基于小波分析的地形多分辨率建模方法

以提高运算效率和存储效率为目的研究了基于小波的数字高程模型（DEM,Digital Elevation Model）数据的多分辨率建模,根据DEM的数据特点在Mallat多分辨率分析算法的基础上,提出了基于小波分析的DEM数据多分辨率建模算法,对算法实现过程中的小波函数以及边界延拓方式的选取进行了阐述,提出了评价建模精度的相关指标,并通过仿真实验确定了恰当的小波参数.仿真结果表明,小波分析法是实现DEM多分辨率建模的有效方法,同时保证了良好的运算效率和存储效率.该方法可应用于地形的快速可视化、飞行器的动态和静态航路规划等工程应用中.     

Foreshock and magnetosheath waves at Uranus and Neptune studied with wavelet analysis

Foreshock and magnetosheath waves in Uranus and Neptune magnetospheres are studied in this work with wavelet analysis. In order to conduct this study, Voyager-2 magnetometer 3-s averaged data are used. The Morlet wavelet transform is applied to the magnetic field vector data. Waves present in the magnetosheath and foreshock regions are highly non-stationary, showing large amplitude variations. It was found that the dominant periods of these waves are longer than the H+ cyclotron period. Overall, high frequency waves are seen near the bow shock crossing and low frequency oscillations near the magnetopause crossing. It can be concluded that non-stationary foreshock and magnetosheath planetary waves can be well characterized with wavelet analysis.     

Investigation of vertical profile of rain microstructure at Ahmedabad in Indian tropical region

The microstructure of rain has been studied with observations using a vertical looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at Ahmedabad (23.06°N, 72.62°E), a tropical location in the Indian region. The rain height, derived from the bright band signature of melting layer of radar reflectivity profile, is found to be variable between the heights 4600 m and 5200 m. The change in the nature of rain, classified on the basis of radar reflectivity, is also observed through the MRR. It has been found that there are three types of rain, namely, convective, mixed and stratiform rain, prevailing with different vertical rain microstructures, such as, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), mean drop size, rain rate, liquid water content and average fall speed of the drops at different heights. It is observed that the vertical DSD profile is more inhomogeneous for mixed and stratiform type rain than for convective type rain. It is also found that the large number of drops of size <0.5 mm is present in convective rain whereas in stratiform rain, drops concentration is appreciable up to 1 mm. A comparison of measurements taken by ground based Disdrometer and that from the 200 m level obtained from MRR shows good agreement for rain rate and DSD at smaller rain rate values. The results may be useful for understanding rain structures over this region.     

Coherent superposition of multi-GNSS wavelet analysis periodogram for sea-level retrieval in GNSS multipath reflectometry

The multipath signals of GNSS can act as a tide gauge via a technology called Global Navigation Satellite Systems multipath reflectometry (GNSS-MR), which is based on the relationship between multipath frequency and height to sea surface. In addition to the traditional frequency extraction method of Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP), wavelet analysis can be applied to extract instantaneous multipath frequencies of GPS L1, thus improving data utilization. However, because of the sensitivity of instantaneous frequency to noise and the introduction of more signals, multi-constellation retrievals exhibit many outliers and errors. The aim of this study is to apply wavelet analysis to multi-constellation multi-frequency signals and most importantly to find a method to avoid noise. We used coherent superposition to overlap the intra-track inter-signal instantaneous frequency spectrograms to enhance effective information and to weaken noise. This coherent superposition method can achieve intra-track inter-signal combination. The multi-GNSS data from two Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations were used. The results showed that the coherent superposition spectrogram has a clear energy concentration, and the frequencies calculated from it depict sea-level changes. To compare the method with the LSP method and to combine inter-track retrievals, a robust regression method was used to combine retrievals and to produce equally spaced retrieval series. The results show that the combined retrievals from the coherent superposition method have a slightly higher accuracy than those from the classical LSP method. Because this method can be used to retrieve sea-level data from instantaneous frequency, it increases data utilization and provides a way to obtain details of SNR arcs, which is a potential method to benefit GNSS-MR, especially for sites with narrow reflecting sensing zones in a small sea azimuth range.     

基于小波分析的目标轨道机动自主检测方法

空间目标的轨道机动是与相对距离变化率的突变联系在一起的.测量值是通过星载激光雷达得到的目标的相对距离,特征量是采用微分平滑处理获得的相对距离变化率.由于测量噪声的影响,机动引起的特征量突变被淹没在噪声中.利用小波分析的多尺度分解,就能够把淹没在噪声中的特征量变化揭示出来.为了满足星上自主运算的要求,提出的机动检测方法就是基于对小波分解后信号的处理,通过对相关系数阈值的比较来检测特征量的突变.仿真结果验证了该检测方法的可行性和有效性.      

弹道中段多目标微多普勒分离方法

针对窄带雷达获取的多目标回波中微多普勒信息相互交叠、难以分离与提取的问题,提出了一种基于拍卖算法和小波分析相结合的多目标微多普勒分离方法。在滑动散射模型的基础上,首先通过对回波信号进行预处理得到时频骨架,再根据弹道目标多普勒的变化规律及估计的进动周期定义路径长度,利用拍卖算法提取出多条多普勒曲线对应的最短路径,最后采用小波分析法消除多普勒曲线中的剩余平动分量,实现了多目标微多普勒的分离。仿真结果表明,该方法能够较好地解决交叉区域的路径选择问题,且抗噪性较好,适用于多种微动形式。     

小波分析理论及其在雷达信号处理中的应用

依据所处理信号类型的不同,对小波变换与短时傅立叶变换进行了比较,说明小波变换适用于非平稳信号和奇异信号的处理.简要介绍了连续小波变换、离散小波变换和小波包理论的基本内容,讨论了小波变换实际应用中的采样和快速算法等几个关键问题.结合矢量量化技术,给出了一种用小波变换对星载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)原始数据进行压缩的方法,结果表明,与传统的方法相比,由该方法压缩后的原始数据生成的SAR图像具有更大的信噪比.同时对小波变换用于雷达目标识别和SAR图像分类的性能进行了初步分析.      

小波模拟退火-软阈值SAR图像降噪算法

提出了一种新的SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像降噪方法,利用小波变换对空间位置信息保留的特性,依据小波变换后近似图像仍满足吉布斯分布,将模拟退火算法引入到小波域中,首先,根据SAR功率图像斑点的特性,对传统的同态变换方法做出了相应的修正,大大降低了处理结果的辐射偏差,提高了等效视数,然后在多分辨率理论和小波变换理论基础上,选用适合特定图像的最优小波基进行分解,最后对小波变换后的近似图像进行模拟退火处理,对各个细节图像有选择地进行软阈值处理.实验证明,此方法比传统的小波降斑取得了更好的平滑效果,比传统模拟退火大大减少了处理的时间,同时对图像的辐射精度的保持,斑点的抑制,以及边缘保持都有较满意的结果.      

Case studies of height structure of TID propagation characteristics using cross-correlation analysis of incoherent scatter radar and DPS-4 ionosonde data

The height structure of TID characteristics is studied on the base of the electron density profiles measured by two beams of the incoherent scatter radar and DPS-4 ionosonde. The height profiles of the TID propagation characteristics are obtained by means of cross-correlation and spectrum analysis of the radar and ionosonde data. The noticeable height variability of the TID parameters is observed. The variability is explained by interference of several TIDs. The obtained TID propagation characteristics are compared with known results of the TID studies.     

Modeling the spectral evolution in the decaying tail of gamma-ray bursts observed by Swift

The detailed study of the spectral evolution during the steep decay phase of early X-ray light curves of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is a very important task that can give us information on different emission components contributing to the prompt-to-afterglow transition and help to understand the link between these two stages. Time resolved spectral analysis of bright GRBs detected by Swift has shown that a good modeling of the early X-ray light curves can be obtained with Band or cut-off power-law broad band spectra with evolving parameters (e.g., decaying peak energy). We developed a procedure to simultaneously fit the temporal evolution of all the spectral parameters of a GRB during the prompt-to-afterglow transition based on the analysis of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) and the Swift X-ray Telescope (XRT) count rate and hardness ratio light curves. The procedure has been tested on GRB 060614 and GRB 090618, two very peculiar bright GRB detected by Swift that show a long exponentially decaying tail with strong softening and peak energy crossing the XRT energy band.     

基于小波包分解的早期碰摩故障诊断研究

研究了旋转机械转静件早期碰摩故障信号的检测问题.根据小波包分解能在所有频率范围聚焦,对信号奇异性非常敏感的特性,对比分析了不碰摩和早期碰摩信号的小波包分解细节分量,得出应用小波包分解可实现早期碰摩故障诊断.同时,还研究并实现了碰摩故障的定位问题.      

基于LCMV算法的星载SAR距离模糊抑制方法

距离模糊抑制是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统顶层设计中的关键问题之一.增加天线高度可以抑制距离模糊,但卫星平台往往对天线尺寸有所限制.指出了距离模糊抑制对于提高可视观测带宽度、产生高质量雷达图像的重要性,介绍了距离模糊的数学模型,提出了分布距离模糊度的概念,分析了平均距离模糊度与分布距离模糊度的区别,给出了应用线性约束最小方差(LCMV)算法抑制星载SAR距离模糊的方法.仿真结果证明,该方法在天线高度不变的情况下,不仅能够提高平均距离模糊度,也可以改善分布距离模糊度.      

Seasonal variation in the solar diurnal tide and its possible influence on the atmospheric sodium layer

In a paper published 12 years ago, we showed that the height of the atmospheric sodium layer at our location is about 1 km lower in November than at any other time of the year. We also showed that the decrease in height of the sodium layer was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the OI 557.7 nm and OH(9,4) band airglow emissions. At that time we suggested that this behavior could be the result of large scale convective transport in the MLT region. We have now had the opportunity to compare the diurnal variations of the sodium layer and airglow emissions with the tidal winds measured by meteor radar over the past 5 years. We find that the amplitude of the diurnal tide is much smaller in November than at other times of the year. Since most of the sodium measurements and all of the airglow observations are for night-time conditions only, a change in the amplitude of the 24-h tide could strongly influence the average measured sodium and airglow parameters. It is shown that the observed changes in the tidal winds are qualitatively consistent with the sodium measurements, but the amplitude of the observed height change is much greater than would be expected from the tidal winds.     

流星雷达系统相位差偏差的估计和校正

介绍了一种新的流星雷达系统的相位偏差估计和校正方法.利用流星回波的观测数据,用回波信号在各个接收通道之间的相位差,结合干涉式接收天线阵的几何关系,建立了各天线相位差测量值与偏差值之间的线性方程组,利用最小二乘法求解方程组,得到了流星雷达系统各个接收通道之间的相位差偏差估计值及校正后的流星回波到达角.与已有的流星雷达相位偏差估计和校正的方法相比,这种方法可以通过流星雷达的观测数据来计破算雷达系统各个接收天线通道之间的相位差偏差量,而不需要增加额外的硬件,实现了对观测数据的事后处理,可以方便地对已有数据进行校正.以2004年4-6月的武汉流星雷达观测数据为例,计算了流星雷达系统的偏差估计量,并用校正后的数据来计算流星回波的空间位置.结果表明,校正后流星回波数在各个方向上随高度的分布比校正前更符合统计分布.      

利用小波分析在轨识别空间目标轨道机动

空间目标的轨道机动往往隐藏在测量噪声中, 不容易被识别出来. 轨道机动可以引起机械能的突变, 用空间目标与航天器的单位质量机械能差作为机动识别的特征信号, 不会引入航天器本身的定轨误差. 用小波多尺度分解处理含噪声的特征信号, 对分解后的数据利用算法识别是否存在机动. 仿真结果表明, 本文提供的方法能有效识别空间目标的轨道机动.      

基于小波的反作用轮力矩测量系统校准

将反作用轮实时输出力矩值由力矩测量系统采集引入卫星半物理闭环仿真试验是一种更为优越的闭环仿真新方法。但由于仿真过程中,存在持续的外力矩干扰引入仿真控制闭环,导致半物理仿真试验无法长时间准确运行。为解决这一问题,结合实验数据分析,确定了力矩测量系统为半物理仿真试验外力矩干扰来源,并结合小波阈值滤波原理分别使用实时小波滤波方法和基于小波去噪的均值滤波算法对力矩测量系统初始及过程中产生的外力矩干扰进行消除,使测量系统得以准确校准。最后,将此方法应用于半物理闭环仿真试验中,取得了良好的效果。     

小波分析在GPS卫星故障检测中的应用

目前基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的残差卡方检测法已在接收机自主进行GPS卫星故障检测方面得到广泛应用,但该方法存在依赖系统数学模型、检验延迟等问题。文章提出一种基于小波分析的GPS卫星故障检测法,利用小波分析在时频域表现出良好的细节处理特性,将GPS接收机的可测数据即伪距观测数据和位置定位数据作为处理对象,进行多尺度下的分析,通过识别异常点来判断故障的发生。仿真结果表明,该方法具有高效灵敏、简洁直观、易于工程实现等特性,有助于保证导航系统的可靠性和稳定性。     

Gravity wave propagation studies using the Indian MST radar observations

The Indian MST radar facility at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) has been utilised to study the propagation of gravity waves from the troposphere/lower stratosphere to the mesosphere and their interaction with the radar backscattered signal variations. The main objective is to correlate vertically propagating gravity waves derived from the tropospheric velocity fields with the dynamics of mesospheric scattering centres. The tropospheric wind velocities and signal strengths over the entire height range have been subjected to power spectral and wavelet analysis to determine the predominant wave periods/amplitudes and the coupling between the lower atmosphere and mesosphere. Results show that (a) the gravity waves are clearly detectable near tropopause heights, (b) while relatively higher period gravity waves (20–50 min) interact with mesospheric scattering centres, the lower period waves (<20 min) are absorbed in the troposphere itself, (c) the mesospheric scattering layers are affected by gravity waves of complementary periods.     

Systematic examination of the geomagnetic storm sudden commencement using multi resolution analysis

Geomagnetic storm sudden commencements (SSC) contain a wealth of information which is useful in many applications. It is important to point out that the SSCs used in this study are sampled at the rate of one sample per second in order get use of such high resolution data. In this paper, two studies are made on the geomagnetic SSC and an SSC onset automatic detection algorithm is introduced. The first study is about finding the relationship between the SSC rise time and its amplitude. Where it is found that there is a positive correlation between the amplitude and the amplitude gradient which is the amplitude divided by rise time. The second study is checking the spectrum of the SSC, starting from its onset until the end of the SSC rise time. This check had proved that the SSC contains both low and high frequency regions. This led us to introduce a new term, namely the SSC variation rate (VR). This VR is defined as the maximum rate of change of the field in the higher-frequency region of the SSC. These two studies were the guide to build an SSC automatic detector of one sample per second data using multi resolution analysis (MRA) of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The data set contains 134 SSCs with different VRs that were collected from the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN). It is found that the standard deviation of the detection error is 41 s and that the average error is 9 s. From the calculated error distribution function, it is found that the detection error is within the range of −1.5 to 3 min. The detection process, as will be shown in the article, takes 70 s for one station and 3 min if the decision is related to the detection(s) of other stations. These results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over other algorithms in which the detection error ranges between −8 and 5 min and the detection process takes 2–10 min. In addition to being faster and more accurate than the other algorithms, the proposed algorithm is the first algorithm that automatically detects the SSC onset times from high-resolution data unlike previous studies that focused on determining the SSC times automatically using one-minute resolution data.