航天简讯

加纳成为国际移动卫星组织的第７９个成员国非洲国家加纳已成为总部设在伦敦的国际移动卫星组织（ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ）的第７９个成员。加纳官方希望这能为国民，特别是它的边远地区的国民提供快速电话服务。按照ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ规定，加纳可在６年时间内为加纳的个人用户安装电话。加纳的邮局和电信公司将作为国家的代表与ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ签约。晓　角　译自１９９５－０７－２４～３０《空间新闻》美休斯公司与泛美卫星公司结束卫星业务纠纷正在计划为拉丁美洲开展直接到家庭的卫星电视业务的美国休斯通信有限公司和泛美卫星公司，从美国…     

庄河、光明山陨石的岩石矿物学研究

庄河陨石和光明山陨石是两个降落于同一地区的Ｈ５型普通球粒陨石．根据两辉石温度计求出这两个陨石的平衡温度＜ ５００℃；根据镍纹石的带宽与组成关系，获得光明山陨石在其母体中的冷却速率约为 １０－１０℃／Ｍａ，而庄河陨石中普遍出现均一的四方镍纹石表明其冷却速率更低．光明山陨石的冲击变质特征以硅酸盐颗粒破碎为主，其冲击相为Ｓ１；庄河陨石中硅酸盐矿物具明显的波状消光，并存在细小的冲击熔融脉，其冲击相划分为Ｓ２．     

日本将实施4星气候监测计划

日本宇宙开发事业团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）预计将在２０００年４月开始实施一项包括４颗卫星的全球气候监视计划。ＮＡＳＤＡ目前已申请了大约１．２亿日元（合１００万美元），用于对２颗拟于２００５年发射的全球变化观测卫星（ＧＣＯＭ——ＧｌｏｂａｌＣｈａｎｇｅＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＭｉｓｓｉｏｎ）进行研究。这笔研究经费尚待日本空间活动委员会的批准。第一颗卫星称为ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ１，其重点任务是大气监测。第二颗卫星是ＧＣＯＭ－Ｂ１，将携带５种遥感器，其重点任务是地球观测。它们的２颗后继星ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ２、Ｂ２，将于２０１０…     

即将开辟通信领域新纪元的国际海事卫星终端

拥有７１个成员国的全球移动通信组织──国际海事卫星组织（ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ）近年来为了迅速发展卫星移动通信业务和占领移动通信市场，加紧研制国际海事卫星及其终端，使ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ的业务不断由海上扩充到陆地和空中。移动式通信卫星系统成功的关键，不仅在于卫星本身，其地面系统亦至关重要。ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ从１９７９年开始提供海事通信业务以来，研制出多种型号移动通信终端，即Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ａ型、Ｃ型、Ｂ型和Ｍ型，目前正在研制Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ｐ型。到１９９３年８月，已有２．１万个Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ａ型，８…     

IML—2计划与现状

日本宇宙开发事业团就有关预定于１９９４年７月进行的第２次国际微重力实验室（ＩＭＬ－２）的计划内容以及准备情况概述如下。１．ＩＭＬ－２计划概要ＩＭＬ－２计划是以美航宇局（ＮＡＳＡ）为中心，通过国际合作实施的空间实验计划。由参加的各国将各自准备的实验装置，搭载在哥伦比亚号航天飞机的空间实验室上，利用微重力环境进行各种生命科学和材料科学实验。（１）推动计划的办事处：ＮＡＳＡ生命、材料科学应用局（ＯＬＭＳＡ）（２）计划实施综合中心：ＮＡＳＡ马歇尔空间飞行中心（ＭＳＦＣ）（３）任务梗概：任务时间　１３天（…     

1988年12月16日用CME相协的微波Ⅳ型大爆发

１９８８年１２月１６日云南天文台Ｐｈｏｅｎｉｘ Ⅰ日冕射电频谱仪观测到一次同日冕物质抛射相伴随的微波Ⅳ型大爆发。从０８２６－０９４１ＵＴ，三个波段的主峰间出现了１２．１ｍｉｎ的长周期振荡。在第一主峰的６个次峰间出现了１．２ｍｉｎ的短周期振荡。根据北京怀柔磁场周，计算了爆发源区的亮温度，电子幂律分布等物理参量。     

极区中层惯性重力波的VHF雷达观测

本文采用ＳＯＵＳＹＶＨＦ雷达１９８７年６月在挪威Ａｎｄｏｐｖａ（６９°Ｎ，１０°Ｅ）的观测数据，研究中层惯性重力波的传播特征．几个周期为数小时的准单色波例子，在垂直方向上有确定的相位移动，表明它们是惯性内重力波．通过分析波相关的流体速度东向和北向分量的变化，获得水平传播矢量的大小和方向，它们与中层高度上典型的观测值一致．同时还观察到三个等相面上行的惯性重力波，其速度偏振椭圆是逆时针旋转的．波相关的扰动速度为１５－４０ｍ／ｓ，说明在中层存在强烈的向下的能量传输．估算出它的运动学参量，周期为数小时，垂直相速度在０．ｌ—０．６ｍ／ｓ之间，垂直波长约为６．０ｋｍ．     

日冕中的Ⅲ型爆发源与行星际磁场线的比较

本文将Ｎａｎｃａｙ Ｍａｒｋ Ⅲ射电日像仪１９８０年３月至１９８１年９月高空间、高时间分辨率观测资料作了处理，发现日冕中大多数Ⅲ型爆发源都集中在黄道面附近；分布在黄道面北面的Ⅲ型爆发多于南面，西面多于东面；９２．０％的Ⅲ型爆发源分布在横纬４０°以内。这些源与同期的ＩＳＥＥ－３飞船射电频谱仪获得的行星际磁场线相对比，发现行星际磁场的黄纬分布同Ⅲ型爆发源的分布有明显的对应关系，证实了行星际Ⅲ型爆发与日     

1986年2月的高太阳活动研究—IV日地扰动事件耦合初析

利用光学、射电、软Ｘ射线和硬Ｘ射线观测资料,对１９８６年２月系列太阳爆发中最大的两个耀斑作相似与相异性的分析,解释它们近地空间效应的区别,对该系列太阳爆发事件和叠加在一起的地球事件作认证研究。     

亚洲一号卫星与亚洲卫星电视台：亚洲卫星通信市场的媒介

１９９０年４月，亚洲一号卫星已由中国的长征三号运载火箭送到了地球静止轨道。这颗带有２４个Ｃ频段转发器的ＨＳ３７６卫星，定点于东经１０５．５°，位于新加坡上空。亚洲一号卫星约７５％容量为商用电视广播业务；另外２５％为电话和其它辅助业务。亚洲一号已快要成为“亚洲区域卫星电视台”（ＳａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅＴｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ　ＡｓｉａＲｅｇｉｏｎ──ＳｔａｒＴＶ）的代名词。它的６个频道的电视广播服务于全亚洲、中东和原苏联的部分地区。１９９１年，香港企业家李嘉诚先生和亚洲地区联合集团的哈奇森·惠帕创立了Ｓｔａ…     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。