基于精确星光大气折射观测模型的轨道摄动研究

基于星光折射间接敏感地平自主导航方法,改进了现有的大气密度模型和固定高度(25km)的观测模型,建立了自适应连续高度(20km～50km)的星光折射观测模型,并在此观测模型的基础上深入分析研究了影响导航精度的各种轨道摄动力,包括地球形状各阶摄动力、不同高度的大气阻力摄动力、太阳光辐射压力等.提出一种精简的大气模式--静止变标高球面大气,解决了由于高层大气密度的求解复杂,使大气阻力摄动模型不精确的问题,由此取得了较好的导航定位精度.利用UKF和EKF两种不同非线性算法,对考虑各种摄动力后的导航定位精度进行全面的计算机仿真实验,并就仿真结果进行了误差分析,同时研究了各种有关参数对导航精度的影响.     

SST-LL重力测量卫星轨道分析

论述了SST-LL重力测量卫星科学任务对轨道寿命、地面覆盖性能、轨道高度单圈波动、星间距离变化范围的需求。根据需求,计算了轨道的自然衰减情况,得出轨道初始高度为500km;综合考虑地面覆盖要求及运载火箭能力,得出了最佳轨道倾角为89°;得出了0.002 0偏心率下轨道高度波动范围不超过50km;分析得出星间距离的长周期变化主要受大气阻力影响,初步确定了轨道控制方案,即定期对受大气阻力较大的卫星进行轨道机动。     

电动绳系在低极轨卫星中的应用研究

低极轨卫星具有轨道周期短、对地观测分辨率高等优点,但由于所在轨道大气阻力大,其使用寿命受到较大限制。文章提出采用水平结构电动绳系抵消低极轨卫星大气阻力的方法,通过系绳电流与地球磁场相互作用产生洛仑兹力进行推进,进而在无燃料消耗的情况下实现对低极轨卫星轨道高度的维持。初步分析了该方法在低极轨不同尺寸卫星中的应用潜力,计算了160 、400 和800 km 典型高度低极轨卫星所经历的地球磁场、电离层和高层大气环境相关参数变化,比较了不同条件下电动绳系推力与大气阻力大小随轨道位置的变化。分析结果表明,该方法适用于400 km 轨道高度以上大卫星;在满足一定系绳长度和轨道高度的条件下,电动绳系可以有效延长低极轨卫星的轨道寿命。     

变推力发动机高模试验真空压力测量技术研究

变推力发动机高空模拟试验中真空压力是关键参数,对于76 km高空环境试验系统,真空压力测量的准确性是判断发动机能否点火的重要依据。重点介绍了真空压力测量技术在承担76 km高空环境试验中的应用,研究了试验环境下高真空计的分段测量,以及真空计的安装工艺、测量工艺和现场校准技术,实现了76 km真空压力的准确测量。     

乘波飞行器气动力、热特性的数值模拟研究

采用多块分区网格以及并行计算技术对给定乘波构形的高超声速飞行器进行了数值模 拟,分析了飞行器前缘小半径钝化对飞行器气动性能的影响,计算了前缘钝化后飞行器表面 的热流分布状况。结果表明,前缘钝化对飞行器的升力影响不大,对阻力和升阻比的影响较 大。对于曲率半径为1cm的钝化前缘,与原尖前缘飞行器相比,其升力降低了0.78％,阻 力增加6.96％,升阻比下降7.21％。前缘钝化后,乘波飞行器仍具有较好的气动性能, 飞行器前机身可为发动机提供比较均匀的气流,飞行器整体仍基本保持了乘波的状态,热流 主要集中在飞行器前缘上。为了有效防热,需要采用主动式冷却技术。     

Test results of the air turbo ramjet for a future space plane

The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) has been engaged in the development study on the Air Turbo Ramjet (ATR) engine since 1986 in cooperation with the Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd (IHI). The ATR is one of the most preferable candidates for the propulsion system of a future space plane. Our ATR engine is a combined cycle air breathing propulsion system which consists of the turbojet and the fan boosted ramjet using the liquid hydrogen as a fuel. This engine system was named “ATREX” after employing the expander cycle. The ATREX is energized by thermal energy extracted regeneratively in both the pre-cooler installed in the air intake and the heat exchanger in combustion chamber. The ATREX works in the flight condition from sea level static up to Mach 6 at 35 km altitude. The ATREX employs the tip turbine configuration for compactness of turbo machinery. We are assessing the feasibility of the ATREX system by the sea level static tests using the 1/4-scale model (ATREX-500) with a fan inlet diameter of 300 mm and overall length of 2120 mm. In 1990, the ATREX-500 engine was tested in a sea level static condition to verify the performance characteristics of the turbo machinery and the combustor. In September of 1991, the heat exchanger was installed in the combustion chamber and tested independently from the turbo system. In November of 1991, the heat exchanger was coupled with the turbo system and tested to verify the overall system of the ATREX. In this paper are presented the test results of the ATREX-500 engine tested in the sea level static condition.     

Fourth-order theories for orbit predictions for low- and high-eccentricity orbits in an oblate atmosphere with scale height dependent on altitude

Two new fourth-order non-singular analytical theories for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with air drag are developed for low- and high-eccentricity orbits in an oblate atmosphere with variation of density scale height with altitude. Uniformly regular Kustaanheimo–Stiefel (KS) canonical elements are utilized for low-eccentricity orbits and KS element equations are employed for high-eccentricity orbits. Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. The analytical solutions are compared with the numerically integrated values up to 100 revolutions, and found to be quite accurate over a wide range of eccentricity, perigee height and inclination.     

可重复使用运载器级间分离过程研究

级间分离过程中，可重复使用运载器受到非定常扰动，可能会造成分离失败。为研究级间分离过程中可重复使用运载器运动特性及周围流场分布随分离高度的变化情况，建立航天器和运载器的运动方程，使用动网格技术和有限体积法求解N-S方程。研究结果表明：随着级间分离高度的升高，气动力不断减小，非定常扰动对分离产生的影响越来越小；分离过程中，航天器和运载器的平动速度差较小，角速度差越来越小，最大差值从30 km高空的0.427 rad/s减小到50 km 高空的0.1 rad/s，二者之间的最小距离变大，更有利于安全分离。     

高超声速乘波飞行器气动实验研究

以绕楔高超声速流场为基础，用流线追踪法生成了一种高超声速飞行器气动概念构形、初步探索了高超声速飞行器机身/推进系统一体化气动构形设计方法，开展了高超声速测压实验，结果表明：该类构形飞行器在高超声速飞行时，可以产生较高的升阻比，前体的预压缩效果明显，是以吸气式冲压发动机动力的有效途的飞行器构形。     

高空飞行环境中液体运载火箭底部热环境研究

采用数值模拟和飞行测试验证相结合的方法对液体运载火箭高空对流/辐射耦合换热问题开展系统深入研究。基于燃气多组分输运Navier-Stokes方程、热辐射方程、Realizable k-ε两方程湍流模型,建立了高空含自由流的运载火箭燃气喷流流动模型。辐射模型采用离散坐标法(DOM),空间离散采用二阶迎风TVD格式,对多个典型飞行高度火箭底部热流进行大型并行计算,将数值结果与试验数据进行广泛对比,验证了计算模型的精度和有效性。数值研究表明,火箭底部辐射热流在刚起飞阶段达到最大值,随着飞行高度上升,辐射热流逐渐降低,火箭底部对流热流表现为先升高后降低的趋势,并在20 km高空达到峰值。本文的预测分析方法对液体运载火箭底部热防护设计具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

化学非平衡效应对返回舱再入气动力特性的影响

高空高马赫数条件下,化学非平衡效应将对飞行器气动特性产生影响,影响飞行器气动布局优化和飞行弹道设计。文章通过三维化学非平衡流动求解程序,针对再入返回器开展数值研究与机理分析,通过对比完全气体模型和化学非平衡气体模型获得的气动力参数,揭示化学非平衡效应对流场结构和气动力特性的影响和规律。结果表明,对Apollo的气动力计算结果验证了模型和计算方法;化学非平衡效应影响下,激波层内化学反应消耗大量能量,致使激波脱体距离减小,气体压缩性增强;典型状态高度为70 km,Ma=30条件下,化学非平衡效应导致返回器升力系数增大约6%、阻力系数增大约1.3%～3.3%、升阻比增大3%左右、俯仰力矩系数增大,从而使配平攻角减小约2.5＆#176;;通过机理分析,发现化学非平衡效应影响下表面压力系数发生变化的原因是飞行器周围激波形状及驻点压力改变,表现为气体沿流线经激波层、压缩区和膨胀区的历程变化;对于钝体形状的返回器,迎风面前体压力系数增加和后体压力系数降低,造成轴向力和法向力系数增大。     

On a lunar space elevator

We consider a space elevator system for lunar surface access that consists of a space station in circumlunar orbit, a cable reaching down to some meters above the surface and a magnetically levitated vehicle driven by a linear motor. It accelerates the load to be lifted to the speed of the cable end. Loads to be delivered are either put on the vehicle and slowed down by it or they are slowed down by a sand braking technique in a mare terrain. It is technically possible to operate this transport system nearly without fuel supply from Earth. We calculate various steel cable dimensions for a static stress maximum of $\text{1}\text{5}\text{th}$ of the tensile strength. The process of takeover is considered in detail. Five ways of eliminating the adverse large cable elongation due to the load are described. The touchdown process and behaviour of the cable after disconnection are analysed. The positive difference between the speed of the load at takeover and cable end can excite a large inplane swing motion. We propose to damp it by a dissipative pulley that hangs in a loop of wire leading to the ends of two beams mounted on the space station tangentially to the orbit, the pulley's core being connected with the load. Roll librations are damped by energy losses in the elastic beams; damping can be reinforced by viscous beam elements and/or controlled out-of-plane motions of the beams. We argue in favour of the possibility of fast deployment. The problems of vehicle vibrations and agglutination at sand braking blades are underlined and their combined experimental investigation is suggested.     

跨介质航行器波浪环境入水流场演变和运动特性研究

跨介质航行器是一种既可以在空中飞行又可以在水下潜航的新概念航行器,基于仿生学原理,提出一种通过改变外形实现水空介质跨越的航行器模型,通过入水试验装置和计算流体动力学方法,对航行器带攻角从空气到水的介质跨越过程进行了试验和数值仿真研究,得到了跨介质入水过程航行器的运动姿态和入水空泡形态,并通过数值仿真得到了航行器的升力、阻力、速度和加速度演化规律。同时基于数值模拟方法对有波浪情况和静水情况下航行器入水过程空泡演变以及运动特性进行对比。结果表明:提出的航行器构型在水中具有较好的姿态调整能力,波浪的有无和波高的不同都会对航行体入水运动特性造成影响。     

一种双钟型喷管液氧/甲烷发动机系统方案

根据双钟型喷管高度补偿特点及技术研究现状,提出了一种双钟型喷管液氧甲烷发动机系统方案,进行了双钟型喷管基弧段及延伸段面积比优化,并与其他系统方案进行了性能对比分析。研究表明,对于地面起动的芯级发动机,采用双钟型喷管是提高发动机综合比冲性能以及运载器有效载荷的有效途径。     

低轨Walker星座构型演化及维持策略分析

针对低轨(LEO)Walker星座构型维持问题,分析在地球非球形引力和大气阻力摄动下卫星的运动规律及星座构型演化特性。结果表明,低轨Walker星座构型发散主要体现在由初始轨道参数不一致引起的轨道高度衰减和相位漂移,国内首例低轨Walker星座实测轨道数据验证了理论分析的正确性。结合星座任务特性与构型发散特点,提出了基于基准卫星的相对相位维持策略,选取一颗卫星作为基准卫星,使星座中其它所有卫星相对于基准卫星的相位漂移量累加值最小,通过对目标卫星实施一次相对基准卫星的轨道高度抬升/降低,维持星间的相对位置关系。实际工程应用表明了此策略的有效性,不仅降低星座构型维持的复杂度及频次,节约燃料,且轨控时间短,为我国今后卫星星座的构型维持提供参考。     

Exploration of Venus with the Venera-15 IR Fourier spectrometer and the Venus Express planetary Fourier spectrometer

The infrared spectrometry of Venus in the range 6–45 μm allows one to sound the middle atmosphere of Venus in the altitude range 55–100 km and its cloud layer. This experiment was carried out onboard the Soviet automatic interplanetary Venera-15 station, where the Fourier spectrometer for this spectral range was installed. The measurements have shown that the main component of the cloud layer at all measured latitudes in the northern hemisphere is concentrated sulfuric acid (75–85%). The vertical profiles of temperature and aerosol were reconstructed in a self-consistent manner: the three-dimensional fields of temperature and zonal wind in the altitude range 55–100 km and aerosol at altitudes 55–70 km have been obtained, as well as vertical SO₂ profiles and H₂O concentration in the upper cloud layer. The solar-related waves at isobaric levels in the fields of temperature, zonal wind, and aerosol were investigated. This experiment has shown the efficiency of the method for investigation of the Venusian atmosphere. The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer has the spectral interval 0.9–45 μm and a spectral resolution of 1.8 cm^?1. It will allow one to sound the middle atmosphere (55–100 km) of Venus and its cloud layer on the dayside, as well as the lower atmosphere and the planetary surface on the night side.     

Optical effects of the operation of the onboard engine of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Progress M-17M</Emphasis> spacecraft at thermospheric heights

This paper presents the results of optical observations in the active space experiment “Radar-Progress” on April 17, 2013, after switching on the approach-correction engine of the Progress M-17M cargo spacecraft at thermospheric heights (412 km), are presented in this paper. During engine operation, a region of enhanced emission intensity has been recorded. It was presumably related to the scatter of twilight solar emission at the engine exhausts in the cargo spacecraft orbit and, probably to the occurrence of an additional emission in the atomic oxygen line [OI] 630 nm. The maximum observed dimensions of the emission region were ~350 and ~250 km along the orbit and across it, respectively. The velocity of the expansion of the emission region at the first moments after the initiation of engine operation was ~7 and ~3.5 km/s along the orbit and across it, respectively. The maximum intensity of the disturbed region is estimated to be a value equivalent to ~40–60 R within the spectral band of 2 nm. No optical manifestation, which would exceed the natural variations in brightness of the night airglow and which would be related to possible large-scale modification of the ionosphere, was detected in the natural emission lines [O] 557.7 and 630.0 nm in a zone remote from the place of injection of engine exhausts.     

Equilibrium positions of a weight on a cable fixed to a dumbbell-shaped space station moving along a circular geocentric orbit

The motion of a space object in the gravitational field of the Earth is considered. The object consists of an extended space station and a weight, which is free to move along the cable fixed to the ends of the station. It is assumed that the station is composed of two masses coupled by a weightless rod, while the cable is weightless and non-stretched. The equations of motion of such a system are derived for the case when the motion proceeds in a single plane, while the center of mass of the system moves along a circular geocentric orbit. The conditions of the cable tension (conditions of being on tie) are derived. The phase portrait of the weight motion along the cable is constructed when the station is oriented to the attracting center or is perpendicular to this position. The possibility to leave the tie in this case is analyzed. Equilibrium configurations of the system are found, i.e., such motions of the object under consideration at which the weight does not change its position relative to the station. Lyapunov stability of such configurations is analyzed for two situations: when the station is composed of equal masses and when masses at the ends of the station are different. In particular, for the case of different masses it is established that there exist such positions of equilibrium at which the dumbbell is located at an angle to the direction to the attracting center. In some cases these positions can be stabilized (if the weight is fixed on the cable).     

可变形翼导弹动态气动特性的仿真研究

导弹发射后,飞行高度从近地面到高空域,气压、温度变化巨大,同时飞行马赫数也从低速到超声速、高超声速。在不同飞行阶段稳定性能和升阻比需求不同,对导弹气动性能要求不同。固定外形导弹的气动性能难以适用于不同的飞行任务,而可变形翼导弹通过改变翼面的形状,实现外形上的变化,从而适应不同的作战环境。通过分析可变形收缩弹翼不同收缩速度(快速、中速、慢速3种状态)的气动性能,研究了导弹气动性能随弹翼收缩速度变化的规律,揭示了升力系数和阻力系数随弹翼的收缩速率的线性变化特征。同时还分析了变形前后导弹附近流场的压强、速度和温度的变化,以及这些物理量对导弹的影响。结果表明,伸缩翼改变了翼面面积和展弦比,弹翼伸长时具有高升阻力,适合亚声速巡航,弹翼收缩可以减小高马赫数飞行时阻力,提高导弹射程。     

导弹发射车带主机发电的方法

根据一般导弹发射车电源供电的形式和集中供电存在的弊端，提出了导弹发射车主机发电的研究课题，即利用导弹发射车自身行驶用的汽车发动机作为原动力，通过能量转换，变成导弹发射车所需的一次电源。介绍了实现主机发电的技术难点，及为解决这些技术难点所采取的技术措施。实际应用表明，主机发电除具有重量轻、体积小外，还保持了原有的操作位置，克服了集中供电的不足。