of the CHISM plasma is rather low. To investigate the deflection of the CHISM neutral hydrogen flow in the inner heliosphere from its original orientation in the unperturbed CHISM, we create two-dimensional neutral H velocity distributions in the inner heliosphere within a 45-degree circular conical surface with the apex at the Sun and the axis parallel to the interstellar flow vector. It is shown that the distribution of deflections is very anisotropic, that is, the most probable orientation of the H-atom velocity differs from its average direction. We show that the average deflection of the H-atom flow, for reasonable ISMF strengths, occurs mostly in the plane formed by the ISMF and CHISM velocity vectors at infinity. The possibility that the ISMF orientation may influence the 2–3 kHz radio emission, which is believed to originate in the outer heliosheath, is discussed.