液滴在圆内角处的毛细界面行为

容器内角广泛应用于空间流体管理,研究微重力环境下容器内角处液体界面行为对空间流体管理具有重要意义.由于设计和制造等原因,理想的尖内角结构无法实现,而是带有一定圆角过渡的内角.本文对液滴在圆角过渡内角处的毛细界面行为进行了理论分析和数值模拟,并与理想尖内角处的液滴毛细界面行为进行对比,得到定性和定量的新规律.与理想尖内角不同的是,液滴的毛细界面行为不仅与接触角和内角的角度有关,还与圆内角的圆角半径和液滴体积有关.      

Marangoni effects under electric fields

An electric field when applied across liquid-liquid interface was found to cause, due to different susceptibilities of the two phases, what the authors would term as Marangoni “type” of instabilities, that resulted in the generation of bubbles/drops and caused the movement of the interface countering gravity. Thus “mixing” of the two phases would occur and in systems involving mass transfer, enhanced rates of transfer could be expected.Equations for the bubble formation involving parameters such as electrostatic pressure, surface tension, gravity force have been derived.In the case of non-gravitational or weak-gravitational fields such as obtainable in space, the separation of two liquids one below the other, as obtaining on the earth, exhibiting an interface may well nearly be impossible. Under such conditions recourse may have to be taken to super-imposition of other fields as a tool for obtaining the necessary contacting/separation. The dynamics of bubble formation etc. under these contexts are theoretically analysed.     

Shape of a liquid bridge and interfacial tension

A method is briefly described making it possible to measure the interfacial tension between two liquids of same density. An axisymmetric liquid bridge is formed between an upper fixed circular horizontal disc and a freely hanging solid pieceof appropriate shape, and of density greater than that of the liquids. The maximal volume of the liquid figure satisfying the mechanical equilibrium condition is computed for desired values of the interfacial tension. The maximal volume of the bridge is measured experimentally. The method is applied to two silicon oil/water systems. The variation of interfacial tension with temperature is obtained between 20°C and 50°C. For one of the systems the results can be compared with those obtained by the drop weight method. The two methods gives interfacial tensions increasing with temperatures.     

图像法求液滴表面张力和接触角

空间流体实验具有无人操作的特殊性,需要对监控图像进行实时处理,得到目标参数.本文研究了利用照相机捕捉到的液滴灰度图像,分析求取液滴的表面张力、接触角、体积等物理参数的方法.针对液滴的灰度图像,利用边界提取、域值分割等图像处理方法,得到液滴的基本轮廓.建立基于液面像素点坐标的拉普拉斯方程,运用牛顿一拉夫逊法、龙格-库塔法、坐标轮换法等多种数值方法,对液滴的边界进行拟合,寻求最优的轮廓拟合点.根据最优的拟合点,确定液滴的物理参数.提出了利用牛顿法与一维寻优相结合的算法进行轮廓拟合的方法,并与文献[1]提出的算法进行了比较,证明了该方法具有收敛速度较快,拟合精度较高的特点.该方法是实现空间蒸发液滴热毛细对流和接触角测量实验的一项关键技术,同时也可以运用到非接触测量的实验场合.      

Investigation of vertical profile of rain microstructure at Ahmedabad in Indian tropical region

The microstructure of rain has been studied with observations using a vertical looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at Ahmedabad (23.06°N, 72.62°E), a tropical location in the Indian region. The rain height, derived from the bright band signature of melting layer of radar reflectivity profile, is found to be variable between the heights 4600 m and 5200 m. The change in the nature of rain, classified on the basis of radar reflectivity, is also observed through the MRR. It has been found that there are three types of rain, namely, convective, mixed and stratiform rain, prevailing with different vertical rain microstructures, such as, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), mean drop size, rain rate, liquid water content and average fall speed of the drops at different heights. It is observed that the vertical DSD profile is more inhomogeneous for mixed and stratiform type rain than for convective type rain. It is also found that the large number of drops of size <0.5 mm is present in convective rain whereas in stratiform rain, drops concentration is appreciable up to 1 mm. A comparison of measurements taken by ground based Disdrometer and that from the 200 m level obtained from MRR shows good agreement for rain rate and DSD at smaller rain rate values. The results may be useful for understanding rain structures over this region.     

The implantation of life on Mars: feasibility and motivation.

Environmental conditions on Mars are extremely hostile, and would be destructive to any organisms which might arrive there unprotected to-day. However, it is a biocompatible planet. Its unalterable astrophysical parameters would allow the maintenance of a much thicker, warmer carbon dioxide atmosphere than that which currently exists. Though very cold (averaging about -60 degrees C), highly oxidizing and desiccated, Mars may possess substantial quantities of the materials needed to support life--in particular, water and carbon dioxide. A general scenario for implanting life on Mars would include three main phases: (1) robotic and human exploration to determine whether sufficiently large and accessible volatile inventories are available; (2) planetary engineering designed to warm the planet, release liquid water and produce a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere; and (3) if no indigenous Martian organisms emerge as liquid water becomes available, a program of biological engineering designed to construct and implant pioneering microbial communities able to proliferate in the newly clement, though still anaerobic, Martian environment. The process of establishing an ecosystem, or biosphere, on a lifeless planet is best termed 'ecopoiesis.' This new word, derived from Greek, means 'the making of an abode for life.' It is by no means clear whether ecopoiesis on Mars is scientifically possible or technologically achievable. Thus we urge that it be one of the objectives of space research during the next century to assess the feasibility of ecopoiesis on Mars.     

利用光纤电容液滴分析仪测量液体折射率的研究

光纤电容液滴分析仪(FCDA:Fiber-capacitive Drop Analyzer)是一种用于液体特性研究的新型仪器,该仪器利用光纤液滴分析技术和电容液滴分析技术制成特殊的液滴传感器,获取经过液滴的光强信号随液滴生长变化的规律,得到反映液体综合特性的“液滴指纹图”。该仪器具有测量液体的物理特性参数的能力。本文就利用光纤电容液滴分析仪在液体折射率的测量方面进行了研究,利用线性关系来测量不同浓度的酒精的折射率,并给出了结果的误差分析。     

Liquid drop model considerations in HZE particle fragmentation by hydrogen

The fragmenting of high energy, heavy ions by hydrogen targets is an important physical process in several areas of space radiation protection research. Quantum mechanical, optical model methods for calculating cross sections for particle fragmentation by hydrogen have been developed from a modified abrasion-ablation collision formalism. The abrasion stage is treated as a knockout process which leaves the residual prefragment in an excited state. In the ablation stage the prefragment deexcites to produce the final fragment. The prefragment excitation energies are estimated from a combination of liquid drop model considerations and frictional-spectator interaction processes. Estimates of elemental and isotopic production cross sections are in good agreement with published cross section measurements.     

空间飞行体与压缩区内等离子体非稳态相互作用的数值模拟

在压缩区内，飞行体天线辐射出的高频调制场影响着等离子体中的电荷分布，而电荷分布的扰动又反过来影响场量，采用FTCS有限差分格式方法，利用二维三分量轴对称，对空间飞行体与压缩区内等离子体非稳态相互作用过程进行数值模拟，得到了电荷密度扰动与电场的变化情况，计算结果表明，这种非线性相互作用可以引起场的塌缩并出现密度空洞，通过对密度空洞变化的探测，可对隐身飞行体进行跟踪。     

颗粒气体的类气液相变

颗粒体系是远离平衡态的复杂耗散体系,在外力驱动下,能表现出类似于固体、液体或气体的特性.在稀疏的颗粒气体中,由于耗散,体系中常常会形成颗粒在局部的凝聚.这种凝聚行为具有自发对称性破缺的特征,使得颗粒气体中自动形成高密度区域和低密度区域共存的非均匀状态,类似于气体中液滴的形成.本文利用零重力条件下的三维颗粒气体理论模型进行计算和分析,揭示了颗粒气体这一相变行为的不稳定性根源及类气液相变本质,给出了颗粒气体中这种相分离发生的临界条件,并通过分子动力学模拟进行检验,结果从定性上和定量上都能够很好地吻合,为进一步的空间实验提供了理论依据和相关实验参数.     

Magnetic levitation of large water droplets and mice

We report successful levitation of large water droplets and mice using a newly built variable gravity simulator. The simulator consists mainly of a superconducting magnet with a room temperature accessible experimental levitating space. The superconducting magnet generates a field and field gradient product that is large enough to levitate water and many other common liquids. The warm bore of the magnet has a diameter of 66 mm, large enough to levitate small mammals. We demonstrate that water drops up to 50 mm in diameter and young mice can be levitated in the system. The capability of levitating large water drops and biological systems offers new opportunities for conducting detailed and in-depth study of properties of fluids and biological systems in reduced gravity environments.     

过冷核态池沸腾中的Marangoni效应

分析了过冷核态池沸腾过程中气泡横向运动现象,指出其成因在于相邻气泡界面温度差引起的Mara-ngoni对流对周围液体的吸引.通过对该流动的尺度分析,得到了气泡横向运动特征速度及其可观测度的估算公式,其预测结果与实验观测相一致.特别是对极细小的初始核化气泡,该公式预测了强烈的横向Marangoni对流会导致气泡顶端微射流的形成.该效应在加热面水平向下或微重力沸腾等气泡脱落频率较低的情形中尤为重要.      

微重力环境下半球形贮箱液体重定位试验研究

本文利用落塔形成的微重力环境,对半球形贮箱中液体重定位问题进行了试验研究。所用液体与半球形箱壁之间的接触角为零并在加载前形成了失重初始凹液面.本试验分侧向不加干扰及加干扰两种初始条件.通过高速摄影机观察了液体重定位的全过程并测量了重定位流速和重定位时间。试验结果表明,液体重定位呈壁流流型.实测重定位时间与理论估算值一致.      

微重力条件下初始液氢温度对低温推进剂贮箱气枕压力的影响

自生增压液氢推进剂贮箱在轨滑行阶段将长期（数百秒）处于微重力环境下，其贮箱压力受多种因素影响.液氢低温推进剂接近饱和温度时，因传热等影响而极易产生相变，从而影响贮箱压力.通过建立贮箱三维CFD模型，研究了不同初始液氢推进剂温度对于贮箱压力和温度变化等的影响.计算结果表明，气液界面附近推进剂温度与当前气体压力下饱和温度之差（过冷度）越大，压力下降速率越大.随着气体压力下降，气枕温度降低，压力下降速率也逐渐减小，压力变化曲线趋于平缓.在初始液体推进剂温度低于平衡温度的情况下，初始液体推进剂温度越高，平衡压力越高.      

小管径冷凝管的数学模型

基于环状流流型建立了小管径冷凝管的数学模型.模型考虑了气液界面表面张力的作用,在同一横截面上气相与液相存在压力差.对两相压降的计算,考虑了气液两相间的相互作用,包括摩擦切应力和动量转移切应力.应用该模型,可考察气相与液相压降、液膜厚度、气相与液相平均速度、气液界面切应力以及管内壁换热系数等的沿程变化情况.根据模拟结果可得:两相压降沿管长呈近似线性增加;气相平均速度沿管长先增大后逐渐减小,但变化范围很小,且远大于液相平均速度;动量转移切应力随液膜厚度增加而增大,同摩擦切应力相比不可忽略;管内壁对流换热系数随液膜厚度增加而减小,由于冷凝管的管径很小,即使蒸气冷凝趋于完毕,气液界面接近冷凝管中心线,换热系数仍较大.     

星载多光谱遥感器太阳定标技术的进展

星载多光谱遥感器的太阳定标器一般选择太阳作为基准光源 ,通过它将太阳辐射引入星载遥感器并调节到星载遥感器的动态范围内 ,对星载遥感器进行绝对辐射定标 ,也可对星载遥感器性能变化进行监测和校正。文章介绍一些最具代表性的星载多光谱遥感器的太阳定标器 ,并进行了分析 ,以反映太阳定标技术的现状与发展。目前采用太阳漫射器的星上定标方法可以实现全视场、全孔径、端点到端点的定标。这一方法的严重缺点是漫射器反射比随时间变化。为了解决这一问题 ,设计一种比辐射计或反射比标定装置来监测漫射器的辐亮度、反射比以及太阳常数。因此这种定标方法是很有前途的 ,在现代一些先进的星载多光谱遥感器上获得应用。通过对此方法的分析 ,提出了在太阳漫射器研制中的一些关键技术。     

蒸发液滴空间实验研究的图像反馈控制系统

提出了一种利用图像反馈控制系统测量液滴蒸发速率的方法.该系统主要由图像采集、图像处理、反馈控制三个部分组成.其工作原理是对CCD采集到的液滴图像进行分析,得到液滴的物性参数,利用控制注液器动态注入来维持液滴的大小,由此得到单位时间内的注入量,即液滴蒸发速率.或通过对液滴图像几何尺寸的计算,得到单位时间内液滴的变化量,进而得到液滴的蒸发速率.为了从动态变化的图像中准确找到液滴的轮廓,简单介绍了基于拉普拉斯方程,运用牛顿法和龙格库塔法等数值方法,对图像轮廓进行拟合的算法理论.以拟合得到的液滴轮廓为基础,利用数值积分计算液滴的表面积和体积,从而由体积的变化量确定蒸发速率.介绍了图像反馈控制系统的软件结构和硬件结构.并给出了利用其进行液滴蒸发测量得到的实验结果.该系统是为我国SJ-10返回式卫星上蒸发与流体界面效应空间实验研究项目专门开发的.      

Possible effects of protracted exposure on the additivity of risks from space radiations.

Conventional radiation risk assessments are presently based on the additivity assumption. This assumption states that risks from individual components of a complex radiation field involving many different types of radiation can be added to yield the total risk of the complex radiation field. If the assumption is not correct, the summations and integrations performed to obtain the presently quoted risk estimates are not appropriate. This problem is particularly important in the area of space radiation risk evaluation because of the many different types of high- and low-LET radiation present in the galactic cosmic ray environment. For both low- and high-LET radiations at low enough dose rates, the present convention is that the addivity assumption holds. Mathematically, the total risk, Rtot is assumed to be Rtot = summation (i) Ri where the summation runs over the different types of radiation present. If the total dose (or fluence) from each component is such that the interaction between biological lesions caused by separate single track traversals is negligible within a given cell, it is presently considered to be reasonable to accept the additivity assumption. However, when the exposure is protracted over many cell doubling times (as will be the case for extended missions to the moon or Mars), the possibility exists that radiation effects that depend on multiple cellular events over a long time period, such as is probably the case in radiation-induced carcinogenesis, may not be additive in the above sense and the exposure interval may have to be included in the evaluation procedure. It is shown, however, that "inverse" dose-rate effects are not expected from intermediate LET radiations arising from the galactic cosmic ray environment due to the "sensitive-window-in-the-cell-cycle" hypothesis.     

Thermocapillary motion of droplets at large Marangoni numbers

In this paper, the thermocapillary motion problem of drops is investigated using the axisymmetric model. The front-tracking method is employed to capture the drop interface. We find that the migration velocity of the drop is greatly influenced by the temperature field in the drop when Ma is fairly large (>100), which leads to an increase–decrease migration velocity at the beginning of our simulations.     

Large-size space laboratory for biological orbit experiments.

The study of space factors on living systems has great interest and long-term experiments during orbital flight will be important tool for increasing our knowledge. Realization of such experiments is limited by constraints of modern space stations. A new technology of large-size space laboratory for biological experiments has been developed on the basis of polymerization techniques. Using this technique there are no limits of form and size of laboratory for a space station that will permit long term experiments on Earth orbit with plants and animals in sufficient volume for creation of closed self-regulating ecological systems. The technology is based on experiments of the behavior of polymer materials in simulated free space conditions during the reaction of polymerization. The influences of space vacuum, sharp temperature changes and space plasma generated by galactic rays and Sun irradiation on chemical reaction were evaluated in their impact on liquid organic materials in laboratory conditions. The results of our study shows, that the chemical reaction is sensitive to such space factors. But we believe that the technology of polymerization could be used for the creation of space biological laboratories in Earth orbit in the near future.