The plasma instrumentation for the Galileo Mission

The plasma instrumentation (PLS) for the Galileo Mission comprises a nested set of four spherical-plate electrostatic analyzers and three miniature, magnetic mass spectrometers. The three-dimensional velocity distributions of positive ions and electrons, separately, are determined for the energy-per-unit charge (E/Q) range of 0.9 V to 52 kV. A large fraction of the 4-steradian solid angle for charged particle velocity vectors is sampled by means of the fan-shaped field-of-view of 160°, multiple sensors, and the rotation of the spacecraft spinning section. The fields-of-view of the three mass spectrometers are respectively directed perpendicular and nearly parallel and anti-parallel to the spin axis of the spacecraft. These mass spectrometers are used to identify the composition of the positive ion plasmas, e.g., H⁺, O⁺, Na⁺, and S⁺, in the Jovian magnetosphere. The energy range of these three mass spectrometers is dependent upon the species. The maximum temporal resolutions of the instrument for determining the energy (E/Q) spectra of charged particles and mass (M/Q) composition of positive ion plasmas are 0.5 s. Three-dimensional velocity distributions of electrons and positive ions require a minimum sampling time of 20 s, which is slightly longer than the spacecraft rotation period. The two instrument microprocessors provide the capability of inflight implementation of operational modes by ground-command that are tailored for specific plasma regimes, e.g., magnetosheath, plasma sheet, cold and hot tori, and satellite wakes, and that can be improved upon as acquired knowledge increases during the tour of the Jovian magnetosphere. Because the instrument is specifically designed for measurements in the environs of Jupiter with the advantages of previous surveys with the Voyager spacecraft, first determinations of many plasma phenomena can be expected. These observational objectives include field-aligned currents, three-dimensional ion bulk flows, pickup ions from the Galilean satellites, the spatial distribution of plasmas throughout most of the magnetosphere and including the magnetotail, and ion and electron flows to and from the Jovian ionosphere.     

SOT instrumentation

NASA has conducted numerous studies to define the concepts of a workable Solar Optical Telescope (SOT). We describe SOT as it is envisioned by the U.S. solar community. The final configuration is not entirely defined, as it is being proposed on the basis of performance specifications and the instrument configurations for the first flight are just now being evaluated.Proceedings of the Conference Solar Physics from Space, held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 11–14 November 1980.     

GRIST instrumentation

The Grazing Incidence Solar Telescope (GRIST) as it is being studied by the European Space Agency (ESA) is briefly described: it is an extreme ultraviolet facility for solar observation with 1 arc sec spatial resolution in the wavelength range from 9 to 120 nm.Two examples of focal plane instruments are illustrated: a normal-incidence stigmatic spectrograph using a toroidal grating recorded on an elastically deformed surface and a grazing-incidence stigmatic spectrograph using two toroidal elements: a mirror and a grating. If coupled with suitable array-type photoelectric detectors such spectrographs are capable of recording spectroheliograms in a very short time.Proceedings of the Conference Solar Physics from Space, held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), 11–14 November 1980.     

Space power by ground-based laser illumination

Reducing energy storage requirements of space power systems by illuminating the photovoltaic arrays with a remotely located laser system is addressed. It is proposed that large lasers be located on cloud-free sites at one or more ground locations and that large lenses or mirrors with adaptive optical correction be used to reduce the beam spread due to diffraction or atmospheric turbulence. During the eclipse periods or lunar night, the lasers illuminate the solar arrays to a level sufficient to provide operating power. Two applications are discussed: illumination of geosynchronous orbit satellites and illumination of a moonbase power system. Issues for photovoltaic receivers for such a system are discussed     

地面飞行模拟器动力学建模与应用研究

地面飞行模拟器的训练效果主要取决于动力学建模的逼真度和满足正常/特殊情况飞行任务的程度。首先,分析了影响飞机动力学特性和飞行员操作各个因素的相互关系,旨在从任务飞行、故障飞行和特殊环境条件飞行三方面拓展地面飞行模拟器的模拟能力;其次,进行了飞机空中编队、方向舵故障、雨中飞行以及非线性起落架减振支柱的仿真。研究结果表明,拓展地面飞行模拟器的应用范围是实际飞行的需要且技术可行,关注细节的部件建模更是提高地面飞行模拟器逼真度和可信度的关键。     

场面监视雷达的应用与发展

自从机场产生以来,在机场场面监视与交通管理技术上,利用塔台监视管理机场的方式从最初得到普及,一直到今天还在广泛使用。近几十年来,随着航空运输业的飞速发展,世界各大     

Geomagnetic induction effects in ground-based systems

Plasma physics processes, whose ultimate origin is the Sun, exist in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and can produce effects which are detrimental to the operation of technological systems associated with long conductors deployed on the Earth's surface. Geomagnetic fluctuations produced by such plasma processes can cause disturbances and disruptions in cable communication systems, electrical power distribution systems, and long pipelines. This paper briefly addresses these three topics with illustrative examples of some measured effects from each topic area.     

The design of digital radar receivers

With the development of digital processing technology, there are emerging trends toward digitization in radar receivers design. By applying direct intermediate frequency-to-digital conversion (IF sampling) and direct digital synthesis (DDS), digital radar receivers can be designed. The digital radar receivers can obtain much higher precision and stability than analog ones; moreover, it can retain the extreme flexibility of digital techniques. This paper presents the principle, constitution and design method of digital radar receivers     

The AN/APS-6 radar

The AN/APS-6 radar was to scan a 1200 coneshaped volume ahead of the aircraft flight path in selected ranges of five, 25 and 65 miles for radar search, with the maximum range extended to 100 miles for radar beacon. When within one-half mile of a selected target, the set could be switched to the gun aim mode for accurate aim-and-fire of the six 50-caliber aircraft guns. The design, installation and protection of this radar are described     

The HAL-3 radar test set

This paper presents the HAL-3 radar test set (called the set in the following) used to measure the technical specifications of the HAL-3 airborne radar and to maintain it based on tested results. Some new techniques are employed in the set, including sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) in the power supply, digital gyro simulator and automatic test module (ATM) with STD industrial control microprocessor series. The specially designed software implements man-machine interaction with menu in Chinese, selects parameters and operation mode, and controls testing procedures. These techniques may be extensively applied to other automatic test instruments     

The untold Pearl Harbor radar story

Ever wonder what happened to the radar set that detected the Japanese aircraft before the raid on Pearl Harbor? This article reveals the fate of that SCR-270 radar set; describes some of the radar development background; and includes typical results of a World War II command, control and communications system that used the SCR-270 as its backbone radar. The SCR-270 was a radio-echo detection and direction finding set for locating aircraft. It operated by transmitting a short-duration pulse of high frequency radio waves, which would be reflected or re-radiated by any metallic or conducting surface within the field of the directive transmitting antenna; therefore, one or more aircraft within the antenna field appeared as a source of reflected radio waves. Rotating the antenna which also served as the receiving antenna, provided a means for determining the azimuth or direction of aircraft. The system measured the time it took a blip or reflected return from the target to appear on a cathode ray tube indicator, to give the distance or range to the detected aircraft. The maximum range of the radar was about 250 miles up to 50,000 feet under all atmospheric conditions including rain, mist, smoke or fog, and during daylight or darkness. The azimuth and range data supplied by the set permitted the plotting of the location of detected aircraft on maps. Major performance characteristics of the radar are provided in the included table     

Detection of solar neutrons by ground-based neutron monitor

A review is presented of solar neutron observation by ground-based neutron monitors (NM), focusing on the five solar neutron events of 1980 June 7, 1980 June 21, 1980 November 6, 1982 November 26, and 1984 April 25 observed by the Tokyo NM. These events are analyzed by comparison with the time profiles of gamma-rays observed by the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite and with the enhancements of counting rate observed at various NM stations in the solar neutron event of 1982 June 3.The energy range of solar neutrons observed by the NM is estimated in each event, based on some simple assumptions, using the gamma-ray data from the GRS and decay proton data from the ISEE-3 spacecraft. It is shown that these enhancements can be almost completely explained by the continuous emission of solar neutrons for several minutes at the flare. Finally, the effective detection and the newly found possibility to predict, in the short term, the occurrence time of a solar neutron event, and the plans for observation of solar neutrons by the ground-based NM stations are presented.     

GPS navigation requirements for future mobile ground-based missilesystems

To meet future system requirements, it is envisioned that it will be necessary to incorporate GPS receivers on the launchers and into the missiles. The size, weight, power, performance, number of channels, and cost of these GPS receivers are critical. Capabilities that future GPS receivers will need to meet envisioned US Army missile system requirements are outlined     

The eigencanceler: adaptive radar by eigenanalysis methods

It is shown that the dominant eigenvectors of the space-time correlation matrix contain all the information about the space-time distribution of the interferences. The eigencanceler is a new approach to adaptive radar beamforming in which the weight vector is constrained to be in the noise subspace, the subspace orthogonal to the dominant eigenvectors. Two types of eigencancelers are suggested: the minimum power eigencanceler (MPE) and the minimum norm eigencanceler (MNE). It is shown that while the MPE is implemented as a linear combination of noise eigenvectors, the MNE can be formed using dominant eigenvectors only. Particularly for short data records, the MNE provides superior clutter and jammers cancellation, as well as lower variations in the pattern and lower distortion of the mainbeam, and can be carried out at a smaller computational cost than other known beamformers, such as the minimum variance beamformer     

脉冲多普勒雷达电子对抗仿真

介绍了一个脉冲多普勒雷达电子对抗仿真系统的组成,对仿真系统中的一些模块的实现进行了重点说明,分析了在雷达仿真中应注意的一些情况,探讨了MATLAB在仿真应用中的一些关键问题.     

雷达信号源计算机辅助测量系统

针对雷达信号源的计量,在检测方法、技术指标、综合快速的保证等方面,进行了深入细致的研究,提出了雷达信号源的自动检测方案.     

The future of military radar: a perspective

This paper describes a perspective of military radar development. The foreseen configuration of radar systems in the first part of the 21 ^st century is proposed. The avenues of radar evolution and the expected occurrence of technological breakthrough are discussed     

地基激光器发射微卫星的方案设计与弹道优化计算

1引言随着高功率激光技术的发展,用地基激光器发射近地轨道卫星将成为可能。上世纪90年代初Hum-bleW E和Pierson B L提出用一台地基300 MW的CO2激光器把初始质量为1 900 kg的飞行器发射到近地轨道[1]。飞行器的弹道在初始段有一向后运动的“后摆”段。这种弹道可以充分利用激光