Performance prediction and flowfield analysis of rotors in hover, using a coupled Euler/boundary layer method

The performance prediction of helicopter in hover is of key importance for manufacturers because hover is a design configuration for the definition of a rotorcraft. A lot of effort has been made for more than 10 years all over the world in order to develop and validate numerical methods based on CFD. An Euler method (WAVES) developed by ONERA and coupled with a boundary layer code (MI3DI) is presented, validated and applied to compute the total performance of rotors with different tip shapes. A new boundary condition for the Euler code has been tested and enables better calculation by eliminating ‘numerical' recirculation. The code has demonstrated its ability to rank two rotors with different planforms in good agreement with experiment. Under industrial requirements new grid strategies have been studied and should allow to reduce CPU time consumption. It is shown that WAVES/MI3DI can be efficiently used in the aerodynamic design process of a new rotor.     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

开放式气动力数值模拟系统研究

气动力数值模拟系统是ＣＦＤ流场解算技术、网格生成技术、数据可视化技术和网络技术相结合的产物。描述了一种运行于计算机网格环境下多任务、多用户、交互式的数值模拟软件环境－ 气动力数值模拟系统,该环境能计算模拟亚、跨、超音速绕流的气动力,也能方便地集成模拟不同复杂气动布局飞机流场的解算程序。介绍了其网格生成、数据可视化、系统接口等核心部分的结构和功能。     

Numerical simulation of roll induced moment of cruciform tactical missiles

This paper presents a numerical evaluation of the induced roll moment of cruciform missiles by a turbulent Navier–Stokes solver. The numerical results have been computed with a high resolution implicit upwind scheme. Comparisons with experiments performed at ONERA show a good agreement as well as a decisive improvement over numerical simulations based on Euler equations. Results are presented for subsonic and supersonic onflow conditions and two different configurations: fuselage-fins and fuselage-wing-fins. Comparative detailed analysis results in the origin of the rolling moment as well as the contributions of the different lifting surfaces.     

Jameson/TVD格式应用旋翼翼型绕流分析

以一种常见的旋翼翼型为例 ,探讨了两种旋翼桨叶翼型绕流数值模拟方法 ,即 Jameson有限体积中心格式和有限体积通量修正 Jameson/ TVD混合格式。这两种格式的方法都采用有限体积法进行离散 ,并用龙格—库塔时间推进法求解。通过算例分析 ,比较了这两种方法的特点 ,为进一步有效地依靠求解湍流 Navier-Stokes方程来模拟完整的旋翼流场、旋翼阻力与功率奠定了基础     

基于涡限制法的旋翼气动噪声计算

在直升机旋翼流动的数值模拟中,流动求解精度对旋翼气动噪声的预测有着重要影响.采用中心格式有限体积法求解可压缩Euler方程数值模拟旋翼绕流,并采用基于Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings( FW-H)方程的声类比方法计算旋翼气动噪声.为了抑制中心格式的数值耗散,保持机翼翼尖以及旋翼桨尖的尾涡结构,引入了涡...     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

CFD-simulation of the flow through a fluidic element

The outflow channel of the fluidic jet reaction control element (FLE) and hence the direction of the thrust vector may be controlled by the injection of a secondary jet through one of the slits downstream of the inlet nozzle in the side walls. The main medium used is gaseous nitrogen, which is supplied from a reservoir chamber. Depending on the pressure there, three different operating modes can be distinguished.In order to reduce development time, the DLR Euler and Navier–Stokes code FLOWer has been extended for the numerical simulation of the flow through a fluidic element. In the present paper the code is verified and validated for this application. The influence of grid density, turbulence model, boundary conditions and the geometry of the external walls is investigated. The code is validated by comparing numerically obtained results with experimental data, including wall pressure and thrust measurements as well as differential interferometry photos. Numerical solutions are obtained for chamber pressures ranging from 60 to 100 bar, considering each case with and without injection of a secondary mass flow.     

A new efficient technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven optimization

This paper describes a new technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven constrained optimization to minimum drag. Within an aircraft development project we focus on the aerodynamic design of wings and show how the design process has been advanced with the new capabilities achieved through the use of the recently developed in-house optimization tool OPTIMAS. The optimization method of the present work is based on the use of Genetic Algorithms and accurate full Navier–Stokes drag prediction. The results include a variety of optimization cases for aerodynamic design of transport-type aircrafts.     

High-order methods for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids

This article reviews several unstructured grid-based high-order methods for the compressible Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. We treat the spatial and temporal discretizations separately, hoping that it is easier to spot the similarities and differences of various types of methods. Our main focus is to present the basic design principles of each method, and highlight its pros and cons when appropriate. Sample computational results are shown to illustrate the capability of selected methods. These high-order methods are expected to be more efficient than low-order methods for problems requiring high accuracy, such as wave propagation problems, vortex-dominated flows including high-lift configuration, helicopter blade vortex interaction, as well as large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation of turbulence. We conclude the paper with several current challenges in the proliferation of high-order methods in the aerospace community.     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

Experimental and numerical study of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter in cold laminar hypersonic flow

This action has been undertaken in the framework of a collaborative program between NASA and CNES to support CNES in the development of the Mars Sample Return Orbiter (MSRO). The study, devoted to ONERA in this first phase of the program, consists in testing a 1/50^th size model in the hypersonic low Reynolds number wind tunnel R5Ch. Visualizations and heat-flux measurements have been carried out for different incidences in order to check the protection furnished to the satellite by the heat shield. The experimental measurements are discussed and compared with numerical results obtained with the Navier–Stokes finite volume solver FLU3M from ONERA. In addition, the influence on the measured heat flux of a partial cover, aiming at improving the thermal protection offered by the heat shield to the orbital vehicle is presented.     

纵列式双旋翼直升机气动力和流场的数值模拟

纵列式双旋翼直升机的旋翼尾迹受前飞自由流、机身和旋翼之间的干扰影响,旋翼尾迹不仅影响机身的空气动力,也影响旋翼自身的空气动力特性.应用欧拉方程与计算流体力学(CFD)方法,采用自适应非结构直角网格技术生成计算域网格,数值模拟纵列式双旋翼直升机全机流场,给出了考虑旋翼影响的机身表面压力分布以及全机流场特性.     

旋翼表面非定常压力脉动计算的三维自由尾迹非定常面元法

利用最新发展的高分辨率三维自由尾迹非定常面元方法计算多叶片直升机旋翼的三维非定常气动力，将风洞实验数据与旋翼在悬停和出现严重桨涡干扰的低速前飞下滑状态下的计算结果进行了比较，在悬停时，还与欧拉方法的结果进行了比较，本方法与欧拉方法的结果以及风洞实验结果都吻合很好。     

三维Euler方程非结构自适应网格投影和光顺技术研究

研究了三维Euler方程非结构自适应网格的投影和光顺技术.以ONERA M6机翼为计算模型,非结构网格为计算网格,守恒变量的范数为自适应加密准则,对采用一般自适应计算策略得到的网格和数值结果进行了分析,并发展了一种考虑网格投影和光顺的自适应计算策略.数值试验结果表明:通过对自适应所生成网格的投影与光顺,实现了自适应计算过程中的几何保真性,获得了相对光滑的压力分布曲线.     

数值空气动力学在DLR(德国宇航研究院)

德国在若干年前启动的国家CFD项目MEGAFLOW集中了DLR、大学以及航空工业界的许多CFD研究开发工作,目的是开发并验证能满足工业实践所要求的可靠并有效的数值工具,以对全机进行空气动力模拟.MEGAFLOW软件系统包括多区结构网格中求解N-S方程的软件FLOWer和在非结构网格中的软件TAU.两软件均已达到很高的成熟度并为DLR和德国航空工业广泛地应用于新飞机的设计过程.最近又启动了其后续项目MEGADESIGN和MegaOpt,旨在开发和增强外形设计及优化的有效数值方法.着重介绍了软件最近的改进及其计算粘性流动绕复杂飞机外形的能力.     

CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性数值模拟

 采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程,对接网格技术和TRIP（TRI sonic Platform）软件,数值模拟了CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性。来流马赫数0.5,迎角0°～100°,侧滑角0°和5°,在与1.2 m跨声速风洞试验结果对比的基础上,重点讨论了对流项离散方法、湍流模型、远场距离和不同尾部处理形式对CT-1标模大迎角静态气动特性影响。研究结果表明,不同尾部处理形式对大迎角静态气动特性数值模拟结果影响显著,模拟试验的尾部支杆是对比大迎角静态测力试验结果与计算结果的基本要求。     

旋翼非定常气动特性CFD模拟的通用运动嵌套网格方法

针对直升机旋翼非定常气动特性CFD模拟中的网格生成难题,提出了一套高效、通用的运动嵌套网格生成方法.首先,基于Poisson方程求解和翻折法生成旋翼桨叶的正交贴体网格.其次,针对旋翼桨叶的扭转分布及变距、挥舞等复杂运动,建立了一套通用的洞单元识别的扰动衍射法;为保证洞包络面的封闭性,完善了挖洞过程中网格加密策略;在洞边界确立基础上,提出了一种高效、鲁棒的最小距离法贡献单元搜索的改进方法.在此基础上,建立了基于RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方程的旋翼非定常流场CFD模拟方法.最后,采用所建立的方法分别对悬停和前飞状态下的C-T(Caradonna-Tung)旋翼和7A(Helishape 7A)旋翼的气动特性、桨尖涡的位置进行了计算,计算结果与试验值误差小于5%,验证了该运动嵌套网格生成方法在旋翼非定常气动特性CFD模拟中的有效性.      

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

运输类飞机巡航阻力CFD计算分析

针对运输类飞机设计过程中的巡航阻力准确预测问题,采用基于多块结构网格求解三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的并行流动求解器“CCFD-MB”,对AIAA阻力预测小组提供的典型运输类飞机DLR—F6翼身构型进行了CFD计算分析,比较了小同规模网格及不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响;并通过与DLR-F4翼身构型计算结果...