A new treatment of Lambertian mechanics

Lambert's formulas for the time of orbital flight between two points in space are rederived by first establishing a universal differential equation governing the time function, independent of the conic type of the trajectory, the focal characteristics of the trajectory sector, and the range angle. A unified form of Lambert's formulas is then obtained as the general solution of the differential equation, and the various forms of the classical Lambert's formulas are obtained as its particular solutions under different boundary conditions. Following this basic treatment, various hypergeometric expansions for Lambert's time function and its derivatives are developed, and the behavior of the function and its implications in the solution of Lambert's problem and the isochronous trajectories are briefly reviewed. Finally, a short comparison of the present treatment with those found in current literature on Lambertian Mechanics is made and briefly discussed.     

A more accurate modeling of the effects of actuators in large space structures

The present paper deals with finite actuators. A nonspinning three-axis stabilized space vehicle having a two-dimensional large structure and a rigid body at the center is chosen for analysis. The torquers acting on the vehicle are modeled as antisymmetric forces distributed in a small but finite area. In the limit they represent point torquers which also are treated as a special case of surface distribution of dipoles. Ordinary and partial differential equations governing the forced vibrations of the vehicle are derived by using the Hamilton's principle. Associated modal inputs are obtained for both the distributed moments and the distributed forces. We show that the finite torquers excite the higher modes less than the point torquers. Modal Cost Analysis proves to be a suitable methodology to this end.     

Optimal transfer from the lagrangian points

The transfer from the equilateral Lagrangian points of the Earth-Moon system is analysed. The final states of the velocity of the space vehicles and of the rotation velocity of the propulsion vector are assumed given. The trajectory which ensures the transfer in optimal time consists of three arcs. On this trajectory the rotation velocity of the direction of the propulsion has the extremal value or corresponds to the Lawden's tangent law. The use of the matching of the arcs together with transversality conditions and final conditions determines the constants of integration and the evolution time. The resulting parametric equations of the optimal trajectory are of integral form.     

The darboux point and the conjugate point on optimal deorbit for reentry trajectories

The concept of the Darboux point at which an extremal loses its global optimality is extended to the case of discontinuous control. Using Contensou's domain of maneuverability, the condition for optimal switching at a corner is derived and the optimality of the trajectory in the neighborhood of a Darboux point is analyzed. The theory is applied to the problems of minimum-fuel planar and noncoplanar deorbit from elliptical orbits for atmospheric entry at a prescribed angle. In each case, the global optimal trajectory is assessed and it is found that in these nonlinear problems the Darboux point and the conjugate point are distinct. The global optimality is always lost before local optimality.     

基于雷达相位测距的微动特征获取

针对微动目标的雷达回波特征信号一般较小难以提取的特点,提出了一种基于雷达相位测距的微动特征获取方法。相参雷达工作在宽窄交替模式下,宽带信号形式为线性调频（Linear Frequency Modulation,简称LFM）。首先,通过窄带相位测距（游标测距）测量目标质心的平动轨迹;其次,通过宽带相位测距测量目标上各个散射中心的运动轨迹;最后,从散射中心运动轨迹中除去质心平动轨迹,获得散射中心相对于质心的微动轨迹。相位测距精度极高,已知微动模型,可以估计微动参数,获取微动特征。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效获取目标的微动特征。     

平流层气球轨迹控制系统平衡点估算研究

简单介绍了平流层气球的特点和研究现状,引出并描述了轨迹控制系统,它几乎无需消耗能源,使长耗时平流层平台成为可能。提出了平流层气球轨迹控制飞行系统的仿真模型,并分别从风速轮廓线、大气密度以及气球、绳和集成翼方面逐一详细分析并进行建模,最后分析了整个飞行系统的特点和求解系统平衡点的难点所在,提出了一种可行的平衡点估算方法。结果表明,该平衡点估算方法可以快速有效地求得整个飞行系统的平衡点。     

基于自适应高斯伪谱法的SGCMG无奇异框架角轨迹规划

针对采用SGCMG作为姿态执行机构的小卫星,在大角度机动过程中SGCMG系统易陷入奇异的问题,提出了一种基于自适应Gauss伪谱法的SGCMG无奇异框架角轨迹快速规划方法。该算法综合考虑到实际工程应用中存在的SGCMG框架角受限、框架角速度受限,奇异量度受限,星体机动角速度受限以及星体初始和终端状态受限等约束条件,将卫星大角度机动问题看成满足上述一系列约束条件和边界条件同时实现某一性能指标最优的最优控制问题。然后,结合自适应高斯伪谱法与非线性规划技术,求解带有边界约束与路径约束的最优化问题,获得实现性能指标最优的无奇异SGCMG系统轨迹。仿真结果表明：该算法能够在25s的时间内给出顺利实现大角度机动并满足所有约束条件,同时近似精度优于10 -3 的高精度平滑轨迹。     

Perturbation solutions for variable energy blast waves

The trajectory of and the flow field behind blast waves with time varying energy input is determined. Freeman's (1968) Lagrangean coordinate formulation is modified to include both the geometric factor, α, for plane, cylindrical and spherical shocks and also non-integer values of β, the energy input parameter, in a single computational algorithm. Numerical problems associated with vanishing density at the inner mass boundary or “piston face” are then examined and solved. Second order perturbation solutions about the solution for an infinite strength shock are then obtained in Sakurai's (1965) inverse shock Mach number expansion parameter for 0 β < α + 1. Tables and graphs of significant numerical coefficients are presented for comparison to, and extension of, results of other authors. Graphs of typical shock trajectories and flow field density, pressure and velocity variations are also presented and discussed.     

Tracking and data relay satellite system: NASA's new spacecraft data acquisition system

The growth in NASA's ground network complexity and cost triggered a search for an alternative. Through a lease service contract, Western Union will provide to NASA 10 years of space communications services with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). A constellation of four operating satellites in geostationary orbit and a single ground terminal will provide complete tracking, telemetry and command service for all of NASA's Earth orbital satellites below an altitude of 12,000 km. The system is shared: two satellites will be dedicated to NASA service; a third will provide backup as a shared spare; the fourth satellite will be dedicated to Western Union's Advanced Westar commercial service. Western Union will operate the ground terminal and provide operational satellite control. NASA's Network Control Center will provide the focal point for scheduling user services and controlling the interface between TDRSS and the rest of the NASA communications network, project control centers and data processing facilities. TDRSS single access user spacecraft data systems should be designed for efficient time shared data relay support. Reimbursement policy and rate structure for non-NASA users are currently being developed.     

RLV再入轨迹机载快速优化

为了可重复使用飞行器再入轨迹机载快速优化的需求,开发一种再入轨迹快速优化算法。根据RLV再入三维轨迹的特点,引入了新的假设,对RLV再入轨迹状态方程进行简化处理,使优化迭代计算量大大减少,在此基础上,使用乘子法对再入终端约束进行处理,然后用共轭梯度法求解优化再入轨迹,最后以美国航天飞机为例计算再入最优轨迹。结果验证该算法在满足约束条件的情况下,具有很快的收敛速度,在不同初始再入条件和终端约束条件下,计算机时一般小于一分钟。该算法具有很好的工程应用前景。     

Design of phase-locked loop for communication system via on-board signal processing satellites

The energy inconsistency for a multiple access system via an active satellite with simple repeating of signals is claimed. The on-board ideal signal processing algorithm resolving this inconsistency is considered and the optimal group signal processing algorithm in a manner of digital signals shape transformation followed by their time compression is suggested. The necessity for individual clock synchronization of ground stations is shown and the synchronous multiple access system block diagram with an optimal on-board signal processing is discussed.A phase disturbance dynamics of a two-loops clock synchronization system with variable time delay is investigated. A nonlinear differential-difference equation is obtained and for the first order PLL with time delay the exact solutions are found in cases of relay and linear shapes phase discriminator's characteristics. Phase errors' expressions are derived and the main factors of accuracy limiting caused by PLL's feedback time delay are established.     

Orbit prediction and shuttle rendezvous strategy for eureca

The European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) is a platform to be launched, deployed and retrieved in low Earth orbit by the Space Shuttle.A newly developed analytical orbit prediction method is described which meets the severe requirements for EURECA's orbit propagation. It is based on an averaging procedure including the Earth's zonal harmonics J₂, J₃ and J₄ and a refined treatment of the air drag perturbation where EURECA's large solar panels are taken into account. Some orbit prediction results are included.In order to offer more flexibility for the Shuttle retrieval of EURECA, it is proposed to execute a part of the rendezvous manoeuvres by EURECA. A corresponding strategy is described.     

同心筒发射的集中参数模型及应用

导弹在同心筒结构中的发射涉及复杂的燃气流动和多种载荷共同作用。为了从理论上分析发射筒结构、发动机参数等设计变量与发射弹道特性之间的关联关系,对同心筒结构中的燃气流动特征进行了深入分析。在此基础上,结合燃气流动各区域的典型特征、气体流动基本方程、弹体动力学方程和水下气泡运动方程,建立可用于大气和水下环境的同心筒发射数值分析集中参数模型。利用该模型进行的示例分析表明,集中参数模型反映了同心筒发射过程中的燃气流动特性,能便捷方便地分析多种设计参数与发射弹道之间的相互关系,可为同心筒发射装置的方案设计和理论分析提供依据。     

弹道学在运载火箭总体设计中的实践与展望

简要介绍了运载火箭弹道学的主要研究内容,从弹道设计的基本方法出发,着重分析了弹道设计对于运载火箭总体设计的重要影响。在回顾我国运载火箭弹道学发展历史的同时,对我国运载火箭弹道学的特点进行了系统总结。最后结合后续我国运载火箭发展的技术需求,对弹道学的未来发展进行展望,提出了若干重点研究方向。     

Possible role of electrostatic potential in formation of sharp boundaries of small-scale and middle-scale solar wind structures

Sharp boundaries of small-scale and middle-scale structures of the solar wind are an essential part of a turbulized solar wind. Such boundaries are observed near the Earth’s orbit as sharp and large-amplitude changes of parameters (in particular, ion density) of the solar wind. In this paper, the observed phenomena are briefly described, and an account of their basic properties and specific features is given. Using the kinetic approach, a possible theoretical mechanism is suggested in order to explain some peculiarities in the formation of these structures.     

A minicomputer finite elements program for microgravity hydroelastic analysis

A general hydroelastic analysis formulation is presented by using Green's function. Emphasis is placed on the case of an incompressible fluid model which is applicable to flexible tank hydroelastic analysis. Variational formulation of the sloshing problem is established in order to obtain a numerical treatment by a mixed finite element method. A minicomputer program is illustrated and the hydroelastic analysis technique is checked as an efficient and accurate approach with some numerical solutions.     

探月返回飞行器跳跃式再入轨迹优化

基于节点自适应稀疏配点法,提出一种高精度求解探月返回飞行器跳跃式再入轨迹优化问题的方法.该方法的基本策略是:首先,应用节点自适应稀疏配点法对完整的跳跃式再入轨迹进行优化;然后,根据优化得到的控制变量对再入动力学方程进行数值积分;当积分至跳跃轨迹的最高点时,以积分得到的状态变量值作为新的初始条件,对二次再入轨迹重新优化....     

基于序列二次规划算法的再入轨迹优化研究

介绍了序列二次规划算法在飞行器再入轨迹优化问题中的应用.首先引入了能量替代变量对无量纲运动方程进行推导,使得运动方程和优化问题易于处理,考虑严格的过程约束和终端约束,以攻角和倾侧角为控制变量,总加热量最小为性能指标;然后通过直接配点法将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,选取各节点的状态量和控制量作为优化参数;最后应用序列二次规划算法对非线性规划问题进行求解.针对多约束的再入飞行器的轨迹优化时对初值敏感的问题,提出一种参考轨迹快速规划算法,提高了优化速度.仿真结果表明提出的方法能够较快地搜索到最优轨迹,满足所有约束且落点精度高.     

Orbital design and technological feasibility of Halley mission

Missions to Halley's comet in 1985–1986 are discussed. They include pre-perihelion encounter, post-perihelion encounter, the utilization of Venus swing-by, one round mission in which the spacecraft goes the round of the Sun before the encounter and missions to the point beneath the perihelion of Halley's orbit. Technological feasibility of the small spacecraft is also discussed on the basis of the use of the improved version of M-3S launch vehicle.