相变材料熔化过程中自然对流振荡现象数值计算研究

为了解自然对流对相变材料熔化过程的影响,对相变材料液相区自然对流振荡现象进行了研究,建立了固/液相统一的控制方程,采用焓-孔隙度法和Boussinesq假设,模拟了重力条件下熔化过程,结果表明:当瑞利数(Ra)较小时,液相自然对流具有稳定解,随着Ra数增大,自然对流从稳定流动向周期振荡过渡。     

微重力效应的物理解释及其应用

讨论了微重力效应及其分子物理学解释，万有引力的单极性决定了它的累积性和宏观性，重力对自由分子的影响是微科其微的，然而在流钵，特别是在液体内部的具体条件下，重力对流体内部分子集团产生明显影响，以宏观的静压强形式表现出来。而当重力变小，变微，流体内部的静压强也就趋于消失，由静压强产生的二级现象，如异相沉降或浮泛。同相的浮泛对流，液体自约束成球形，也就消失，这些就是微重力的一，二级物理效应，本文认为，Bossinesq近似对于流体而言实质上是线性热力学假设或近平衡态假设，可以用初始平衡态的物性参量表征临界点时的无量纳数，提出一种重力消失诱发非平衡态向平衡态蜕变的猜想，从文中导出的瑞利数Rα的表达式可以看出，重力加速度的消失，可以使瑞利数的值从远离平衡态的湍流蜕变到稳定流动的瑞利－贝纳对流胞，甚至是没有宏观流动的平衡态，最后，将本文给出的理论解释模型应用到空间材料加工所需微重力水平的估算、窨材料加工工艺的微重力利用准则和空间装置中气体自然对流传热状态模拟的低真空和微重力的互换性方面。     

临近空间环境下封闭方腔内耦合换热特性

以临近空间浮空器载荷舱为应用背景,对复杂热边界条件下含热源的三维封闭方腔内自然对流、表面辐射和导热的耦合问题进行了数值模拟。综合考虑对流换热、长波辐射、太阳辐射等因素的影响,建立了临近空间热环境模型。通过Fluent软件用户自定义函数（UDF）引入外部非定常的辐射-对流耦合热边界条件,对腔内换热特性的昼夜变化进行研究,并分析了腔壁厚度、发射率和导热系数对其的影响。数值结果表明,腔内平均温度昼夜变化很小,约为12.9 K,但温度场分布随太阳方位变化而变化;腔内对流换热较弱,同一时刻最大温差约为71.3 K;腔壁热阻和发射率增加会削弱自然对流的强度。      

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES ON VELOCITY FIELD OF BUOYANCY CONVECTION IN KNbO3 MELT

The Schlieren technique coupling with a differential interference microscope was applied to visualize the KNbO3 melt motion in a loop-shaped Pt wire heater. The natural convection in KNbO3 melt was traced by observing the movement of the tiny KNbO3 crystals (～10μm) and the stream velocities of these tracer crystals were measured. In theoretical analysis, the Navier-Stokes equation was solved as a stable field. The general solution for this system of the differential equation was expressed by an approximate power series of azimuth and radius vector. The expression was substituted in the differential equation; a non-trivial solution was obtained exactly.The velocity distribution in the vertical section was obtained which is in qualitative agreement with the experimental result.     

Mathematical simulation of impurity distribution in space processing experiments with semiconductors

The effect of natural convection in the melt on impurity distribution is investigated by numerical simulation in the case of uniaxial growth of semiconductor crystals at low gravity conditions.     

Convection and impurity distribution in crystal growth in low-gravity environments

Investigations conducted earlier by the authors have established that due to the steady-state field of body forces, convection is capable of giving rise to macroinhomogeneity in transverse impurity distribution in crystals. In the case of semiconductor materials the maximal value of this inhomogeneity is due to a weak convection in the melt, typical of low-gravity conditions. However, in addition to steady gravitational convection, other factors ignored previously, may also be employed in conducting experiments in low-g environments. The present paper discusses the results of theoretical studies of some factors influencing impurity distribution in the melt and the crystal.     

Travelling heater growth of GaSb under reduced gravity during the first spacelab-mission

Single crystals of binary III-V-semiconductors, e.g. GaAs or InP, are important basic materials for optoelectronic devices, e.g. LED's and lasers. Device production needs highly perfect substrate crystals with low defect densities and homogeneous dopant distributions. In our experiment we applied the Travelling-Heater-Method to grow the III-V compound GaSb. The aim of this research project was to improve the crystal quality by investigating convective transport phenomena and the origins of dopant inhomogeneities under earth and space conditions. Earth grown crystals show strong dopant variations mainly due to convective flow phenomena. The preliminary result of our SPACELAB 1 experiment reveals an increase of dopant homogeneity in the space grown crystal because of the absence of natural convection under reduced gravity.     

球头锥-柱再入飞行器的动力环境预示

考察了超声速和高超声速流场中一类球头锥-柱再入飞行器表面稳定压力和脉动压力的分布特性,利用CFX(Computation Fluid Explorer)软件建立球头锥-柱的外流场域网格,对其进行定常、非定常流场分析,给出一套预测表面稳定压力和脉动压力环境的工程新方法.将该方法与理论和经验估算方法进行了对比分析,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性.同时利用该方法研究了马赫数、来流攻角等因素对再入飞行器表面脉动压力环境的影响.利用ANSYS大型软件建立了再入飞行器导弹头部的动力学分析模型,根据确定的再入飞行器表面脉动压力环境和随机振动分析理论,采用有限元谱分析方法计算得到该飞行器弹头部件的随机振动响应加速度的均方根值和功率谱密度曲线,计算结果满足工程应用的要求.      

微重力与电磁场对凝固过程的影响

欧洲空间局两项材料领域课题MICAST和CETSOL均涉及微重力科学相关研究.通过等轴晶柱状晶转变（CET）分析了微重力环境对材料凝固过程的影响;介绍了一项在地面施加行波电磁场的标准（Benchmark）凝固实验,其温度场演化及微观凝固组织和浓度偏析均展示了磁控受迫对流对金属材料凝固过程的显著作用.      

航天器舱内气体对流换热的地面模拟试验方法

对航天器舱内气体对流换热的地面模拟试验方法进行了系统地理论分析,包括热缩比模型法、降压法和浓度比拟法三种。分别给出了各种方法的相似律或相似准则及其应用的约束条件,并从原理上定性比较这三种方法的优缺点。分析表明,热缩比模型法在保持Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数不变的前提下可明显减弱自然对流的影响,但这种方法不能用于工程原型;降压法可用工程原型进行模拟试验,但不能用于液体流动问题;然而这两种方法的共同缺点是都不能完全消除自然对流;浓度比拟法理论上可以完全消除自然对流,但约束条件多,工程实现困难。     

EFFECTS OF CONVECTIVE FLUID MOTION UPON OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLUTION

For understanding of the influence of convective flow on crystal growth, space high temperature in situ observation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystals in high temperature up to 1000°C. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3 and a mix ture of Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects on ground and in space.On the earth, an investigation of growth kinetics of KNbO3 crystal related to two different states of convection: diffusive-advective flow and diffusive-convective flow,has been performed. The per unit length of a step e is calculated from the exper imental data for two different states of convection. Analyses of these data show the effect of buoyancy convection is to enhance the sharpness of the interface. The growth of KNbO3 crystals from solution of KNbO3+Li2B4O7 was investigated in space. The streamlines of the steady thermocapillary convection in Li2B4O7 solvent was observed. Due to thermocapillary convection, KNbO3 crystal grains grew and filled the whole solution homogeneously. Earth-based quenching experiments are de signed in order to study polyhedral instability of KNbO3 crystal, which is controlled by diffusion mechanism limitation. In all cases, when the crystal was nucleated near air/solution surface, it lost its polyhedral stability and varied from polyhedrons to dedrites. The thickness of diffusion mechanism limitation layer is about 60μm.     

EURECA and SGF performances

The EURECA platform offers unique characteristics for microgravity research: a very low level micro-gravity spectrum and a long operation time for recoverable experiments.

Five core facilities on board will perform an impressive number of experiments. The main purpose of the Solution Growth Facility (SGF) is growing crystals at low temperatures by using the double diffusion technique in three compartment reactors. The micro-gravity eliminates the convection in the liquid, while Marangoni convection is avoided by the absence of free surfaces. The thermal gradient in the buffer zone is better than 0.01°C/cm. Turbulence is eliminated by control of the valve rate and by a pressure compensation system. All surfaces are coated with Halar. The diffusion rate can be controlled by the use of filters. The SGF contains three independently controlled reactors.

A forth reactor contains an experiment aiming at measuring the Soret coefficient of twenty binary organic mixtures and aqueous electrolyte solutions.     

A space instrument for fundamental materials science problems: The MEPHISTO program

Keeping planar the L/S interface during solidification and controling heat and mass transfers in the liquid phase are 2 important constraints which need to be satisfied to grow suitable single crystals. In the first part of this paper we describe performances of the MEPHISTO instrument which allows :

— On line in-situ measurements of the real undercooling of a solidification front by a non-perturbative thermoelectric method.

— On line supervision of convective motions influence on crystal growth. In the second part, we present the first main results obtained during the ground testing of the space mock-up and we quantify the scientific results accuracy concerning both the onset of the morphological stability and the interface response to unsteady perturbations.     

THE CONVECTIVE EFFECT ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY OF KNbO3 CRYSTALS

Experimentally, it was observed that there were various morphologies of KNbO3 crystals in different regions of the melt of Li2B4O7 and KNbO3 mixture in Pt loop heater. Dendrites grew in the central area of the melt, the diffusive-advective region,in which the temperature gradient is negligible; whereas crystals with smooth sur face were observed in the marginal area, the diffusive-convective region, with large temperature gradient. Based on the solute concentration over the KNbO3 crystal surface examined by electronic probe analysis, it was proved that the combinative effect of buoyancy and surface tension convection induced by temperature gradient enhanced the homogeneity of the solute concentration around KNbO3 crystals and thus their morphological stability.     

Strong magnetic field effect on the dissolution process of tetragonal lysozyme crystals.

Either a homogeneous or inhomogeneous magnetic field has been known to dampen the protein crystal growth. To date the mechanism is not clear. However, it was generally proposed that the magnetic field may dampen the convection in the solution, resulting in a reduced crystal growth rate and possibly a good crystal quality, similar to the case of protein crystal growth in space. To understand the mechanism of the magnetic field effect on protein crystal growth, further explorations on the magnetic field effect on protein solution, on the processes of crystal growth and dissolution, and on different crystallization (solution) systems, should be valuable. In this paper we present our recent efforts to study magnetic field effects on the dissolution processes of tetragonal lysozyme crystals under a strong magnetic field. A layer of oriented tetragonal lysozyme crystals was prepared under a temperature gradient and magnetic field, after that the crystals were dissolved by increasing the temperature of the solution. The lysozyme molecules will diffuse upwards due to the steep concentration gradient at the lower side of the cell caused by the dissolution. The evolution of the concentration in the solution was measured in-situ using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The results confirmed that the dissolution process of the crystals was slowed by the magnetic field. Judging from the concentration evolution versus time at different positions in the solution, we concluded that the apparent diffusion coefficient of lysozyme molecules was decreased by the magnetic field. The results were discussed using a suspended crystal model in the initial dissolution stage.     

航天数学中积分方程法的作用

文章通过实例阐明用积分方程法解航天科学技术中的定解问题,利用线性化积分理论求得显式解;利用卷积积分简化解题并得明确的结论,还可使解域扩大等优点。     

Two-dimensional Marangoni and buoyancy convection related to crystal growth techniques in space

The natural convection in the horizontal liquid layer driven both by surface tension gradient and buoyancy was investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fluid motion was visualized by mixing fine flakes of aluminum into the liquid. At the same time, the temperature field was visualized by the Mach-Zehnder interferometry and the local temperature gradient distributions were visualized by making use of the refraction of parallel incident light.The numerical analysis using the Galerkin method was also carried out which agreed well with the experimental results.It was found that the velocity and temperature fields of Marangoni convection were varied depending on the aspect ratio of the liquid layer and on the coupled buoyancy convection.     

The magnitude of thermocapillary convection in larger melt volumes

Thermocapillary convection (TC) has been studied experimentally in a NaNO₃-melt of some cm³ volume. TC has been identified, its streamlines and flow velocities have been visualized and measured. TC dominated over natural convection in this ground based experiment and will be a very significant flow phenomenon in the relevant μ-g materials science experiments with melts with free surfaces. The sensitivity of TC to surface perturbations is pointed out. TC is very difficult to control.     

Computational fluid dynamics and material processing (buoyancy and thermocapillary convections in melts during directional crystallization)

Modelisation and solution of heat and mass transfer problems relevant for material processing are generally hard to be handled, as they often involve 3D unsteady flows, viscous mixtures, phase changes, moving liquid-solid fronts, deforming liquid-gas interfaces, etc.… For space applications, material processing benefits of reduced buoyancy convection but can be faced to a strongly increased complexity due to variable g, mainly in manned flight.

Computational techniques used to analyse fluid motions in material processing, accounting for free surface, crystallization front and bulk convection in melt, are reviewed with emphasis to directional crystallization. Hydrodynamics stability and bifurcation analysis are shown to be useful complementary tools for correlating data, and for a better understanding of the physical laws. This last point will be illustrated in the case of the onset of oscillations in metallic melts.     

An in-situ technique for the determination of electrotransport in liquid metallic alloys

In this paper we will describe an experimental equipment, for in-situ measurements of electrotransport in liquid metals.Electrotransport in liquid metals are always to some extent disturbed by convection on ground but the origin of this convection is not definitely known. We also describe a procedure that can be used to find out if the convection is gravity driven or not.