Drop motion in a rotating immiscible liquid body

The interaction of liquids is an important part of many processes and is often used for such purposes as causing a separation of solution components by mass transfer between phases, allowing a chemical reaction between liquids or their components, providing direct contact heating or cooling, or creating emulsions. Containerless space processing may well involve the interaction of liquids in the form of drops. For example it may be desirable to form an alloy in space by merger of two or more drops. Encapsulation of a volatile liquid by a second less volatile and immiscible liquid might be a means for avoiding volatilization. Rotation of such systems would enhance mixing where desirable and/or provide means for drop management. In this study, single drop behavior in rotating liquid bodies is studied experimentally.     

空间微重力条件下偏晶合金的研究

利用我国首次卫星搭载,进行了偏晶合金Zn—Pb、Al—Pb 的空间微重力下的重熔试验,研究了低于临界温度下Al—Pb 合金重熔过程中的物理规律;在临界温度之上重熔了Zn—Pb 合金,发现了Marangoni 对流对合金凝固过程的影响;在液态烧结条件下制备了均匀的粉末Zn—Pb 合金。在微重力下的研究表明:空间微重力条件对消除由于重力引起的宏观偏折和自然对流十分重要,但在重力消失后,非重力的其它因素的影响又显得格外重要。     

喷管分离流动及其侧向载荷

利用商业软件CFX对某液体火箭大面积比喷管地面条件下的分离流动进行了三维数值模拟.计算获得了喷管入口总压从8MPa减小到1MPa时的流场参数分布和侧向力载荷情况.结果表明,随着入口总压的降低,喷管内流场会依次经历自由激波分离和受限激波分离两种分离激波模态.受限激波分离模态下喷管壁面压强具有较大波动,再附着点压强甚至高于环境压强.流动分离情况下,喷管将受到一定侧向载荷作用,载荷方向随机分布.入口总压为4MPa时计算得到的侧向载荷最大,实际侧向载荷峰值可能出现在自由激波分离与受限激波分离转换瞬间.     

Classification of gravity effects on “free” cells

When cell physiologists detect gravity related reactions of their objects it is often difficult to decide where the receptors for the observed effects are located. Answering this question is necessary for any further analysis of a detected gravity effect on cells. In previous papers we have discussed direct and indirect gravity effects in relation to the smallest functional units where the primary receptor, which interacts with gravity, is positioned inside and outside of such a unit, respectively. So, in a first approximation we can conclude that in a multicellular aquatic organism, which changes its metabolism in weightlessness, the primary receptors of gravity are located inside the cells of that organism. A special approach is necessary when free living cells, the density of which may be higher than the one of the (liquid) medium, or even cells living on a free surface are observed. In these two cases also indirect effects have to be taken into account, which will be demonstrated with the aid of the slime mold . Additionally the environment of the organisms can be changed directly and indirectly by gravity.     

Evaluating the robustness of the enantioselective stationary phases on the Rosetta mission against space vacuum vaporization

The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission was launched in March 2004 in order to reach comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by August 2014. The Cometary Sampling and Composition experiment (COSAC) onboard the Rosetta mission’s lander “Philae” has been designed for the cometary in situ detection and quantification of organic molecules using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GC unit of COSAC is equipped with eight capillary columns that will each provide a specific stationary phase for molecular separation. Three of these stationary phases will be used to chromatographically resolve enantiomers, as they are composed of liquid polymers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to which chiral valine or cyclodextrin units are attached. Throughout the ten years of Rosetta’s journey through space to reach comet 67P, these liquid stationary phases have been exposed to space vacuum, as the capillary columns within the COSAC unit were not sealed or filled with carrier gas. Long term exposures to space vacuum can cause damage to such liquid stationary phases as key monomers, volatiles, and chiral selectors can be vaporized and lost in transit. We have therefore exposed identical spare units of COSAC’s chiral stationary phases over eight years to vacuum conditions mimicking those experienced in space and we have now investigated their resolution capabilities towards different enantiomers both before and after exposure to space vacuum environments. We have observed that enantiomeric resolution capabilities of these chiral liquid enantioselective stationary phases has not been affected by exposure to space vacuum conditions. Thus we conclude that the three chiral stationary phases of the COSAC experiment onboard the Rosetta mission lander “Philae” can be considered to have maintained their resolution capacities throughout their journey prior to cometary landing in November 2014.     

Quantum chemical calculations of infrared spectra for the identification of unknown compounds by GC/FTIR/MS in exobiological simulation experiments.

Gas chromatography/Fourier transform IR spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (GC/FTIR/MS) is a powerful tool for the separation and unambiguous identification of complex mixtures of organic compounds, where the use of two kinds of spectra allows to significantly increase identification reliability. The simplest situation is when acquired spectra can be found in IR and MS databases, or appropriate standards are available; but this is not always the case. Some simulation experiments related to the origins of life and exobiology (e.g., simulation of amino acid pyrolysis during atmospheric entry of space bodies) can be a typical example when one encounters with numerous unknown compounds. To assist their identification by GC/FTIR/MS, recently we suggested quantum chemical calculations of infrared spectra in order to compare them to IR spectra acquired experimentally. The present work summarizes the results obtained by semi-empirical and ab initio methods, discusses their advantages and limitations, considering as test compounds some cyclic amides and amidines derived from amino acids, saturated and unsaturated nitriles (including those of interest for the Titan atmospheric chemistry), acetylenes and some other nitrogen compounds.     

Transport across complex magnetic environment

It is well known that the rich, highly complicated field configurations of the Heliospheric Magnetic Field has an essential effect on the cross-field propagation of charged particles of relatively low rigidity. In this process the field line separation is the most significant factor of the magnetic structure. The aim of this paper is to develop a framework, in which the particle transport can be investigated for various types of field-line separation. It turns out that the presence of any diffusive cross-field motion of the particles, even if it is arbitrarily small, can wash out most of the details belonging to a specific field line separation model. In that case the overall cross-field motion is forced to become diffusive, irrespectively of the type of the field line spreading, whether this spreading is diffusive, or even non-diffusive in nature. For the various separation models the expressions derived are very similar.     

A potentialgradient-conductivity-scanner for the investigation of effects leading to buoyancy-driven convection on continuous-flow-electrophoresis.

Continuous flow electrophoresis (CFE) is a mild and high-resolving method for the separation of sensitive biomolecules like peptides and proteins. The resolution is decreased by several effects, of which density gradients are important since they lead to buoyancy-driven convection. A tool for the measurement of physical quantities that cause the separation process, a potentialgradient/conductivity-scanner has been developed. With this PC-scanner consecutive potential- and concentration profiles can be measured inside the CFE-chamber. Local current densities and local joule heat yielding density gradients are calculated from the measurement data. With the PC-scanner the influence of gravity on separations by CFE can be evaluated more easily by the knowledge of the thermal and electrical conditions inside the separation slit.     

天舟一号货运飞船空间实验装置蒸发相变地面实验

以天舟一号货运飞船为依托,开展空间蒸发相变传热规律的科学实验研究,探索重力对蒸发传热传质过程的影响规律.设计了一套地面蒸发实验平台,以蒸发相变液体FC-72为研究对象,通过红外热像仪测温、热流量计、差分热电偶等手段,观测FC-72液层在不同台面温度、注液量等情况下的相变界面变化、蒸发表面特性、流体物性及Marangoni对流涡胞的变化等,获取其蒸发两相流体的液层温度差、表面温度场、热流量值、蒸发速率和涡胞结构等.实验结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,FC-72液层与蒸发台面的温差越高,其蒸发速率越快;注液量越大,蒸发速率也越大;在蒸发过程中出现了浮力对流涡胞和Marangoni对流涡胞.此外,通过地面蒸发实验可以确定空间科学实验选用的实验介质和材料,进而优化确定空间科学实验的工况、参数及流程等,部分地面实验结果也将直接成为天地对比实验的科学成果.      

Marangoni and buoyant convection in an open cavity under reduced and under normal gravity

We give the first full analysis of the microgravity experiment MKB ( arangoni onvektion im offenen oot) conducted on board of the space shuttle during the D1-mission in 1985, together with that of some ground based experiments on thermocapillary flow in a rectangular liquid volume with free upper surface. Streamlines and velocity profiles under μ-g and l-g are presented and discussed. Strong thermocapillary flow was observed under μ-g after the rupture of a dirt-film suppressing surface tension forces. The Nusselt-number under microgravity due to thermocapillary flow for Ma = 4.6 · 10⁵ is at least Nu = 6 ± 1. Under l-g a separation of the surface tension driven convection roll of hot fluid circulating on top of colder fluid was found for large Ma. The coupling and decoupling of buoyant and thermocapillary forces has been further studied in an experiment varying the temperature gradient along the free surface independently from that in the bulk fluid.     

Liquid phase sintering of tungsten composites in space: Results of tests performed in Texus

Tungsten-nickel-iron composites are commersially fabricated from powders by liquid phase sintering. They consist of almost spherical tungsten particles in a matrix of nickel-iron-tungsten. A way to contribute to the understanding of the sintering mechanism and the mechanical properties is to study composites with a low amount of tungsten particles. Depending on the great difference in density between the particles and the matrix, this can only be done under microgravity. A primary sintering test of the tungsten composite was done in space using the Texus 10 modul. Prealloys were fabricated from metal powder mixtures, which were hot isostatic pressed. Liquid phase sintering of the two tungsten composites under microgravity has shown that the particles are evenly distributed and that no segregation occured due to convection. Despite an uneven distribution of the particles in the preformed specimens and the short melting period the patricle distribution has become even. Compared to short time sintering tests made on four alloys in the laboratory, the growth and separation of the particles was fast.     

用面向对象技术实现相关分离的双语言描述

介绍了一种新的形式化描述思想,即"相关分离"的思想,并分析了基于此思想的双语言方法,与传统的单一语言的描述技术相比,"相关分离"的思想和双语言方法更适合于分布式多媒体的描述.结合对面向对象技术在分布式多媒体的形式化描述中应用的方法分析,本文提出了一种以LOTOS/QTL或Esterel/QL为基础,融合面向对象技术的形式化描述方案,该方案可用于建立分布式多媒体系统的时间模型和同步模型.     

双模式离子液体推进剂的分解特性与热试车实验研究

硝酸羟胺(HAN)/1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯([Emim][EtSO4])混合离子液体推进剂具有绿色无毒、高性能、易电离的特点,既可以应用于化学推进模式,又可以应用于电推进模式,是肼类推进剂的一种理想的替代品.利用热重分析-差示扫描量热法(TGA-DSC)研究了 HAN/[Emim][EtSO4]离子液体推进剂的...     

大攻角状态压气机分离流及叶片动力响应特性

为研究大攻角状态压气机转子内部分离区的脱落和传播过程及转子叶片对其动力响应问题,对某跨声速压气机级进行了非定常数值模拟和双向迭代流固耦合数值模拟。研究结果表明,在近失速状态,转子叶片通道内会周期性地发生2次叶背分离区的脱落和传播现象。第1个分离区主要表现出轴向传播特性,其会对下游流场产生影响;第2个分离区主要表现出周向传播特性,其会作用于周向相邻的转子叶片,对转子叶排自身产生激励作用,进而影响叶片表面压力分布,引起叶片较强的动力响应,对叶片结构强度的影响不可忽略。非定常/流固耦合计算手段能够较全面地预测流场中激励源的频率、幅值与位置等,在压气机设计阶段应对此类预测工作予以重视,以期更准确地预测叶片共振及动力响应等问题。     

Tilts and polarity separation in the sunspot groups and active regions at the ascending and descending phases of the cycle 23

The Solar Feature Catalogues for sunspots and active regions measured with SOHO/MDI instrument and Ca II K3 spectroheliograph of the Paris-Meudon Observatory are analyzed with the automated classification technique for sunspot groups and active region polarities. We report the first classification results for daily variations of tilt angles (normal and trigonometric ones) in sunspot groups (SG) and active (AR) regions in the cycle 23. The average normal tilts are presented for every year at the ascending and descending phases of the cycle 23 which are similar to those deduced by other authors for the cycles 19–22. The normal tilts of both the sunspot groups and active regions are shown to increase in the ascending phase and a decrease in the descending phase. Similar to SG and AR areas, the trigonometric tilts are shown to have the noticeable North–South asymmetry with the Southern hemisphere dominant in the selected ascending and descending periods. The normal tilt variations with latitude follow Joy’s law revealing a periodicity along the meridian of about 10° and reaching the maximum of 14° at the latitude of about 32° corresponding to the top of the ‘royal zone’ where the sunspots appear. The variations of polarity separation with a latitude are in an anti-phase with those of the tilts reaching a maximum at the latitude of 35° and showing a small positive separation for the groups/active regions in a vicinity of the average tilts ±40°. The ratio R of the polarity separation to the trigonometric tilt fits the linear function of a latitude φ as R = −0.0213φ − 0.1245 confirming positive separation for the polarities of active regions with the average tilts, or the dominance of activity in the Southern hemisphere activity, for the selected period of observations.     

An in-situ technique for the determination of electrotransport in liquid metallic alloys

In this paper we will describe an experimental equipment, for in-situ measurements of electrotransport in liquid metals.Electrotransport in liquid metals are always to some extent disturbed by convection on ground but the origin of this convection is not definitely known. We also describe a procedure that can be used to find out if the convection is gravity driven or not.     

用GAO-YONG湍流模型计算激波/边界层干扰

采用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组,模拟了平板激波/湍流边界层干扰现象.运用SIMPLE算法求解方程组,并分别采用三阶精度的QUICK格式和中心格式离散对流项和扩散项.计算结果较好预测了入射斜激波在平直壁面引起湍流附面层分离的流动特征: 分离点的反射激波、分离包引起的膨胀扇以及再附点的反射激波.对流场的时均参数与实验值进行了比较,计算得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型与实验值比较吻合很好.结果表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组能够高精度模拟平板激波/湍流边界层干扰流动.      

微重力环境下蓄液器流体蓄留特性的试验研究

为验证板式贮箱蓄液器的蓄液性能,搭建了蓄液器模型试验系统,针对蓄液器模型的蓄液性能和流体传输行为进行微重力落塔试验研究,得到微重力环境下蓄液器的流体蓄留和传输规律.试验结果表明,相对于楔形蓄液器,双圆锥形蓄液器具有更好的蓄液能力,对于双圆锥形蓄液器,承受侧向加速度时仍具有良好的蓄液能力,合理设计蓄液器结构可有效地蓄留液体并控制液体传输速度.该试验成果不仅为新型板式流体管理部件设计优化提供参考,同时也为空间环境下流体控制提供了一种新方法.     

液体不完全起旋时充液陀螺稳定性研究

一些旋转充液系统,尽管理论上满足固化液体系统的陀螺稳定性条件,并且也不在章动与液体惯性波的共振区域内,但是在实验时系统却出现运动不稳定.这一现象无法由SWM(Stewartson-Wedemeyer-Murphy)线性理论解释,致使在工程设计中很难避开不稳定的参数区域.本文采用数值方法分析了液体未完全起旋对高速旋转充液陀螺稳定性的影响,并应用Lyapunov-Rumjantsev 部分变量稳定性理论,得出了液体不完全起旋时,充液陀螺稳定性条件.