我国载人登月重型运载火箭动力系统探讨

月球研究与利用是21世纪航天发展的重点之一。根据载人登月的需求,探讨了我国重型运载火箭及其动力系统的技术途径,提出研制大推力液氧/烃和液氧/液氢发动机的设想。重点论证了大推力下面级发动机的推进剂组合、动力循环方式及推力量级,认为该发动机推进剂应选择环保、廉价及高性能的液氧/烃组合,动力循环方式应采用先进的补燃循环或低成本的燃气发生器循环,推力应为4000kN左右。     

A generalization of the rocket formula and its application to advanced space propulsion systems

A generalized rocket formula is derived from a first principles approach. The resulting expression of the thrust is applied to advanced space propulsion systems and a possible link between the asymptotic propellant velocity and the velocity at thruster exit is given. An estimation of the thrust modification due to spacecraft–plume interactions is also considered.     

RBCC推进系统主火箭发动机气氧／煤油推力室研究

为满足RBCC推进系统主火箭发动机对气氧／煤油推力室的要求,对其进行了高燃烧室压力和温度、大范围变工况工作研究。气氧／煤油推力室喷注器采用中心区气液双组元内混式喷嘴和边区直流喷嘴结合结构,身部采用夹层冷却结构。通过对推力室气氧／煤油推进剂的点火及雾化混合技术、推力室喷注器及身部冷却设计技术、推力室的点火启动、稳态工作等关键技术的研究表明,推力室在室压3MPa、5MPa工况下可稳定燃烧。额定推力650N的气氧／煤油推力室方案可靠、点火工作正常,可以满足大范围变工况稳定工作要求。     

The liquid annular reactor system (LARS) for deep space exploration

A new propulsion concept for high Δ V space missions, termed LARS (Liquid Annular Reactor System), uses liquid nuclear fuel elements to heat hydrogen propellant to very high temperatures (-6000 K). The molten fuel is contained in a lower-temperature solid container which rotates to stabilize and hold in the liquid layer by centripetal force. Containment of ultra high temperature molten refractories, using this method, has been experimentally demonstrated by A.V. Grosse. The specific impulse of a rocket exhausting hydrogen at 6000 K is 2000 seconds, approximately double that of solid-core nuclear rockets. A LARS-powered space probe could accomplish extra-solar missions to 550 A.U. in approximately 35 years.     

小推力推进系统起动过程的分析

本文对小推力推进系统各部件建立了数学模型，并对此系统进行了数值计算。计算结果表明，在燃烧时滞较大时，该系统响应较慢，发动机参数的超调量较大，达到稳态所需的时间较长；轨控发动机与姿控发动机共用同一个供应系统时，姿控发动机受燃烧时滞的影响更大。减小燃烧时滞有利于提高发动机在起动过程的响应能力和稳定性。在起动阶段，高室压推进系统比低室压推进系统响应快，高室压轨控发动机的参数能较快地稳定下来，但其超调量较大；高室压姿控发动机虽然响应快，但其超调量大，达到稳态所需的时间长于低室压姿控发动机。本文所得结论为提高小推力推进系统在起动过程的响应能力提供了参考。     

Single crystal mo solar thermal thruster for microsatellites

One potentially attractive propulsion concept offering significant payload gains for orbit transfer from LEO to higher orbits, station keeping and attitude control of spacecraft is thermal propulsion using light gas (typically hydrogen) as propellant and various kinds of heat energy. Solar Thermal Propulsion (STP) is a typical thermal propulsion with high Isp (500 – 1,000 s) in an appropriate thrust magnitude range and provides possibly much less space pollution than conventional chemical propulsion.

This paper presents the test results of a 30 mm dia. (medium-sized) windowless type of single crystal Mo thruster for orbit transfer of 50 kg class microsatellites. The cavity dia. is 20 mm, double the size of the previous model, and can apply to a primary solar reflector of up to 3.5 m dia., which is the maximum size containable in the H-II rocket fairing without segmentation. The performed mission analyses indicate that this size of STP is suitable to orbit transfer of 50 kg class microsatellites, such as LEO to GEO, or only multiple apogee kicks from GTO to GEO or deep space missions.     

连续爆轰发动机的研究进展

连续爆轰发动机是一种基于爆轰波将推进剂的化学能转化成热能的新概念发动机,近年来受到世界各主要国家的高度关注。现已成功获得多种燃料长时间稳定的连续爆轰,较深入地认识了连续爆轰流场结构,初步测得推力和比冲,验证了连续爆轰发动机的性能优势并在火箭模态、冲压模态以及涡轮模态下都实现了稳定连续爆轰。对连续爆轰发动机的工作原理,以及近年来世界各主要国家在连续爆轰发动机的基础研究和应用研究方面取得的代表性成果进行了综述,并给出尚待解决的问题,为其进一步工程化应用提供参考。     

可贮存推进剂泵压式液体火箭发动机多次起动系统研究

在推力超过一定量级、任务时间较长的情况下,泵压式发动机比挤压式发动机具有明显的技术优势。从国内外上面级及重型空间飞行器推进系统的发展需求来看,均要求其主发动机具有多次起动工作的能力。针对采用可贮存推进剂的泵压式液体发动机多次起动需求,对几种可选的多次起动系统方案进行了比较分析,介绍了起动箱式起动系统的研究情况。     

大推力液体火箭发动机推力调节技术综述（英文）

Throttling of large-thrust liquid rocket engines, which can improve mission adaptability of a carrier rocket, reduce risk and facilitate rocket recovery, is a key technology for current and future space development. This paper summarizes the state of the art and trends of throttling technology for large-thrust liquid rocket engines at home and abroad. According to the working principles of propulsion for rocket engines, throttling the propellant flow rate is a major way of adjusting thrust, and regulation devices along with adjustable injectors are primary measures of throttling propellant flow rates. This paper clarifies the working principles of typical regulation devices and adjustable injectors, introduces the regulation schemes of typical large-thrust engines such as YF-100, RD-170, and SSME, and summarizes the main characteristics of current throttleable large-thrust engines. Finally, critical technologies and development trends of throttling are discussed, including combustion stability and reliable cooling of thrust chambers at low thrust levels, turbopump stability, and stable regulation and precise control in a wide range of operating conditions.     

弹丸速度对超爆轰冲压加速器性能影响

为研究超爆轰模态冲压加速器的推进性能,采用混合的Roe/HLL（Harten, Lax, Van Leer）格式,结合自适应网格加密技术(AMR )与沉浸边界法(IBM ),数值模拟了弹丸速度高于预混可燃气体C-J爆速的冲压加速器流场,揭示了弹丸速度对流场结构与推力的影响。结果表明当弹丸速度在一定范围时,斜爆轰波可驻定在弹丸肩部或头部,在弹丸尾部形成高压区加速弹丸,并且,斜爆轰波驻定在弹丸头部推力更高,稳定工作的速度范围 更宽 。     

Ricardo Dyrgalla (1910–1970), pioneer of rocket development in Argentina

One of the most important developers of liquid propellant rocket engines in Argentina was Polish-born Ricardo Dyrgalla. Dyrgalla immigrated to Argentina from the United Kingdom in 1946, where he had been studying German weapons development at the end of the Second World War. A trained pilot and aeronautical engineer, he understood the intricacies of rocket propulsion and was eager to find practical applications to his recently gained knowledge.Dyrgalla arrived in Argentina during Juan Perón's first presidency, a time when technicians from all over Europe were being recruited to work in various projects for the recently created Argentine Air Force.Shortly after immigrating, Dyrgalla proposed to develop an advanced air-launched weapon, the Tábano, based on a rocket engine of his design, the AN-1. After a successful development program, the Tábano was tested between 1949 and 1951; however, the project was canceled by the government shortly after. Today, the AN-1 rocket engine is recognized as the first liquid propellant rocket to be developed in South America. Besides the AN-1, Dyrgalla also developed several other rockets systems in Argentina, including the PROSON, a solid-propellant rocket launcher developed by the Argentine Institute of Science and Technology for the Armed Forces (CITEFA). In the late 1960s, Dyrgalla and his family relocated to Brazil due mostly to the lack of continuation of rocket development in Argentina. There, he worked for the Institute of Aerospace Technology (ITA) until his untimely death in 1970. Ricardo Dyrgalla deserves to be recognized among the world's rocket pioneers and his contribution to the science and engineering of rocketry deserves a special place in the history of South America's rocketry and space flight advocacy programs.     

Ricardo Dyrgalla (1910–1970), pioneer of rocket development in Argentina

One of the most important developers of liquid propellant rocket engines in Argentina was Polish-born Ricardo Dyrgalla. Dyrgalla immigrated to Argentina from the United Kingdom in 1946, where he had been studying German weapons development at the end of the Second World War. A trained pilot and aeronautical engineer, he understood the intricacies of rocket propulsion and was eager to find practical applications to his recently gained knowledge.Dyrgalla arrived in Argentina during Juan Perón's first presidency, a time when technicians from all over Europe were being recruited to work in various projects for the recently created Argentine Air Force.Shortly after immigrating, Dyrgalla proposed to develop an advanced air-launched weapon, the Tábano, based on a rocket engine of his design, the AN-1. After a successful development program, the Tábano was tested between 1949 and 1951; however, the project was canceled by the government shortly after. Today, the AN-1 rocket engine is recognized as the first liquid propellant rocket to be developed in South America. Besides the AN-1, Dyrgalla also developed several other rockets systems in Argentina, including the PROSON, a solid-propellant rocket launcher developed by the Argentine Institute of Science and Technology for the Armed Forces (CITEFA). In the late 1960s, Dyrgalla and his family relocated to Brazil due mostly to the lack of continuation of rocket development in Argentina. There, he worked for the Institute of Aerospace Technology (ITA) until his untimely death in 1970. Ricardo Dyrgalla deserves to be recognized among the world's rocket pioneers and his contribution to the science and engineering of rocketry deserves a special place in the history of South America's rocketry and space flight advocacy programs.     

固体助推发动机技术研究进展及总体需求分析

随着固体助推发动机技术在航天运输领域的应用,运载火箭对航天动力系统的需求不断提升。美国、欧洲、日本、印度等国家和地区均发展并应用了固体助推发动机技术,并呈现出大推力、低成本、高可靠的技术特征。在总结国外固体助推发动机技术研究进展和发展趋势的基础上,从顶层规划、总体设计、工艺实现等方面提出了未来固体助推发动机技术的总体需求,为我国固体助推发动机技术发展方向提供参考。后续,发动机研制应在运载火箭总体与动力联合优化的基础上,持续开展性能提升和关键技术攻关。     

Flight demonstration of new thruster and green propellant technology on the PRISMA satellite

The concept of a storable liquid monopropellant blend for space applications based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was invented in 1997, within a co-operation between the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI). The objective was to develop a propellant which has higher performance and is safer than hydrazine. The work has been performed under contract from the Swedish National Space Board and ESA. The progress of the development has been presented in several papers since 2000.ECAPS, a subsidiary of the Swedish Space Corporation was established in 2000 with the aim to develop and market the novel “high performance green propellant” (HPGP) technology for space applications. The new technology is based on several innovations and patents w.r.t. propellant formulation and thruster design, including a high temperature resistant catalyst and thrust chamber.The first flight demonstration of the HPGP propulsion system will be performed on PRISMA. PRISMA is an international technology demonstration program with Swedish Space Corporation as the Prime Contractor.This paper describes the performance, characteristics, design and verification of the HPGP propulsion system for PRISMA. Compatibility issues related to using a new propellant with COTS components is also discussed. The PRISMA mission includes two satellites in LEO orbit were the focus is on rendezvous and formation flying. One of the satellites will act as a “target” and the main spacecraft performs rendezvous and formation flying maneuvers, where the ECAPS HPGP propulsion system will provide delta-V capability.The PRISMA CDR was held in January 2007. Integration of the flight propulsion system is about to be finalized.The flight opportunity on PRISMA represents a unique opportunity to demonstrate the HPGP propulsion system in space, and thus take a significant step towards its use in future space applications. The launch of PRISMA scheduled to 2009.     

电动帆轨迹优化及其性能分析

电动帆是一种新兴的无推进剂损耗的推进方式,利用太阳风的动能冲力飞行。电动帆由数百根长而细的金属链所组成,这些金属链通过空间飞行器自旋展开,太阳能电子枪向外喷射电子,使金属链始终保持在高度的正电位,这些带电的金属链会排斥太阳风质子,利用太阳风的动能冲力推动空间飞行器驶向目标方向。针对电动帆轨迹优化问题,提出采用Gauss伪谱法进行轨迹优化,克服了间接法对协态变量初值敏感的缺点。考虑在太阳风暴等原因造成特征加速度改变的情况,基于Gauss伪谱法实现电动帆在线轨迹重新规划,提高电动帆对太阳风不确定性的适应能力。最后以太阳系外探测任务为例,对电动帆和太阳帆的性能进行对比,仿真结果表明电动帆在星际远航任务中所用时间较短。     

中国航天固体火箭技术的发展

叙述了20世纪50年代以来中国航天固体火箭推进技术的发展历程，介绍了9种最具代表性的固体火箭发动机的技术特征、研制过程、地面试验和飞行情况，这些发动机分别应用于中国的探空火箭、运载火箭上面级和应用卫星变轨系统。文中还简要地评述了中国固体推进各单项技术的发展水平。     

On the problem of optimal control of the thrust value of the electric propulsion rocket with solar energy source

Under consideration is the optimal control problem on a spacecraft motion in Newtonian central gravity field. With the use of the mathematical model of electrojet propulsion device (EPD) with solar energy source, proposed earlier in paper [1], the dependence of the EPD working substance choice on both the duration of the given dynamic maneuver and the propellant expenditures for its fulfillment is investigated. The efficiency evaluation is carrying out of optimal control of variable valued thrust as well as that for relay mode thrust and relay mode thrust with optimal fixed thrust value.     

Hydrogen storage materials for microthrusters: Basic performance analysis

The increasing market request for mini and microsatellites has led in the recent years to the development of small propulsion devices referred to as microthrusters. In the realm of microthruster different classifications have been made which help understanding the possible solutions depending on the satellite mass class and on the required thrust level. The present paper addresses thrusters for the class of microsatellites, that is that of satellites of 10–100 kg mass. A novel solution is proposed for microthruster which is based on hydrogen storage by chemical bond in hydrogen rich materials. Hydrogen microthrusters are studied resorting to basic rocket science. The results allow one to get a first evaluation of the possible advantages achievable once the proposed materials will be made safely available.     

Non-stationary heat behaviour of liquid propellant rocket engines

The transient behaviour of the liquid propellant rocket engine is accompanied by non-stationary heat processes in the combustion chamber, the cooling jacket, and the injector. Based on the analysis of the phenomena, which take place in the liquid propellant rocket engine after cut-off command, the major stages of the curve of the rocket thrust drop were defined. A mathematical model of heat processes is suggested, which includes the calculation of transient heat transfer in the chamber, and the detection of boiling-up of the liquid fuel components in the cooling jacket and in the injector. The determination of the law of the rocket thrust drop and a calculation of the after-effect impulse (AEI) are presented. The calculated transient heat flux the combustion chamber and the transient wall temperatures were compared with experimental data, which were received during starting, and with the impulsive behaviour of the liquid propellant rocket engine.     

火箭多台发动机并联推力传递结构动静耦合计算方法

针对运载火箭多台发动机并联推力传递结构在工作中力学环境适应性问题,开展了动静耦合动力学计算方法研究。该研究分析了动静耦合机理,并以此为基础,计算了有无静载的结构模态频率和推力传递结构关键部位随机振动响应。结果表明,火箭推力传递结构在大推力作用下,结构的刚度发生改变,进而影响动力学特性。相关研究结果为火箭多台发动机并联推力传递结构动静联合试验提供了参考意义。