遥感卫星平台与载荷一体化构型

随着遥感卫星制造技术的不断提高,高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星的需求日益强烈。平台与载荷一体化设计是未来高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星发展的重要方向之一,平台与载荷一体化构型设计是平台与载荷一体化遥感卫星的关键。目前已有多颗平台与载荷一体化构型的遥感卫星在轨飞行,中国尚处于起步阶段。文章分析了平台与载荷一体化设计的遥感卫星构型;从提高图像定位精度、降低卫星质量、降低建造成本等方面,分析了平台与载荷一体化构型的优势;对载荷设计需具有整星级优化理念、载荷需提供多种接口、平台与载荷间具有强耦合关系等一体化构型的特点进行了总结;给出了一体化构型的建议,如整星形状设计、主承力结构设计、大型部件布局等。     

Technical and economical comparison between a modular geostationary space platform and a cluster of satellites

In recent years, the identification of a large number of telecommunication missions reflects a growing demand for the provision of a large variety of communications and data transmission services performed by a space segment.

At present, communication space segment use a single operational satellite per orbit position. However, the expected increase of communication channels per space segment will lead to a corresponding increase of satellite mass and size which could exceed the capabilities of existing launch vehicles in terms of mass and volume requirements. Those considerations, coupled with the threatening saturation of the geostationary orbit, lead to the conclusion that an optimal space segment concept must be defined on a technical as well as economical point of view.

Two main concepts may be envisaged: one is a large platform, which can be assembled either in geostationary orbit (resulting in several launches, rendez-vous and docking), or in low earth orbit by using the STS; the other concept is a cluster of satellites.

These candidate concepts are designed to meet the requirements of a reference mission. They are characterized by the required number of modules to be launched, the type of launcher, the new subsystems or equipments to be developed. The concepts are evaluated following technical criteria such as adaptability to other missions, flexibility, growth potential. A cost/benefit evaluation of each solution is presented. A comparison between the different concepts is then made on the basis of the technical/economical attractiveness of each solution.     

大型高轨通信平台主动段热变形分析

对于大型高轨通信卫星等的高价值卫星,为增强卫星的抗风险能力,对极端温度环境条件和相较一般发射工作程序有所偏离的情况下,进行了卫星平台的热分布情况分析。采用了能够较全面深入反映平台结构热变形的3D舱板模型的有限元分析方法。表明最高温度50.8 ℃,最低温度-11.89 ℃,未超出卫星的极限温度要求,卫星平台的热性能有一定保持能力。舱板厚度方向温差2.5 ℃。对分析的热分布结果与一般条件下的热平衡试验结果进行了分析比较,分析结果较一般条件下的热平衡试验结果温度高出约25 ℃。在热分析结果基础上所做的卫星平台热变形分析,表明舱板的最大变形在抛罩时刻为0.185 mm,在星箭分离时刻为0.506 mm,已经接近结构局部精度的要求量级。在抛罩和星箭分离时的服务舱仪器板的热变形方向相反,预示着这里是热振动的潜在振源。     

单星多普勒变化率无源定位精度分析

单颗卫星无源定位侦察平台具有成本低、系统简单、研发周期短等特点,是各国军事技术发展的重点和热点。围绕基于多普勒变化率的单星无源定位新技术,研究了该技术条件下定位精度与多普勒变化率测量精度、载波频率测量精度、高程假设误差、卫星定轨精度等因素的关系,并通过计算机仿真给出结论。     

面向卫星通信系统的低成本超表面相控阵技术

低轨通信卫星系统因其传输延迟小、通信容量大、发射运营成本低等优势,受到了国内外的广泛关注。然而,低轨通信卫星技术的发展对星载天线系统提出了挑战。为提高卫星星座的通信容量以及实现对用户的跟踪覆盖,波束扫描、波束可重构及多波束覆盖不可或缺。在低成本建设运营的背景下,迫切地需要一种低成本的天线系统方案。作为一种低成本新型相控阵技术,综述了超表面相控阵天线技术及其在波束调控中的应用。首先对超表面天线波束形成的方法进行了简单的研究,之后介绍了超表面电磁调控的机理以及实现可重构的手段,最后介绍了超表面相控阵天线在波束形成、波束扫描、多波束产生中的应用。该技术相较于传统相控阵技术,大幅降低了成本,且在电磁波极化、频率调控中展现出巨大的灵活性。通过对该技术的综述,展望了超表面相控阵在低轨通信卫星中的应用。     

卫星在轨故障全数字仿真平台设计

以通信卫星为例,分析卫星已经发生的和可能出现的在轨故障信息,利用数据库与面向对象技术对在轨故障现象与故障排除过程的仿真进行建模,设计了一种通过遥测信息显示故障仿真过程的全数字仿真平台,可为卫星在轨故障的辅助分析与定位、故障解决预案的制定提供验证手段。     

单站多普勒跟踪定轨的优化算法

由于低轨道小卫星应用的日益广泛，在轨卫星数目的迅速膨胀，对传统的多个地面站相互协调管理卫星领域模式提出了挑战。小卫星的低成本特性必然要求存在与之相应的地面站设施降低复杂性、降低成本。本文针对当前已提出的单站多普勒定轨方案，进一步研究了多普勒定轨的有关方法，提出和建立了多普勒定轨的优化算法与模型，最后进行了仿真分析与模型的有效性验证。     

Health scorecard of spacecraft platforms: Track record of on-orbit anomalies and failures and preliminary comparative analysis

Choosing the “right” satellite platform for a given market and mission requirements is a major investment decision for a satellite operator. With a variety of platforms available on the market from different manufacturers, and multiple offerings from the same manufacturer, the down-selection process can be quite involved. In addition, because data for on-obit failures and anomalies per platform is unavailable, incomplete, or fragmented, it is difficult to compare options and make an informed choice with respect to the critical attribute of field reliability of different platforms. In this work, we first survey a large number of geosynchronous satellite platforms by the major satellite manufacturers, and we provide a brief overview of their technical characteristics, timeline of introduction, and number of units launched. We then analyze an extensive database of satellite failures and anomalies, and develop for each platform a “health scorecard” that includes all the minor and major anomalies, and complete failures—that is failure events of different severities—observed on-orbit for each platform. We identify the subsystems that drive these failure events and how much each subsystem contributes to these events for each platform. In addition, we provide the percentage of units in each platform which have experienced failure events, and, after calculating the total number of years logged on-orbit by each platform, we compute its corresponding average failure and anomaly rate. We conclude this work with a preliminary comparative analysis of the health scorecards of different platforms.The concept of a “health scorecard” here introduced provides a useful snapshot of the failure and anomaly track record of a spacecraft platform on orbit. As such, it constitutes a useful and transparent benchmark that can be used by satellite operators to inform their acquisition choices (“inform” not “base” as other considerations are factored in when comparing different spacecraft platforms), and by satellite manufacturers to guide their testing and reliability improvement programs. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that these health scorecards should be considered dynamic documents to be updated on a regular basis if they are to remain accurate and relevant for comparative analysis purposes, as new information will impact their content.     

月球重力场环境对月球卫星轨道影响分析

文章分析了月球复杂的重力场环境对月球卫星轨道运行的影响。通过月球卫星冻结轨道与地球卫星冻结轨道的对比分析,结果表明月球重力场存在较大异常,并由此引起月球卫星轨道发生较大漂移。另外,月球冻结轨道在带谐项影响下还存在中等周期的漂移,仅简单考虑带谐项系数无法求得完美的月球冻结系数。由于月球重力场异常对绕月卫星的影响与地球轨道卫星情况相比存在很大差异,因此月球轨道卫星的长期运行与控制策略的设计必须充分考虑此影响。     

Economic methods of improving efficient use of the orbit/spectrum resource by satellite systems

Satellite systems continue to play an important role in the booming market for communication and broadcasting services, driving up demand for use of the orbit/spectrum resource. Studies are required to address the problem of orbit capacity and find ways of making more efficient use of it, to avoid a situation in which there is not enough orbit/spectrum resource to cater for the development of future satellite networks. It is argued that, as far as satellite networks are concerned, the current international regulatory regime governing the use of the spectrum has significant shortcomings, which have a cost, in terms of resources and time, and make investment in satellite projects less attractive. An approach is proposed for improving efficiency of the use of the orbit/spectrum through the introduction of economic methods, to supplement the existing technical and regulatory regime. A spectrum pricing method is proposed for satellite communication systems.     

苏联／俄罗斯数据中继卫星系统评述

在全面收集相关资料的基础上,对苏联／俄罗斯中继卫星系统发展历史和现状给出了较为准确和明晰的描述,并从专业的角度对卫星星座、轨道位置、有效载荷及平台特性、服务范围和在轨运营等重要内容作出了技术评论。其结果对评价我国在这一领域中的成就和研发下一代卫星均具有参考价值。     

基于模型预测的轨道自主快速大机动控制

为改善太阳同步轨道(SSO)卫星轨道大机动经典控制方法的性能,提出了一种基于卫星动力学模型预测的轨道自主机动控制算法,用大推力轨控发动机开环控制加小推力器闭环修正进行控制。给出了制导策略和算法流程。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该控制算法适于卫星轨道自主快速机动控制,其轨控精度较高,收敛时间可满足快速性要求。     

基于日地月方位信息的月球卫星自主导航

采用自主导航技术，可以降低月球卫星的任务成本，提高其生存能力。现研究了利用太阳敏感器、地球敏感器和月球敏感器测量出的卫星-太阳、卫星-地球和卫星-月球方向矢量作为观测量，采用迭代最小二乘方法、定历元时刻的卫星状态，并以轨道预报的方式实现月球卫星的自主导航。对该自主导航算法进行了数学仿真，分析比较了敏感器精度、部分轨道参数等因素对定位精度的影响，总结了其变化规律。最后对比了迭代最小二乘方法与扩展卡尔曼滤波的导航仿真结果，结果表明前者具有更高的精度。     

在轨卫星健康趋势分析和载荷成像质量检测（英文）

This paper introduces the satellite system running status and key events. This satellite has been observing the Earth for six years after its launch into a 645 km sun-synchronous orbit. Through the health trend analysis of the platform and subsystems, the orbit, power supply, rotating parts status, temperature, fuel consumption and so on are introduced in detail. The cameras' status also are monitored and analyzed.     

多任务模式电推进技术

调研了多任务模式电推进技术在地球静止轨道卫星和深空探测器中的应用情况,电推进技术的应用由南北位置保持任务模式逐步向南北位置保持和轨道转移等多任务模式发展;总结了多任务模式电推进技术在功率需求、比冲、推力等方面的技术特点;从卫星平台技术、推力器技术、可变功率电源转换及控制技术、可变流量调节技术,以及多自由度、大角度矢量调节技术等方面,分析了多任务模式电推进在工程应用中要解决的关键技术。     

Trends in the design of future communications satellite systems

This paper presents a review of the trends in communication satellite technology. In the near term the development of moderate size, dedicated satellites is to be expected. In the long term international coordination of orbit and spectrum allocations, introduction of higher-frequency bands, spectrum conserving techniques and the concept of large communication platforms deserve particular attention. Means to improve the cost effectiveness of satellite communications system and technology aspects are considered. Finally some German contributions to these developments are presented, mainly concerning high-power TWTs in the 12 and 20 GHz range.     

月球卫星轨道摄动及冻结轨道研究

利用理论分析、数值仿真与相图分析,论述了月球卫星冻结轨道与地球卫星冻结轨道的区别,分析结果表明,月球重力场存在较大异常,会引起月球卫星轨道发生较大漂移。月球冻结轨道在田谐项影响下,还存在中等周期的漂移。仅简单考虑带谐项系数,无法求得完美的月球冻结系数。月球重力场异常对绕月卫星的影响与地球相比存在很大区别。月球轨道卫星的长期运行与控制策略的设计,不能按照地球轨道卫星的传统方法。目前使用的月球引力模型精度较差,尽管基于这些不可靠的引力模型,可以得出很多有用结论,但对未来高精度的月球探测任务来说,还存在不足,需要在将来的月球探测任务中,探测高精度的月球重力场,以利于未来月球探测航天系统的任务分析与设计。     

低轨星座对静止轨道卫星同频干扰指标研究

随着全球低轨星座系统的快速部署及应用,非静止轨道卫星对静止轨道卫星系统的同频干扰问题日益凸显。为保护静止轨道卫星系统不受有害干扰,国际电联现行无线电规则中规定了非静止轨道卫星系统应满足的等效功率通量密度限值或干扰噪声比限值,但所适用频段及限值标准仍在不断修订完善中。为了精确定量评估低轨星座对静止轨道卫星的同频干扰,通过对等效功率通量密度限值和干扰噪声比限值的确定方法及演进历程进行研究,分析了上述限值与静止轨道卫星实际被干扰的对应关系,并以典型倾斜轨道星座和极地轨道星座为例,分析了不同干扰指标对卫星系统间干扰判定结果的影响,当静止轨道卫星系统的实际被干扰门限低于国际电联制定等效功率通量密度限值选用的参考门限时,建议低轨星座选择干扰噪声比限值作为开展频率干扰分析与判定的依据。     

利用GPS非差观测值的GRACE卫星精密定轨

参照GPS精密单点定位（PPP，Precise Point Positioning）模型设计了一种新的卫星定轨方法一组合星载加速度计测量数据和IGS提供的GPS精密星历及精密钟差数据进行低轨卫星的精密定轨。利用星载加速度计提高卫星受力模型准确性，使动力法定轨精度和可靠性都得到提升。同时，采用多种改正技术提高GPS非差观测值测量精度，保证最终高精度卫星定轨。本文建立了卫星定轨的轨道滤波模型，得出了有益的结论，即采用星载加速度计测量卫星非保守力可提高卫星定轨精度，在ITRF2000参考系下三轴精度优于18cm。这种方法不需要在全球建市基准观测站．定轨设备简单．费用低廉．     

Multi-cell satellite for the communications of year 2000

The multi-cell communication satellite concept allows an efficient use of the geostationary orbit and a large reduction of the bit transmission cost, as a Bell-type (phased array), multiple mobile narrow beams arrangement with SS-TDMA.It has a flat hexagonal flying-saucer shape, being erected in a low altitude orbit, through an automatic assembly process of a large number of quasi-identical hexagonal cells. Each cell has independent power supply, thrusters, RF modules etc….Total assembly requires 10 ARIANE V or 4 SHUTTLE launches. An automatic tooling assembly using simple iterative manoeuvers is used to obtain the final shape, from initial cylindrical packages.Transfer into geostationary orbit is provided by low-thrust bi-propellant units attached to the cells, and released after burn-out. Assembly and transfer duration is about 6 months.Total traffic to 1000–2000 towns being 100 Gbits/s, the expected reduction of bit-transmission cost relative to year 1981 is 75–100 fold.