Satellites for the study of ocean primary productivity

Estimates of global marine primary productivity are currently based upon the ¹⁴C method for determining rates of plankton photosynthesis and upon the relatively sparse data available using shipboard sampling techniques. With recent advances in remote sensing and in multiplatform (ship, aircraft, and satellite) sampling strategies, it is now possible to significantly lower the variance in estimates of phytoplankton abundance and of population growth rates.Multiplatform sampling strategies are essential to assess the mean and variance of phytoplankton biomass on a regional or on a global basis. The relative errors associated with shipboard and satellite estimates of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity, as well as the increased statistical accuracy now possible from the utilization of contemporaneous data from both sampling platforms, are discussed. It is shown that one of the more exciting and potentially useful aspects of oceanographic research today is our new ability to view large areas of the ocean synoptically.     

Advances on Technology and Application of Ocean Color Remote Sensing in China (2004 - 2006)

China has great progress in the technology and application of ocean color remote sensing during 2004-2006. In this report, firstly, four major technical advances are displaying, including (1) the vector radiative transfer numerical model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system; (2) the atmospheric correction algorithm specialized on Chinese high turbid water; (3) systematical research of hyper-spectrum ocean color remote sensing; (4) local algorithms of oceanic parameters, like ocean color components, ocean primary productivity, water transparency, water quality parameters, etc. On the foundation of technical advances, ocean color remote sensing takes effect on ocean environment monitoring, with four major kinds of application systems, namely, (1) the automatic multi-satellites data receiving, processing and application system; (2) the shipboard satellite data receiving and processing system for fishery ground information; (3) Coastal water quality monitoring system, integrating satellite and airborne remote sensing technology and ship measurement; (4) the preliminary system of airborne ocean color remote sensing application system. Finally, the prospective development of Chinese ocean color remote sensing is brought forward. With Chinese second ocean color satellite (HY-1B) orbiting, great strides will take place in Chinese ocean color information accumulation and application.     

模态综合在遥感卫星颤动响应分析中的应用

高分辨率遥感卫星对地观测时,星上部件的运动使星体产生颤动响应,该响应会对成像质量产生一定影响。介绍了基于混合界面综合方法的遥感卫星动力学模型及其简化计算方案;给出了运动部件拢动影响下遥感卫星的颤动响应分析仿真结果。这些结果可供卫星总体部门参考。     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)掩星大气探测技术的兴起,GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位,但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求,未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源,开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以...     

遥感图像的显著-概要特征提取与目标检测

针对巨幅遥感图像的目标检测问题,提出了一种基于显著-概要特征的遥感图像自动目标检测算法.采用滑动窗口将巨幅遥感图像划分为若干个小尺度的区域,针对各个小尺度分块图像,借鉴人类视觉生理功能特性之原理,提取其显著特征和概要特征,其中的显著特征代表了图像中的显著信息及显著区域空间分布和关联信息,概要特征可从整体上反映该区域的背景/目标关联信息.通过对分块区域图像的分类鉴别以实现目标检测.实验结果表明:此方法能以高可靠性和高精确度检测出巨幅遥感图像中的目标.     

一种低轨遥感卫星按需数据传输机制

针对现有低轨（LEO）遥感卫星数据下行机制普遍存在的低效率、高时延、传输路径易损等问题,提出了一种新型的遥感数据传输机制。所提机制中,支持地面站按需实时定位遥感影像资源,并建立定位卫星到达地面站的传输路径;在建立传输路径时,考虑到协作卫星与地面的可视时间有限,提出了以路径持续服务时间最大化为度量的路由算法,降低因协作卫星改变而引入的传输时延。基于NS3仿真平台实现了所设计的数据传输机制,实验表明,提出机制相比现有数据传输机制可降低数据传输时延,减少数据丢失。      

基于GPS遥感的延迟映射接收机关键技术

全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)广泛应用于定位和导航,还可利用海面对GPS信号产生的散射效应进行微波遥感,是一种新型微波遥感手段.首先介绍了GPS海洋遥感测风技术产生背景及特点,给出了GPS散射信号测量技术理论基础,重点分析了延迟映射接收机设计中提高采样信号信噪比、双射频前端电路设计、计算反射点延迟、接收机工作模式、内嵌软件处理等5项关键技术.设计的延迟映射接收机样机在天津近海完成了首次搭载飞行试验,试验结果表明,延迟映射接收机可同时接收直射和海面散射卫星信号并输出导航定位解,正确计算镜面散射点码延迟,准确接收海面散射的GPS卫星信号,且散射信号信噪比达到了14.9 dB以上,接收机输出为反演海面风场提供了准确的基础数据,这种方式可推广到遥感探测陆地土壤湿度、海冰厚度、海浪高度等领域.      

Techniques for the selection of spectral intervals for multispectral survey of the earth's resources from space

A solution has been proposed for the problem of optimal selection of spectral intervals for multispectral survey of the Earth's resources from space. The problem of planning multipurpose experiments on remote sensing of environment and natural resources has been considered.     

卫星遥感技术在农业上的应用与发展

扼要介绍了遥感技术在我国农业领域内的重大应用成果和社会、经济、生态效益。指出了在我国特定的社会经济、自然条件下,只有合理地运用航天或航空的遥感技术才能完成对我国农业资源的调查、监测和区划工作,以及大范围的资源环境管理工作。体现了我国在遥感技术引进、吸收、消化和应用的迅速发展过程,阐述了遥感技术应用于我国农业领域的复杂性和困难性。并提出了目前建立多层次农业资源监测系统的任务和中近期的发展设想。     

On uncertainties in carbon flux modelling and remotely sensed data assimilation: The Brasschaat pixel case

Uncertainty on carbon fluxes is determined by the uncertainties of ecosystem model structure, data and model parameter uncertainties and the temporal and spatial inaccuracy of the input data retrieval. The objective of this paper is to understand the error propagation and uncertainty of evaporative fraction (EF), soil moisture content (SMC) and water limited net ecosystem productivity (NEP). In this respect, C-Fix and spaceborne remote sensing are used for the ‘Brasschaat’ pixel. A simple model based on error theory and a Monte-Carlo approach are used. Different error scenarios are implemented to assess input uncertainty on EF, SMC and NEP as estimated with C-Fix.     

三层月壤模型的多通道微波辐射模拟与月壤厚度的反演

由月球表面数字高程试验性地构造了整个月球表面月壤厚度的分布.根据Clementine探月卫星的紫外-可见光光学数据,计算了整个月球表面月壤中FeO+TiO2含量分布,给出了整个月球表面月壤介电常数分布.由月球表层温度的观测结果以及月壤的导热特性,给出了月尘层与月壤层温度随纬度分布的经验公式.在这些条件的基础上,建立了月尘、月壤、月岩三层微波热辐射模型.由起伏逸散定理,模拟计算了该月球模型多通道辐射亮度温度.然后,以此辐射亮度温度模拟加随机噪声为理论观测值,按三层模型提出了月壤层厚度反演方法.由于高频通道穿透深度小,由高频通道的辐射亮度温度按照两层月尘-月壤微波热辐射模型反演月尘层与月壤层的物理温度,再由穿透深度较大的低频通道辐射亮度温度反演月壤层厚度.对于反演的相对误差也进行了讨论.      

Responses to satellite remote sensing opportunities in East and Southern Africa

Since 1978 the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has funded a regional remote sensing project for East and Southern Africa. The project, hosted by the Regional Centre for Services in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, has provided a programme of training courses, user services and project support. This included the equipping and establishment of a photo-laboratory complex for processing Landsat images and the provision of advice and support for agencies undertaking natural resources analysis.Response to the training programme has been very good. Courses are usually over subscribed and there is a continued demand for training. Assessments of the courses by participants are highly positive and the courses have featured consultants of international calibre. Requests for follow-up courses, and for specialist group training indicate a strong response to this training activity. User services are active, consultations with staff, use of the browse file and interpretation equipment and the purchase of data for project work all produce an average demand of 12 active enquiries per working week. The photo-laboratory is particularly active and demand for products exceeds available capacity.Project work is now being supported but limited resources restrict the range and amount of project activity. Response to the opportunities offered for projects has been favourable and this activity is ripe for expansion. The difficulty in expanding to meet the expressed demand is primarily financial. The east and southern Africa region is not economically strong and has a great need for natural resources data for development work and planning. The responses to satellite remote sensing opportunities will be limited by these financial constraints which effectively means by the level of international aid directed to this activity. For such aid to be effective it must be coordinated and firmly attached to the region. Such coordinated aid programmes would avoid fragmentation of distribution and applications work. Fragmentation could seriously disrupt the present growth in natural resources activity based on remote sensing data from satellites. The lack of financing for a regional ground receiving station is also a significant limiting factor.     

Constellation analysis of an integrated AIS/remote sensing spaceborne system for ship detection

A future system integrating data from remote sensing and upcoming AIS satellites is analyzed through the development of a novel design method for global, discontinuous coverage constellations. It is shown that 8 AIS satellites suffice to guarantee global coverage and a ship location update of 50 min if the spaceborne AIS receiver has a swath of 2800 nm. Furthermore, synergic utilization of COSMO/SkyMed and Radarsat-C data would provide a mean revisit time of 7 h, with AIS information available within 25 min from SAR data acquisition.     

Distribution of chlorophyll and harmful algal blooms (HABs): A review on space based studies in the coastal environments of Chinese marginal seas

Monitoring of spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll (Chl-a) concentrations in the aquatic milieu is always challenging and often interesting. However, the recent advancements in satellite digital data play a significant role in providing outstanding results for the marine environmental investigations. The present paper is aimed to review ‘remote sensing research in Chinese seas’ within the period of 24 years from 1978 to 2002. Owing to generalized distributional pattern, the Chl-a concentrations are recognized high towards northern Chinese seas than the southern. Moreover, the coastal waters, estuaries, and upwelling zones always exhibit relatively high Chl-a concentrations compared with offshore waters. On the basis of marine Chl-a estimates obtained from satellite and other field measured environmental parameters, we have further discussed on the applications of satellite remote sensing in the fields of harmful algal blooms (HABs), primary production and physical oceanographic currents of the regional seas. Concerned with studies of HABs, satellite remote sensing proved more advantageous than any other conventional methods for large-scale applications. Probably, it may be the only source of authentic information responsible for the evaluation of new research methodologies to detect HABs. At present, studies using remote sensing methods are mostly confined to observe algal bloom occurrences, hence, it is essential to coordinate the mechanism of marine ecological and oceanographic dynamic processes of HABs using satellite remote sensing data with in situ measurements of marine environmental parameters. The satellite remote sensing on marine environment and HABs is believed to have a great improvement with popular application of technology.     

The private sector: A global pool of technical talent for remote sensing training and program support

The growing global pool of highly trained, technical talent in the private sector throughout the world reflects the degree of maturation that remote sensing from air and space vehicles has undergone, especially during the past ten years. This has been further spawned by the US Government move to commercialize the Landsat system. The number of qualified technicians and scientists has grown in proportion to the amount of data that has become available for public and private use. Applications of the data have matured from research investigations to operational use in many disciplines and geographic areas. Private and public industry corporations have established their own image processing and analytical laboratories to ensure their competitive positions. This has been further enhanced by the simultaneous availability of lower cost, analytical computer systems. Training and operational project development remain prominent objectives.While these are all very positive aspects a note of caution must be raised. Concern has recently been expressed by representatives of developing nations that not enough attention is given by remote sensing specialists to spelling out the limitations of the sensing systems or qualifying the degree of accuracy of the results obtained. Such criticisms are probably justified and it is recommended that remote sensing workers be mindful of such concerns.     

面向目标检测的双驱自适应遥感图像超分重建方法

有光学遥感图像超分重建方法主要是生成视觉上令人满意的图像,并未考虑后续目标检测任务的特殊性,不能有效地应用到目标检测中。基于此,提出了面向目标检测的双驱动自适应多尺度光学遥感图像超分重建方法,将超分重建网络和目标检测网络结合起来,进行联合优化。针对光学遥感图像的特点设计了自适应多尺度遥感图像超分重建网络,集成选择性内核网络和自适应特征门控单元来特征提取和融合,重建出初步遥感图像。通过提出的双驱动模块,将特征先验驱动损失和任务驱动损失传到超分重建网络中,提高目标检测的性能。在UCAS-AOD和NWPU VHR-10数据集上进行实验,并与5种主流方法进行比较,所提方法的峰值信噪比和平均准确率相较于FDSR方法分别提高了1.86 dB和3.73%。实验结果表明,所提方法和光学遥感图像目标检测结合可以取得更好的效果,综合性能更佳。      

面向高分辨率遥感影像的地形辐射校正方法

地形辐射校正对获取准确的地表定量遥感精度意义重大。针对传统地形辐射校正模型不适用于高分辨率遥感影像的问题,提出了一种基于辐射传输模型,同时严控误差源的地形辐射校正方法,以资源三号01星高分辨率全色及多光谱遥感影像为例进行相关实验,实现对高分辨率遥感影像的地形辐射校正,并进行了主客观分析与评价。分析结果表明:本文提出的地形辐射校正模型和方法,能有效解决全色遥感影像在绝对辐射定标系数缺失情况下校正效果差以及如何保持高分辨率遥感影像细节等难点,较传统方法更适用于高分辨率遥感影像。