Wavelet modelling in support of IRI

The slant total electron content (STEC) of the ionosphere is defined as the integral of the electron density along the ray-path of the signal between the transmitter and the receiver. So-called geometry free GPS measurements provide information on the electron density, which is basically a four-dimensional function depending on spatial position and time. Since ground-based measurements are not very sensitive to the vertical structure within the atmosphere, the ionosphere is often represented by a spherical layer, where all electrons are concentrated. Then the STEC is transformed into the vertical total electron content (VTEC), which is a three-dimensional function depending on longitude, latitude and time.In our approach, we decompose an ionospheric function, i.e. the electron density or the VTEC, into a reference part computed from a given model like the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and an unknown correction term expanded in a multi-dimensional series in terms of localizing base functions. The corresponding series coefficients are calculable from GPS measurements applying parameter estimation procedures. Since the GPS receivers are located rather unbalanced, finer structures are modelable just in regions with a sufficient number of observation sites. Due to the localizing feature of B-spline functions we apply a tensor product spline expansion to model the correction term regionally. Furthermore, the multi-resolution representation derived from wavelet analysis allows monitoring the ionosphere at different resolutions levels. We demonstrate the advantages of this procedure by representing a simulated VTEC data set over South America.     

A study on possible solar and geomagnetic effects on the precipitation over northwestern Argentina

The precipitation over Tucuman (26.8°S; 65.2°W), which is representative of the Northwestern region of Argentina, is analyzed in search of an association with solar and geomagnetic activity, with the purpose of contributing to the controversial issue on the connection between climate variation and anthropogenic vs. natural forcing. Monthly time series of precipitation, sunspot number (Rz), and aa index were used for the period 1884–2010. A wavelet analysis was performed first which, due to the time series length, shows significant results only for periodicities lower than 32 years. Due to the transient character and non-constant phase of the results, any sustained wavelet coherence between precipitation and either sunspots or aa could be noticed. Moving averages and correlations were also assessed. The 11 and 22-year running mean of precipitation is positively correlated to Rz and aa when the whole period of analysis is considered. However, a shift in the long-term behavior of precipitation is noticed around 1940, which implies different correlation values with Rz and aa when the period before or after this year are considered. The solar cycle length is also considered for this statistical study and partly confirms the results obtained with Rz and aa. We propose plausible physical explanations based on geomagnetic activity and total solar irradiance effects over atmospheric circulation that could support the statistical result. A deeper analysis and broader geographical coverage is needed in order to detect a connection between precipitation and solar variability discernible from greenhouse gases effects. We emphasize the idea of the importance of recognizing and quantifying the different forcing acting on precipitation (or any other climate parameter), which sometimes can be barely evident from a solely statistical analysis.     

Investigation of vertical profile of rain microstructure at Ahmedabad in Indian tropical region

The microstructure of rain has been studied with observations using a vertical looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at Ahmedabad (23.06°N, 72.62°E), a tropical location in the Indian region. The rain height, derived from the bright band signature of melting layer of radar reflectivity profile, is found to be variable between the heights 4600 m and 5200 m. The change in the nature of rain, classified on the basis of radar reflectivity, is also observed through the MRR. It has been found that there are three types of rain, namely, convective, mixed and stratiform rain, prevailing with different vertical rain microstructures, such as, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), mean drop size, rain rate, liquid water content and average fall speed of the drops at different heights. It is observed that the vertical DSD profile is more inhomogeneous for mixed and stratiform type rain than for convective type rain. It is also found that the large number of drops of size <0.5 mm is present in convective rain whereas in stratiform rain, drops concentration is appreciable up to 1 mm. A comparison of measurements taken by ground based Disdrometer and that from the 200 m level obtained from MRR shows good agreement for rain rate and DSD at smaller rain rate values. The results may be useful for understanding rain structures over this region.     

太阳活动与热层大气密度的相关性研究

为分析太阳活动对热层大气的影响,使用250km,400km,550km高度处热层大气密度与太阳F_10.7指数数据,研究了二者的周期变化及相关关系. 结果表明,热层大气密度的变化与太阳活动呈现相似的变化趋势;两者均具有显著的27天及11年周期变化特征,热层大气密度还存在7～11天及0.5年和1年的变化特征,且高度越高越明显;热层大气密度对太阳活动的最佳响应滞后为3天,无论何种地磁活动水平下,400km高度处相关性高于250km,550km处相关性最小,且太阳活动下降相期间高于上升相;250km,400km和550km高度处热层大气密度和太阳活动的统计结果分别为饱和、线性和放大关系;高度越高的热层大气密度对太阳活动响应越敏感.     

太阳活动变化分析

利用Morlet小波变换方法对太阳黑子相对数进行了分析,对太阳活动变化得出了一些有意义的结果.太阳活动存在10.7 a和101 a的变化周期,以10.7 a周期最为显著.太阳活动强弱变化存在一定的阶段性,在1950年发生了气候突变,之后太阳活动明显加强,未来一段时间太阳活动较弱.     

利用小波分析在轨识别空间目标轨道机动

空间目标的轨道机动往往隐藏在测量噪声中, 不容易被识别出来. 轨道机动可以引起机械能的突变, 用空间目标与航天器的单位质量机械能差作为机动识别的特征信号, 不会引入航天器本身的定轨误差. 用小波多尺度分解处理含噪声的特征信号, 对分解后的数据利用算法识别是否存在机动. 仿真结果表明, 本文提供的方法能有效识别空间目标的轨道机动.     

1998年9月24日地磁暴前宇宙线各向异性特性分析

分析了日本Nagoya 宇宙线闪烁体望远镜30°, 49°, 64° 倾角的东、西、南、北方向探测数据的变化特点, 运用小波分析方法定性地探讨了磁暴前后宇宙线南北、东西各向异性的变化特征. 研究发现, 当发 生大地磁暴时, 地面宇宙线强度的各向异性特征将发生非常大的变化, 这种变化一般在磁暴发生前10~20 h就开始出现. 当描述这种各向异性特征的各向异性指数的小波系数变化达到一定阈值时, 就可能有大地磁暴发生.     

基于小波与交叉小波分析的太阳黑子与宇宙线相关性研究

利用小波分析和交叉小波分析方法, 根据太阳黑子数以及Huancayo和Climax两个测站的月均宇宙线数据, 分析了两个测站的月均宇宙线周期变化, 同时利用太阳黑子数R₁₂对Climax站宇宙线流量进行预测研究. 小波分析结果表明, 太阳黑子与宇宙线除存在显著的11年周期外, 太阳活动高年期间还存在1～6个月尺度的周期特性, 在第22太阳周活动高年时还出现了6～8和1～22个月的变化周期; 交叉小波分析结果表明, 在130个月左右的周期上宇宙线与太阳黑子具有显著的负相关性, 并且宇宙线的变化滞后太阳黑子约8个月; 分别采用预测时刻和8个月前的太阳黑子数, 预测相对误差为3.8912%和3.2386%. 本文方法同样适用于估算其他空间天气参量之间的周期和相关性, 提高各种空间天气参量的预测或预报精度.     

ACE和STEREO-B太阳风速度的统计分析

采用小波分析方法讨论了2008—2011年ACE和STEREO-B卫星太阳风速度的27天周期特性,运用一元线性回归分析方法计算了两颗卫星太阳风速度的线性表达式,分析和计算结果表明,ACE和STEREO-B卫星探测到的太阳风速均在8～16d,16～32d的频域尺度上较为显著,在局部相同时域上,二者太阳风速的27天周期均较为显著;当太阳活动为低年时,相关性好. 作为应用实例,使用STEREO-B卫星太阳风探测数据,预测2012年10月1—17日的ACE太阳风速度,结果表明,预测值与实测值趋势一致,CME过程对预测值有一定影响. 通过本项研究,初步统计出了ACE与STEREO-B太阳风速度的关系,利用STEREO-B能够提前数天监测到即将由太阳吹向地球的太阳风特性,为建立直观的重现型地磁暴中期预报模型奠定了基础.     

Contribution to the modeling of solar spicules

Solar limb and disk spicule quasi-periodic motions have been reported for a long time, strongly suggesting that they are oscillating. In order to clear up the origin and possibly explain some solar limb and disk spicule quasi-periodic recurrences produced by overlapping effects, we present a simulation model assuming quasi-random positions of spicules. We also allow a set number of spicules with different physical properties (such as: height, lifetime and tilt angle as shown by an individual spicule) occurring randomly.     

SAR成像对瞄准线方向运动补偿的要求

载体偏离匀速直线运动的运动误差是合成孔径雷达成像的基本困难之一。文章就载体沿瞄准线方向（即雷达天线相位中心至目标视线）同时存在恒定的速度误差和恒定的加速度、同时存在恒定的速度误差和正弦摆动速度误差两种情况进行了详细推导;根据回波信号压缩波形的主瓣偏移、二次相位误差、三次相位误差以及积分旁瓣比等图像指标的最大允许值,给出了带状正侧视合成孔径雷达瞄准线方向运动补偿定量要求的解析式,并结合一例子进行了计算分析。     

顺电相PbTiO3晶体的电子结构和光学性质

应用全电势线形平面波缀加方法对铁电晶体钛酸铅的顺电立方相的电子能带结构、态密度、电子密度分布进行了计算.能带结构的计算结果表明立方顺电相晶体PbTiO₃为直接带隙的半导体,带隙大小为1.7eV.通过态密度和电子密度的计算结果分析,得到价带和导带的电子组成情况,并且指出Ti原子和O原子存在较强的共价键合.在电子结构的计算基础上,计算得到了与实验符合较好的PbTiO₃晶体的介电函数的实部和虚部,分析了虚部所对应的能带跃迁,并得到了其它的光学性质的参数(光学吸收系数、折射率、消光系数、能量损失曲线、反射率).     

中频雷达风场的双谱分析

对中纬度中频雷达１９９７年６月８２ｋｍ高度的小时平均风场数据进行了动态谱分析和双谱分析,得到了中层顶区域谱行为具有多样性和各向异性的特点,以及行星波,潮汐波和重力波之间相位相干的现象,讨论了中层顶行星波,潮汐波和重力波之间存在非线性相互作用的可能性。