DELAMINATION FORMATION AND DELAMINATION PROPAGATION OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES UNDER COMPRESSIVE FATIGUE LOADING

Fatigue tests of the smooth composite laminates and the notched composite laminates under compressive cyclic loading have been carried out. The damage mechanism is discussed and analyzed. Damage evolution is monitored using stiffness decay. From these tests, it is found that the initial delamination occurs at the free boundary of smooth specimens, or the notch boundary of notched specimens, subjected to the compression-compression cyclic load. A point of view in relation to two-phases of compression fatigue delamination of composites is proposed, namely, compression-compression delamination consists of the delamination formation phase and the delamination propagation, and there is a “damage transition point” to separate this two-phases. Furthermore, an empirical modulus degradation formula and its parameters fitting method are presented. According to the test data handling results, it is shown that this formula is univocal and can fit the test data conveniently. In addition, two kinds of new anti-buckling devices are designed for these tests. At last, the E-N curves, the D-N curves and the S-N curve of the smooth carbon fiber reinforced composite laminates of T300/648C are determined to predict the fatigue life of the notched composite laminate. And the E-N curve of the notched specimens at the given load ratio R=10 and minimum load P_min=-0.45　kN is also measured to verify the estimated result of fatigue life.     

Experimental method for and defect tolerance of fixed plate theoretical research on based on damage mechanics

An experimental method and a theoretical analysis based on continuum damage mechan- ics are applied for the defects tolerance of fixed plate. The defects type studied in this article is scratch, which is considered a typical defect on fixed plate according to the engineering practice. The general approach to the defects tolerance analysis of scratched fixed plate is presented. The method of fatigue life prediction for standard notched specimens has been established on the basis of continuum damage mechanics. For the purpose of obtaining the influence law of fatigue life in consequence of scratches, fatigue experiments of standard notched specimens and scratched specimens have been done. Evalu- ation of the fatigue life of scratched fixed plate has been carried out. And the value of scratch defects permissible to the condition of safety service life has been worked out. According to the results of the- oretical calculations, the fatigue experiment of scratched fixed plate has been performed. The outcome shows that the theoretical prediction tallies with the experimental results.     

Estimation method for random sonic fatigue life of thin-walled structure of a combustor liner based on stress probability distribution

As to the sonic fatigue problem of an aero-engine combustor liner structure under the random acoustic loadings,an effective method for predicting the fatigue life of a structure under random loadings was studied.Firstly,the probability distribution of Von Mises stress of thin-walled structure under random loadings was studied,analysis suggested that probability density function of Von Mises stress process accord approximately with two-parameter Weibull distribution.The formula for calculating Weibull parameters were given.Based on the Miner linear theory,the method for predicting the random sonic fatigue life based on the stress probability density was developed,and the model for fatigue life prediction was constructed.As an example,an aero-engine combustor liner structure was considered.The power spectrum density(PSD) of the vibrational stress response was calculated by using the coupled FEM/BEM(finite element method/boundary element method) model,the fatigue life was estimated by using the constructed model.And considering the influence of the wide frequency band,the calculated results were modified.Comparetive analysis shows that the estimated results of sonic fatigue of the combustor liner structure by using Weibull distribution of Von Mises stress are more conservative than using Dirlik distribution to some extend.The results show that the methods presented in this paper are practical for the random fatigue life analysis of the aeronautical thin-walled structures.     

Coupling damage and reliability model of low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact based on the local stress–strain approach

Fatigue induced products generally bear fatigue loads accompanied by impact processes,which reduces their reliable life rapidly. This paper introduces a reliability assessment model based on a local stress–strain approach considering both low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact loads.Two coupling relationships between fatigue and impact are given with effects of an impact process on fatigue damage and effects of fatigue damage on impact performance. The analysis of the former modifies the fatigue parameters and the Manson–Coffin equation for fatigue life based on material theories. On the other hand, the latter proposes the coupling variables and the difference of fracture toughness caused by accumulative fatigue damage. To form an overall reliability model including both fatigue failure and impact failure, a competing risk model is developed. A case study of an actuator cylinder is given to validate this method.     

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis(PDA). A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element(FE) model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress(strain) distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.     

Effect of Stitching on Plain and Open-hole Strength of CFRP Laminates

 Experimental and analytical investigation is conducted to explore the effects of stitching on plain (without hole) and open-hole compressive and tensile strength of uniweave T300/QY9512 laminates under different environmental conditions (20 篊/dry and wet, 150 篊/dry and wet). Strength performance of stitched composite laminates is also studied using finite element analysis (FEA) model and compared with the experimental results to validate the model. It is found that under similar environmental conditions, the open-hole compressive strength of stitched laminate is decreased and open-hole tensile strength increased as compared to the unstitched laminates. Predicted tensile and compressive strengths are found to be in a good agreement with the test results and the relative error in all cases is less than 15%.     

Reliability analysis of aero-engine blades considering nonlinear strength degeneration

To comprehensively consider the effects of strength degeneration and failure correlation, an improved stress-strength interference (SSI) model is proposed to analyze the reliability of aeroengine blades with the fatigue failure mode. Two types of TC4 alloy experiments are conducted for the study on the damage accumulation law. All the parameters in the nonlinear damage model are obtained by the tension-compression fatigue tests, and the accuracy of the nonlinear damage model is verified by the damage tests. The strength degeneration model is put forward on the basis of the Chaboche nonlinear damage theory and the Griffith fracture criterion, and determined by measuring the fatigue toughness during the tests. From the comparison of two kinds of degeneration models based on the Miner’s linear law and the nonlinear damage model respectively, the nonlinear model has a significant advantage on prediction accuracy especially in the later period of life. A time-dependent SSI reliability model is established. By computing the stress distribution using the finite element (FE) technique, the reliability of a single blade during the whole service life is obtained. Considering the failure correlation of components, a modified reliability model of aero-engine blades with common cause failure (CCF) is presented. It shows a closer and more reasonable process with the actual working condition. The improved reliability model is illustrated to be applied to aero-engine blades well, and the approach purposed in this paper is suitable for any actual machinery component of aero-engine rotor systems.     

THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES

In this paper an experimental investigation on the impact behaviour of hybrid composites is conducted by instrumental Charpy impact test. The variation of impact strength and impact toughness index of C/K and C/G hybrid composites of different matrices with hybrid ratio and interface number is revealed. The dynamic hybrid effect is also investigated from different aspects. Meanwhile, the estimating model for impact strength is established and the estimated values are in good agreement with experimented ones. The hybrid effect coefficients based on different definitions are organically related by the model. This provides a basis for the further study of the impact constitutive equation of hybrid composites.     

Fatigue life prediction model of 2.5D woven composites at various temperatures

As one of the new structural layout in the family of woven composites, 2.5D Woven Composites(2.5D-WC) have recently attracted an increasing interest owing to its excellent properties, i.e. high specific strength and fatigue resistance, in the aerospace and automobile industry. Indepth understanding of the fatigue behavior of this material at un-ambient temperatures is critical for the engineering applications, especially in aero-engine field. Here, fatigue behavior of 2.5D-WC at different temperatures was numerically investigated based on the unit cell approach. Firstly, the unit cell model of 2.5D-WC was established using ANSYS software. Subsequently, the temperature-dependent fatigue life prediction model was built up. Finally, the fatigue lives alongside the damage evolution processes of 2.5D-WC at ambient temperature(20 ℃) and unambient temperature(180 ℃) were analyzed. The results show that numerical results are in good agreement with the relevant experimental results at 20 and 180 ℃. Fatigue behavior of 2.5D-WC is also sensitive to temperature, which is partially attributed to the mechanical properties of resin and the change of inclination angle of warp yarns. We hope that the proposed fatigue life prediction model and the findings could further promote the engineering application of 2.5D-WC, especially in aero-engine field.     

A DISSIPATION-DISPERSION TURBULENCE THEORY AND ITS MODIFIED k-ε MODEL

Based on the perturbation equation of the Navier-Stokes equation and the instability analysis of strongly nonlinear flow. a set of new control equations is presented featuring the interaction between dissipation and dispersion of turbulence. Three extra terms repr(?)nting respectiveiy the effects of extra strains, rotation and dispersion on the turbulent stresses introduced into the momentum equation. The defects of the original k-(?) model are removed mainly by introducing new (?) terms. This modified k-(?) model has advantages of simplicity, self-consistency and clarity of physics It is abie to handle complex flows and provides new perspectives for looking at a diversity of turbulence problems, such as inter(?)ttency, coberent structure,anisotropy, turbulent energy inversion and the cut-off of turbulence spectra.     

单面螺纹抽钉干涉配合复合材料连接结构的疲劳性能研究

通过疲劳试验研究了单面螺纹抽钉干涉配合复合材料连接结构的疲劳性能,分别考虑了紧固件类型、干涉配合量、搭接板材料及铺层次序等影响因素。采用了拉压疲劳试验,拉压比R=-1,循环应力水平则根据静载极限挤压强度值选定。根据疲劳试验循环应力和疲劳寿命曲线(S-N曲线),得到了不同影响因素对疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果表明,选择适当的干涉配合量、紧固件类型及搭接板均能提高结构的疲劳寿命,4种不同主板铺层次序均对结构疲劳寿命影响不大。     

复合材料层合板刚度降理论模型研究

复合材料在静态和动态载荷作用下的损伤形式是十分复杂的,精确的模型能更深刻地揭示复合材料的损伤机理。以Hahn和Tsai提出的单向损伤模型为基础建立了刚度递降关系,运用上述刚度递降关系给出了一个疲劳寿命算例,计算数据与试验结果较为吻合,相对误差分别为7．72％和8．79％。结果表明：材料在循环加载作用下的损伤过程大体上可以分为两个阶段;通过保留泰勒级数展开二次项,能准确模拟出材料的“突然死亡”行为。     

高性能玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料拉-压疲劳行为

对LTX1240玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料开展拉-压疲劳试验,绘制S-N曲线进行疲劳寿命预测,利用扫描电镜观察疲劳试样断口形貌,分析其在拉-压循环载荷作用下的失效模式。结果表明:LTX1240玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的条件疲劳极限为278 MPa;失效过程为树脂基体最先破坏,接着界面分层乃至纤维拉伸、剪切破坏,它们相互作用形成了弥散损伤区并据此扩展发生材料断裂。     

碳纤维复合材料短梁剪切疲劳特性

研究了碳纤维增强双马来酰亚胺复合材料的层间剪切静态与疲劳加载性质,分析了不同基体、不同铺层界面对层剪性质的影响。给出了层剪疲劳加载的S-N曲线;讨论了层间剪切损伤和增强机理,观察了微观特征。与碳/环氧复合材料相比,双马来酰亚胺基体复合材料在碳纤维和基体之间粘接良好,从而改进了纤维抗疲劳裂纹扩展的能力。     

纤维自动铺放工艺制备单向罐外固化复合材料的拉-拉疲劳性能

纤维自动铺放工艺（AFP）制备罐外固化（OOA）复合材料中难以避免出现铺放缺陷如缝隙（Gaps）,影响复合材料的力学和疲劳性能。选取罐外固化预浸料IM7/CYCOM5320-1,采用自动铺放工艺制备正常（NDS）和预置缺陷（DS）复合材料,探讨了铺放缺陷对0°单向罐外固化复合材料拉-拉疲劳性能的影响,建立了疲劳寿命和剩余强度衰减模型。结果表明,相比于NDS罐外固化复合材料,DS的静态拉伸强度降低5.90%,拉伸模量降低6.54%;NDS和DS复合材料的疲劳寿命均随疲劳载荷的增大而减少,DS的疲劳寿命一直低于NDS;随着疲劳载荷的增加,二者的疲劳寿命相差越大,铺放缺陷的影响也越来越明显;NDS和DS复合材料在拉-拉疲劳测试前期的力学强度均维持平稳状态,达到一定疲劳周数后力学强度明显下降;应力水平越高,铺放缺陷对罐外固化复合材料的剩余强度影响越明显,而不同应力比下,缺陷对剩余强度的影响一致。     

Multiaxial fatigue life prediction of composite laminates

A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented. The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths. A macro-meso model used to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite laminates is also presented in this paper. Firstly, a macro-scale 3D RVE corresponding to composite laminates is established to determine strain components in the material principal direction of each layer for each biaxial stress ratio. Secondly, a meso-scale 3D RVE corresponding to each layer with fibers distributed randomly is established, with progressive damage prediction method, biaxial strength of composite laminates can be predicted, and the final failure layer can be confirmed. Thirdly, select any one of fatigue loading path at which the final failure of composite laminates is fiber failure (matrix failure) to establish the reference curve for fiber (matrix). Finally, with reference curve, fatigue life of composite laminates under any biaxial loading path can be predicted. And numerical results show good agreements with experimental data.     

玻璃纤维增强铝锂合金层板单峰过载疲劳寿命性能对比研究

为了研究铝锂合金、纤维金属层板(玻璃纤维增强铝锂合金2/1层板及3/2层板)材料不同加载下的疲劳寿命性能特点,对每种材料进行疲劳寿命试验。通过对每种材料试样施加不同循环特征的循环应力(恒幅循环应力(应力比R=0.06)、单峰拉伸过载、单峰压缩过载),共获得了9种应力-寿命试验数据。使用样本信息聚集原理,拟合出了各材料的P-S-N曲线。通过比较相同材料不同加载方式及相同加载方式不同材料下S-N曲线的差异,结果表明:拉伸过载下3种材料均表现出过载迟滞效应;压缩过载下合金材料表现出加速破坏效应,层板材料表现出一定的延迟效应;不同结构层板之间疲劳性能的优劣与其所受远程应力的大小有一定关系。     

复合材料层合板疲劳逐渐累积损伤寿命预测方法

针对疲劳载荷作用下的纤维增强复合材料层合板, 发展了疲劳逐渐累积损伤寿命预测方法.该方法主要包括应力分析、失效分析及材料性能下降三部分.其中, 应力分析是通过三维有限元数值分析技术实现的;失效分析采用改进的Hashin静态失效准则判断疲劳损伤的产生和扩展;材料性能是基于突降和渐降两种准则进行退化的.所发展的方法可以预测不同铺层顺序、不同几何尺寸的复合材料层合结构在疲劳载荷下的损伤起始、扩展、直至结构最终破坏整个过程, 并预测其疲劳寿命.同时, 在ANSYS软件平台上, 开发了相应的参数化复合材料层板结构的疲劳逐渐损伤分析程序.与已有文献结果比较, 误差在10%以内.      

基于应力分布模型的随机疲劳加速试验设计

将两段式S-N曲线应用于Dirlik随机振动疲劳寿命预测模型,分段计算各自的疲劳损伤并进行叠加。基于该模型所模拟的应力幅值分布,推导了在两段式S-N曲线的情况下激励放大倍数同疲劳寿命之间的等效关系,并提出了基于该等效关系的加速试验寿命换算方法,为加速试验应力等级的确定提供了参考。针对随机振动中小应力幅占比较大的情况,该方法优化了这一部分的损伤计算方式,同时该方法还可以推广至超高周疲劳等需要使用多段式S-N曲线表达疲劳性能的情况中去,得到更加贴近实际的理论疲劳寿命与加速寿命间的等效关系。通过分析算例表明,在两段式S-N曲线下,应力与寿命也大体呈现出了两段式的对数线性关系,并使用文献中的试验数据进行了验证。     

基于刚度降模型的复合材料层合板疲劳寿命估算

基于有限元方法,把层合板的疲劳失效看作是单元刚度退化、应力重新分布和单元损伤不断累积的动态过程,提出了一种复合材料层合板疲劳寿命估算方法。利用MSC．Patran／Nastran建立了层合板有限元模型,进行了[0/90]4S和[-60／0／60]3S两种铺层方式的数值分析,静强度和疲劳寿命预测值与文献中的试验结果吻合较好。