Emergency medical care on space stations

This Note emphasizes the need, in a space station, of an emergency room, especially equipped with regard to clean air and competent paramedical personnel. The establishment of some degree of artificial gravity is desirable.     

A further analysis about the liquid-propellant thermal antimatter engine design concept

A new concept about a liquid-propellant engine based on a future potential use of the antiproton-nucleon annihilation process has already been presented by the author. In this Note the analysis of the technological feasibility of the proposed concept is extended by simulating on computer additional effects not considered before for simplicity. The consequence on the engine configuration and performance are carefully examined.     

Model uncertainties and approximations in large space system thermal analysis

This Note tries to answer the following question: up to which extent is it possible to introduce simplifications in the thermal modeling in order to maintain the computation load within acceptable limits while providing a sufficient accuracy.     

A remark concerning fundamental rocket theory

This Note attempts to clear up the discussions relating to the interpretation of Tsiolkowskiy's equation vs Irving's solution.     

World economics for mankind's frontier

In Acta Astronautica, Vol. 56, No. 5, March 2006, at ISSN0094-5765 there appears the article entitled “Will space actually be the Final Frontier of humankind?” written by Giancarlo Genta, and Michael Rycroft. This Acta Astronautica article requires amplification on the economic side. The writer of this article was personally present at the Apollo 11th launchings for the first landing on the Moon, by Buzz Aldrin and others. The Apollo 11 take off to the Moon, from Cape Carnival, did not leave the situation “so humankind seems forever to be bound to its own planet!” There was nothing pessimistic about the launch of Apollo 11. It is written that there was a lack of vision at that time, which is also not correct. The ‘Final Frontier’ myth was never mentioned on that occasion. At Apollo 11 we did take planet earth's “first faltering step for mankind” on the path towards a space faring civilization, exactly as these two authors later correctly mention. Now with the US Presidential initiatives “Moon, Mars and Beyond,” the authors suggested that it “will depend on social, political and economic issues rather than technological and scientific ones.” This Academy Note respectfully submits that all of these factors social, political and economic issues, plus psychological and scientific ones, instead of, “rather than technical and scientific ones” are going to be the determining factors of the speed of progress of the exploration of the entire universe, and particularly the sun in our Milky Way Galaxy. Russia and Ukraine are now on same, deep-space policy directions. The attention of the readers of this Academy Note is called to the current “Cosmic Collision” excellent presentation at the Hayden Planetarium, located at the Museum of National History in the City of New York. It shows the past, the present and the future of international humankind in exploring space and the creation of the universe, with particular reference to the protons of our sun, for our Milky Way Galaxy.     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.     

Approximate solutions to minimax optimal control problems for aeroassisted orbital transfer

This paper considers minimax problems of optimal control arising in the study of aeroassisted orbital transfer. The maneuver considered involves the coplanar transfer from a high planetary orbit to a low planetary orbit. An example is the HEO-to-LEO transfer of a spacecraft, where HEO denotes high Earth orbit and LEO denotes low Earth orbit. In particular, HEO can be GEO, a geosynchronous Earth orbit.The basic idea is to employ the hybrid combination of propulsive maneuvers in space and aerodynamic maneuvers in the sensible atmosphere. Hence, this type of flight is also called synergetic space flight. With reference to the atmospheric part of the maneuver, trajectory control is achieved by means of lift modulation. The presence of upper and lower bounds on the lift coefficient is considered.The following minimax problems of optimal control are investigated: (i) minimize the peak heating rate, problem P1; and (ii) minimize the peak dynamic pressure, problem P2. It is shown that problems P1 and P2 are approximately equivalent to the following minimax problem of optimal control: (iii) minimize the peak altitude drop occurring in the atmospheric portion of the trajectory, problem P3.Problems P1–P3 are Chebyshev problems of optimal control, which can be converted into Bolza problems by suitable transformations. However, the need for these transformations can be bypassed if one reformulates problem P3 as a two-subarc problem of optimal control, in which the first subarc connects the initial point and the point where the path inclination is zero, and the second subarc connects the point where the path inclination is zero and the final point: (iv) minimize the altitude drop achieved at the point of junction between the first subarc and the second subarc, problem P4. Note that problem P4 is a Bolza problem of optimal control.Numerical solutions for problems P1–P4 are obtained by means of the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems. Numerical examples are presented, and their engineering implications are discussed. In particular, it is shown that, from an engineering point of view, it is desirable to solve problem P3 or P4, rather than problems P1 and P2.     

Magnetotactic bacteria on Earth and on Mars

Continued interest in the possibility of evidence for life in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite has focused on the magnetite crystals. This review is structured around three related questions: is the magnetite in ALH84001 of biological or non-biological origin, or a mixture of both? does magnetite on Earth provide insight to the plausibility of biogenic magnetite on Mars? could magnetotaxis have developed on Mars? There are credible arguments for both the biological and non-biological origin of the magnetite in ALH84001, and we suggest that more studies of ALH84001, extensive laboratory simulations of non-biological magnetite formation, as well as further studies of magnetotactic bacteria on Earth will be required to further address this question. Magnetite grains produced by bacteria could provide one of the few inorganic traces of past bacterial life on Mars that could be recovered from surface soils and sediments. If there was biogenic magnetite on Mars in sufficient abundance to leave fossil remains in the volcanic rocks of ALH84001, then it is likely that better-preserved magnetite will be found in sedimentary deposits on Mars. Deposits in ancient lakebeds could contain well-preserved chains of magnetite clearly indicating a biogenic origin.     

基于照射箔条云的复合干扰原理分析

针对某些舰艇因雷达反射面积较大而实施质心干扰效果不明显的问题,提出了有源照射箔条云的复合干扰方法,增大了导弹末制导雷达接收到的箔条云回波信号强度,相当于增大了箔条云的散射面积,并通过仿真计算验证了此方法的可行性.     

体上无限上(下)三角阵的双侧逆方阵

论文对体上一般的无限上（下）三角阵（不要求是行有限的）进行了研究。用紧致性论证给出了任一体R上无限上（下）胡角阵具有唯一双侧逆方阵的充要条件。     

喷管内型面烧蚀对发动机能量的影响

根据同一推进剂不同结构的两种型号发动机的试验结果，分析了喷管内型面烧蚀对发动机能量影响，提出了在两种烧蚀率相差较大的材料之间镶嵌一种烧蚀率适中的材料，可减少喷管内型面的烧蚀，提高喷管推力效率。     

CAN总线在卫星中的应用技术研究

串行总线由于其接口简单且适用于距离较远的分系统间进行数据交换 ,因此在卫星上得到广泛应用。本文介绍国内外空间应用的主要串行总线 ,分析CAN的主要特性 ,介绍CAN器件的发展方向 ,并对其用于卫星上的可行性进行了论述 ,同时给出了一种CAN总线的设计实例     

DFH-4卫星电推进系统的应用可行性研究

DFH-4平台是我国新研制的大容量、长寿命静止轨道卫星平台。为了延长平台寿命、增加平台载荷,需要考虑引入电推进系统执行南北位保任务。针对几种国际上已经得到应用且相对较成熟的电推进系统,从工程角度对其在DFH-4上的应用价值进行了比较和评价,初步设计了电推进系统在DFH-4平台上执行南北位保任务的应用方案,分析了电推进系统对卫星平台、其它轨道和姿态参数、控制策略以及星上其它系统带来或可能带来的影响。     

Research on constellation refueling based on formation flying

A new scheme for refueling satellite constellation is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional research, where the satellite refueling is implemented through spacecraft rendezvous and docking, the new pattern studied here is based on formation flying, and it is more feasible, safer and more reliable. On the grounds of the proposed pattern, two refueling strategies are studied. The first is called single supplier refueling (SSR) based on formation flying. In this scenario, one fuel-sufficient satellite called a supplier, departs from its parking orbit, and after a series of orbit maneuvers, arrives at the target constellation that consists of multiple fuel-deficient satellites called workers. It then transfers equal fuel to each worker within the prescribed mission time. The second strategy is called double suppliers refueling (DSR) based on formation flying. This time two suppliers take charge of refueling half of the workers respectively in the same way as SSR. Using a genetic algorithm, the orbit of a supplier with a minimum consumption of fuel can be obtained once the mission time is fixed. Simulation results indicate that DSR is superior to SSR and that this dominance will be more distinct as the number of workers increases and the mission time decreases.     

空间微小碎片对光学玻璃的污染效应研究

航天器在轨服役期间会遭受到大量空间微小碎片撞击作用。这些微陨石和空间微小碎片可能在光学玻璃表面碰撞产生陷坑,也可能吸附在航天器光学玻璃表面造成污染。文章介绍了采用静电式粉尘加速器使微米级铝粉末低速撞击K8光学玻璃,在玻璃表面吸附大量的粉尘粒子。研究结果表明,被铝粒子污染的光学玻璃透过率明显下降。透过率下降与污染程度成比例。对光学玻璃表面单个粒子陷坑计算分析表明,粒子吸附在玻璃表面时,比粒子陷入一定深度造成的光线衰减更大。     

基于热响应的卫星推进剂剩余量测量方法研究

介绍了基于热响应法的卫星推进剂剩余量在轨测量方法的原理,给出了国外在Telstar 11,LM 3000,BSS601平台日本通信卫星,Turksat 1C卫星的应用情况。给出了将该方法用于国内卫星的设想,并归纳了推进剂在轨空间分布高精度仿真、带液条件下贮箱内复杂传热过程高精度热仿真、贮箱与整星耦合热分析仿真等关键技术。     

高分辨率敏捷卫星颤振对成像的影响分析方法

高分辨率敏捷卫星在轨姿态机动成像过程中,姿态控制执行机构的控制力矩陀螺（Control Moment Gyro, CMG）在正常工作时会产生附加的扰动力和扰动力矩,经振动传递,造成相机内部敏感光学元件之间的相对运动,从而对图像品质造成影响。为了研究 CMG 颤振对高分辨率敏捷卫星成像的影响,文章采用集成建模分析方法,构建包括扰动、结构、控制、光学在内的颤振集成模型。以某型号空间相机为研究对象,对此相机的动力学特性和光学系统敏感度进行了分析,得到相机敏感光学元件的振动响应,以及颤振在相机焦面产生的像移,研究了CMG颤振对高分辨率敏捷卫星成像的影响分析方法,可为其他类型颤振的影响分析提供参考。     

速度对微多普勒的影响及其补偿研究

微多普勒为雷达目标识别提供了一种新的思路和方法,而目标的平动速度会影响微多普勒信息的提取.以锥体目标的进动为例来研究速度对微多普勒的影响,并提出中心法进行等效速度补偿,该方法不是先估计出速度值再对原始信号进行补偿,而是基于原始信号频谱信息进行的一种后处理.仿真结果表明该方法能有效地补偿速度.同时基于速度补偿后的频谱,提出重心法估计微多普勒的调制带宽并与中心法进行了比较,且采用最小二乘法拟合了不同信噪比下的估计误差.估计出的调制带宽可作为一种参数特征用于识别.     

基于GPS的多基线姿态系统研究

在QUEST算法的基础上,提出了非单位向量前提下的四元数估计算法。该算法考虑了基线长度对精度的影响,将其应用于自制的GPS多基线姿态系统,计算载体的姿态角,验证系统及算法的精度。通过两次实验结果对比表明:该套GPS姿态系统具有较高的精度,非单位向量的四元数估计算法计算精度明显高于TRIAD算法。