Enhanced crop discrimination using the mid-IR (1.55–1.75μm)

Improvements in crop discrimination can be realized by using mid-IR bands (1.55–1.75 μm and 2.08–2.35 μm) which are sensitive to canopy moisture content. Analyses of data from two growing seasons in Webster County, Iowa clearly indicate that corn and soybeans are highly separable in the mid-IR from early season through harvest. This contrasts sharply with visible and near-IR bands where corn and soybeans are confused throughout much of the growing season. The mid-IR temporal reflectance behavior appears to result from differences between C₄ monocot and C₃ dicot internal leaf structure. If this hypothesis holds, mid-IR observations should improve discrimination in other instances where similar differences in internal leaf structure are present.     

Evaluation of SPOT HRV simulation data for Corps of Engineers applications

During the summer of 1983 three Corps of Engineers project sites were overflown as part of the SPOT (Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) High Resolution Visible (HRV) simulation campaign. The three sites were Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Berlin Lake, Ohio, and Lac qui Parle, Minnesota. Multispectral imagery data at a 20-m resolution for three spectral bands (0.50–0.59 μm, 0.61–0.68 μm, 0.79–0.89 μm) were obtained for each of the sites. The data were analyzed for use in dredging, recreation resource management, water quality, and wildlife habitat applications.     

IR-spectroscopy of ionosphere from stratospheric balloons

The radiation spectra of the ionosphere in the 4–5 μm region have been determined from stratospheric balloons by means of the specially elaborated method of the registration of angular and spectral distribution of the radiation. The radiation bands of 4.4 μm and 4.8 μm which have 0.1–0.2 erg cm^?2 sr^?1s^?1. brightness obtained in two flights, are identified with the vibration-rotation transitions of the ion NO⁺ (0 - 1) and the molecules N¹⁴N¹⁵ (0 - 1) and CO (0 - 1) and (3 - 2) from altitudes between 120 and 500 km.     

Advances in infrared and sub-millimeter filters

Infrared filters use a large variety of physical principles and techniques, as can be expected since they cover three decades of the IR spectrum (1 μm - 1 mm). The multilayer interference filters, derived from optical techniques, play the main role in the region 1 μm–40 μm. They have been successfully used in space applications. On the other side of the spectrum is the domain of metallic mesh filters, which is still developing. Bulk absorption, Reststrahlen bands, diffusion and gratings are also used to achieve the desired properties. A short review of this situation is given, with emphasis on the present trends and developments.Infrared and sub-millimeter filters use a large variety of physical principles and techniques that we may classify in two large families.     

Mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks using airborne multispectral scanner data,Marysvale, Utah,mining district

Multispectral data covering an area near Marysvale, Utah, collected with the airborne National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 24-channel Bendix multispectral scanner, were analyzed to detect areas of hydrothermally altered, potentially mineralized rocks. Spectral bands were selected for analysis that approximate those of the Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper and which are diagnostic of the presence of hydrothermally derived products. Hydrothermally altered rocks, particularly volcanic rocks affected by solutions rich in sulfuric acid, are commonly characterized by concentrations of argillic minerals such as alunite and kaolinite. These minerals are important for identifying hydrothermally altered rocks in multispectral images because they have intense absorption bands centered near a wavelength of 2.2 μm. Unaltered volcanic rocks commonly do not contain these minerals and hence do not have the absorption bands.A color-composite image was constructed using the following spectral band ratios: 1.6μm/2.2μm, 1.6μm/0.48μm, and 0.67μm/1.0μm. The particular bands were chosen to emphasize the spectral contrasts that exist for argillic versus non-argillic rocks, limonitic versus nonlimonitic rocks, and rocks versus vegetation, respectively. The color-ratio composite successfully distinguished most types of altered rocks from unaltered rocks. Some previously unrecognized areas of hydrothermal alteration were mapped. The altered rocks included those having high alunite and/or kaolinite content, siliceous rocks containing some kaolinite, and ash-fall tuffs containing zeolitic minerals. The color-ratio-composite image allowed further division of these rocks into limonitic and nonlimonitic phases. The image did not allow separation of highly siliceous or hematitically altered rocks containing no clays or alunite from unaltered rocks.A color-coded density slice image of the 1.6μm/2.2μm band ratio allowed further discrimination among the altered units. Areas containing zeolites and some ash-fall tuffs containing montmorillonite were readily recognized on the color-coded density slice as having less intense 2.2-μm absorption than areas of highly altered rocks. The areas of most intense absorption, as depicted in the color-coded density slice, are dominated by highly altered rocks containing large amounts of alunite and kaolinite. These areas form an annulus, approximately 10 km in diameter, which surrounds a quartz monzonite intrusive body of Miocene age. The patterns of most intense alteration are interpreted as the remnants of paleohydrothermal convective cells set into motion during the emplacement of the central intrusive body.     

Synergetic retrieval of terrestrial AOD from MODIS images of twin satellites Terra and Aqua

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is one of the most important indicators of atmospheric pollution. It can be retrieved from satellite imagery using several established methods, such as the dark dense vegetation method and the deep blue algorithm. All of these methods require estimation of surface reflectance prior to retrieval, and are applicable to a certain pre-designated type of surface cover. Such limitations can be overcome by using a synergetic method of retrieval proposed in this study. This innovative method is based on the fact that the ratio K of surface reflectance at different angles/geometries is independent of wavelength as reported by Flowerdew and Haigh (1995). An atmospheric radiative transfer model was then established and resolved with the assistance of the ratio K obtained from two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spectral bands acquired from the twin satellites of Terra and Aqua whose overpass is separated by three hours. This synergetic method of retrieval was tested with 20 pairs of MODIS images. The retrieved AOD was validated against the ground observed AOD at the Taihu station of the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). It is found that they are correlated with the observations at a coefficient of 0.828 at 0.47 μm and 0.921 at 0.66 μm wavelengths. The retrieved AOD has a mean relative error of 25.47% at 0.47 μm and 24.3% at 0.66 μm. Of the 20 samples, 15 and 17 fall within two standard error of the line based observed AOD data on the ground at the 0.47 μm and 0.66 μm, respectively. These results indicate that this synergetic method can be used to reliably retrieve AOD from the twin satellites MODIS images, namely Terra and Aqua. It is not necessary to determine surface reflectance first.     

Scientific ballooning in Japan

Activities in scientific ballooning in Japan during 1998–1999 are reported. The total number of scientific balloons flown in Japan in 1998 and 1999 was sixteen, eight flights in each year. The scientific objectives were observations of high energy cosmic electrons, air samplings at various altitudes, monitoring of atmospheric ozone density, Galactic infrared observations, and test flights of new type balloons. Balloon expeditions were conducted in Antarctica by the National Institute of Polar Research, in Russia, in Canada and in India in collaboration with foreign countries' institutes to investigate cosmic rays, Galactic infrared radiation, and Earth's atmosphere. There were three flights in Antarctica, four flights in Russia, three flights in Canada and two flights in India. Four test balloons were flown for balloon technology, which included pumpkin-type super-pressure balloon and a balloon made with ultra-thin polyethylene film of 3.4 μm thickness.     

Studies of optical and biological properties of landcover employing shuttle flights of a multispectral linear array radiometer

Studies to characterize optical and biological properties of land cover as observed from space are planned using a six channel, imaging spectroradiometer employing newly developed multispectral linear array (MLA) detector technology. These studies are to take place by mounting the radiometer on the Shuttle and observing areas with dynamic and diverse types of land cover condition. The radiometer will have 15 meter spatial resolution for four, 20 nanometer bands in the visible and near infrared and 30 meter resolution for similarily narrow bands in the shortwave infrared bands. The instrument will scan ± 45 degrees along the Shuttle orbital path. The principle objective of this experiment is to obtain observations that augment knowledge of the distribution of basic land cover types in regions that are known to be key to questions of biogeochemical cycles, energy balance and climatic change. Another key objective is to quantify the bidirectional reflectance of key land cover conditions in major portions of the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared as they are observed from space. The initial execution of this experiment is presently scheduled for late 1987.     

Retrieval of aerosol size distribution from extinction measurements and verification with observations at a tropical station

Aerosol size distributions were retrieved by computing aerosol extinction parameters using extensive measurements of direct solar radiation made in the 0.4 and 0.6 μm wavelengths at Pune with Volz type sunphotometer during winter (November–February), pre-monsoon (March–May), monsoon (June–August) and post-monsoon (September–October) of 1980–1981. The computer aerosol size distributions are compared with the direct measurements made using Anderson eight-stage cascade impactor. There is agreement between the retrieved and measured size distributions. The retrieval method is simple and useful for intensive aerosol measurement programmes.     

Preliminary analysis of shuttle multispectral radiometer data for Southern Egypt

The Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer (SMIRR) is a spectroradiometer covering the region from 0.5 to 2.5 μm in 10 channels that acquired data from spots 100 m in diameter along the subspacecraft ground track. It was flown aboard the second flight of the space shuttle Columbia, November 12–14, 1981. Data collected during orbit 16 over southern Egypt show that carbonate rocks, kaolinite, and possibly montmorillonite can be identified by their SMIRR spectral signatures and limited knowledge of the lithologic units present. Detailed analysis of SMIRR data for this area indicates that calcite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite rocks give rise to absorption features that result in characteristic 10 channel spectra.     

微型微焦斑X射线闭管及阴极丝电子发射差异性

行星岩石成分原位测量是行星探测的基本需求,X射线荧光分析是开展元素成分测量的重要技术手段。针对深空探测X射线荧光分析仪的需要,设计并研制了一款微型微焦斑X射线闭管,尺寸为Φ15 mm×22 mm,焦斑尺寸230μm,工作时阳极接地,阴极接浮地负高压,最大电压为–50 kV。在微型X射线闭管研制过程中,开展了螺旋型钨丝、直线型钨丝、直线型铼钨丝等常用热阴极的电子发射差异性研究,测量了各型热阴极的电子发射效率。结果显示,在200 V阳极电压下,低铼含量直线型铼钨丝电子发射效率最大为27.87μA·W^–1,是螺旋型钨丝的4倍,直线型钨丝的9倍;掺铼钨丝电子发射效率远高于纯钨型阴极丝。此外,铼钨丝还具有电子发射快、预热要求低、对真空度要求不高等特点,是深空探测X射线闭管阴极丝较理想的选择。     

高精度紧缩场的机械精度检测与电性能验证

根据天线型面精度的确定依据,建立了以半光程差为最小量的型面精度计算模型,据此编写了天线面板测调程序,对高精度紧缩场的型面精度进行了检测,并采用自由拟合的方法对馈源进行了定位,通过机械精度检测,该紧缩场反射面型面静区精度达到 26 μm,机械精度达到理论和设计要求.最终的电气测试结果表明该紧缩场在26~110 GHz时具有优良的电气性能,验证了天线机械精度检测结果的正确性.该方法使机械装调效率显著提高,具有重要的工程应用价值.      

IRAS observations of nearby main sequence stars and modeling of excess infrared emission

IRAS observations of the 50 stellar systems within 5.2 pc reveal 6 systems with significant flux in excess of that expected from photospheric emission at wavelengths of 25 to 100 μm. No star in this sample has a significant excess at 12 μm. Ground-based measurements of the near-infrared flux were used to determine the brightness of the stellar photospheres for extrapolation to the far infrared.Examples of far-infrared excess in the 5-pc sample, in addition to the previously known case of ε Eri (Gliese 144), are: τ Ceti (Gliese 71), which has an excess at 60 μm but was not detected at 100 μm; Ross 128 (Gliese 447), with excess at 60 and 100 μm; 61 Cygni (Gliese 820) with excess at 60 and 100 μm; and α CMa (Gliese 244) and BD+43° 4305 (Gliese 873), with excess at 100 μm only. There is cold extended emission from “infrared cirrus” near the line of sight to the latter three stars that may contribute to the apparent excesses.Bright far-infrared excesses associated with the main sequence stars α Lyr, α PsA, β Pic, and ε Eri have been interpreted as emission from shells of orbiting particles, possibly connected to the process of planet formation. The excesses determined here are all much fainter than those four. Precise measurement of the source profile shapes and peak positions of the fainter excesses was not possible. For that reason and because of the possibility that background ISM emission is involved, they are considered candidates rather than definite discoveries of new circumstellar particle clouds. The excesses associated with Ross 128 and 61 Cygni are discussed in terms of the characteristic radii and effective radiating areas of clouds of particles that could produce the observed emission.     

陆基飞机大下沉速度对称着陆试验方法

为了安全高效地进行着陆试验以实现起落架结构强度和刚度试飞考核,从讨论飞机进场着陆飞行与起落架运动受载入手,深入分析了影响着陆下沉速度的诸多相关因素,并提炼出关键的影响与控制因素,在此基础上提出平飞飘落接地和直线下滑接地等着陆操纵技术以及多次着陆试验训练进行操纵方法学习、经验累积和反馈迭代的综合飞行试验方法.运用该方法在某型陆基飞机着陆试验中,最大下沉速度达2.47 m/s,满足相关要求,从而实现了该型飞机着陆冲击条件下的起落架结构强度考核.     

An attempt for objective analysis of TIROS-N images

An attempt for digital processing of analog images taken in the infrared channel (10.5–11.5 μm) from TIROS-N is presented. The data digitized to 8-bits are normalized by using SR Data Manipulator. The investigated period is November 3–4, 1979. The geographic rectification moves the data into a polar stereographic map. To estimate the cloud heights empirical relationships are applied. The following characteristics of the cloud field are produced: the cloud amount, the dominant cloud-type, the daily variation of IR brightness temperature and the cloud texture. The results are visualized on a colour display.     

The longwave radiation estimated from NOAA polar orbiting satellites: An update and comparison with Nimbus-7 ERB results

The planetary outgoing longwave radiation has been estimated since 1974 from two different series of NOAA operational polar spacecraft. The first series provided data from June 1974 through February 1978 and was designated “SR” for the scaning radiometers used at that time. This data set has been used in a variety of radiation budget and climate studies, such as that by Ohring and Gruber, 1983. The second satellite system is the currently operational TIROS-N series of satellites. Data from this series began in January 1979 and are continuing. In both systems, estimates of the outgoing longwave radiation are obtained from narrow spectral interval (10–12 μm) window radiances. A comparison is made of the estimates from the two different series of satellites in order to arrive at an assessment of their compatibility. This is important since the SR observations were taken at approximately 0900 and 2100 local times, while the TIROS-N data alternate between 0730-1930 and 0300-1500 local times. In addition, there is a period of overlap between the TIROS-N data and the broad band (5–50 μm) Nimbus 7 EArth radiation budget data. A comparison of those two data sets indiciate excellent agreement generally within about 1–2 Wm^?2 on the monthly means on global and hemispherical scales. Comparisons of zonal averages indicate maximum differences as large as 9 Wm^?2.Evidence is presented to suggest that observations taken at different local observing times may be biased by the diurnal variation of emitted flux, even on global scales.     

Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global change studies, heat balance and as control for climate change. A comparative study of LST over parts of the Singhbhum Shear Zone in India was undertaken using various emissivity and temperature retrieval algorithms applied on visible and near infrared (VNIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) bands of high resolution Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. LST results obtained from satellite data of October 26, 2001 and November 2, 2001 through various algorithms were validated with ground measurements collected during satellite overpass. In addition, LST products of MODIS and ASTER were compared with Landsat-7 ETM+ and ground truth data to explore the possibility of using multi-sensor approach in LST monitoring. An image-based dark object subtraction (DOS3) algorithm, which is yet to be tested for LST retrieval, was applied on VNIR bands to obtain atmospheric corrected surface reflectance images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was estimated from VNIR reflectance image. Various surface emissivity retrieval algorithms based on NDVI and vegetation proportion were applied to ascertain emissivities of the various land cover categories in the study area in the spectral range of 10.4–12.5 μm. A minimum emissivity value of about 0.95 was observed over the reflective rock body with a maximum of about 0.99 over dense forest. A strong correlation was established between Landsat ETM+ reflectance band 3 and emissivity. Single channel based algorithms were adopted for surface radiance and brightness temperature. Finally, emissivity correction was applied on ‘brightness temperature’ to obtain LST. Estimated LST values obtained from various algorithms were compared with field ground measurements for different land cover categories. LST values obtained after using Valor’s emissivity and single channel equations were best correlated with ground truth temperature. Minimum LST is observed over dense forest as about 26 °C and maximum LST is observed over rock body of about 38 °C. The estimated LST showed that rock bodies, bare soils and built-up areas exhibit higher surface temperatures, while water bodies, agricultural croplands and dense vegetations have lower surface temperatures during the daytime. The accuracy of the estimated LST was within ±2 °C. LST comparison of ASTER and MODIS with Landsat has a maximum difference of 2 °C. Strong correlation was found between LST and spectral radiance of band 6 of Landsat-7 ETM+. Result corroborates the fact that surface temperatures over land use/land cover types are greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present.     

大端接圆柱杆的复合圆锥形变幅杆设计及应用

针对目前国产超声变幅杆耐用性较差的问题,设计一种新型复合变幅杆,满足振幅的条件下,使变幅杆具有较小的工作应力。通过波动方程建立新型复合变幅杆参数方程,着重计算了放大倍数、形状因数及应力极大点等参数。首先,采用有限元分析软件对变幅杆进行动力学分析,得到的结果与理论结果进行比较,验证了理论公式的正确性。然后,在此基础上与圆锥形变幅杆、指数形变幅杆及小端接圆柱杆的复合圆锥形变幅杆进行比较,结果表明新型复合变幅杆具有更好的综合性能和更小的最大应力。最后,基于ANSYS Workbench优化设计功能对变幅杆进行优化修整,对优化后的变幅杆进行阻抗分析和振动性能测试,测试结果表明新型复合变幅杆理论性能参数与实验测试结果基本一致,变幅杆的谐振频率为20 013 Hz,当换能器输出振幅峰峰值为13 μm时,变幅杆的输出端振幅峰峰值可达40 μm,变幅杆振幅实际放大倍数为3.08,满足切削实验振幅的要求。      

钛合金TB6铣削加工硬化实验

研究了使用涂层硬质合金刀具对钛合金TB6进行端铣加工时,铣削参数以及刀具后刀面磨损量对加工硬化（表面硬化率、硬化层深度以及硬化层硬度分布）的影响,以弄清TB6铣削硬化现象及机理.结果表明,在实验参数范围内,刀具无磨损的情况下,硬化率基本保持在107%~112%范围内,硬化层深度范围为18~36 μm;铣削速度增加时,加工硬化程度会有较为明显的降低现象,而进给量与切深对加工硬化的影响并不明显;刀具磨损对加工硬化的影响较为显著,后刀面磨损量低于0.2 mm时,硬化层深度随着磨损增加从30 μm增加至55 μm,而后刀面磨损量为0.35 mm时,硬化层深度达到了130 μm.刀具磨损后在加工表面下较浅位置出现软化区域,而且随着磨损量的增加,软化越来越明显.