Magnetic trapping in orbit

A toroidal solenoid in orbit can represent a magnetic trap for bodies carrying dipole moment. We find the dependence of the trap dimensions on the electrical parameters and the orbit height. There is no trap if the solenoid radius exceeds a certain value. Various trap dimensions are calculated for a non-spinning space station in Earth or Sun orbit. The trap dimension is nearly independent of the solenoid orientation so that the solenoid may be fastened to the station rigidly. If the solenoid radius is in the range of some meters, the trap dimension is one order of magnitude greater for a distant Earth orbit and two orders of magnitude for an orbit around the Sun at distances of the order of one AU. The calculations are performed for a non-superconducting solenoid. The trap can be used for simplifying the docking on of maintenance vehicles or building modules, as safety mechanism for crewmembers working in outer space, and for the collection of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic dust stopped by mechanical means.     

Catapulting mass from planetary objects

We examine the motion of a superconducting dipole in the field of a large flat solenoid. It is found that $\text{energy}\text{mass}$ ratios of about 1 MJ per kilogramme of dipole can be reached for an effective current density of about 400 A/mm² in the dipole if the diameter of the dipole and solenoid are of the order of 6 and 30 m, respectively. The values will be less critical if the dipole passes the field of two solenoids. We propose a mechanical lever-rope method for stabilization of the dipole axis and determine the deflection of the dipole's path from the vertical under small perturbations of the initial co-ordinates.     

Magnetic launching in outer space

We examine the idea of accelerating a space ship, carrying a magnetic dipole moment, in a long inhomogeneous magnetic field. It is shown that it is technically possible to impart a mass of 10 tons a speed greater than the escape velocity of the solar system. We consider the flow of energy and give a rough calculation of the main parameters of the launching device. The device can be used continually and can decelerate a spacecraft with dipole moment equally well.     

Multipole Models of the Earth's Magnetic Field

To develop a mathematical model of rotational motion of an artificial satellite about its center of mass under the action of various forces (magnetic, Lorentz, etc.) caused by the geomagnetic field, it is necessary to know the induction of the Earth's magnetic field (EMF) as a function of the radius vector of a given point in the near-Earth space. Because the EMF possesses a complex structure and the above-mentioned functional dependence is unavailable in explicit analytic form, a set of approximate models of the EMF should be used. The simplest such model—a right dipole (aligned with the axis of rotation)—does not enable one to reveal in detail the influence of diurnal EMF rotation on the rotational motion of a satellite. The next EMF approximation—an inclined magnetic dipole—does not suffer from the above-mentioned drawback. However, it is shown that not all corrections to the magnetic induction of the EMF of the same order of magnitude are taken into account in the course of transformation from the model of aligned dipole to the model of inclined dipole. So, to develop the EMF model accurately accounting for the absence of axial symmetry of the EMF with respect to the axis of diurnal rotation of the Earth, in general, the effect of the quadrupole component of the geomagnetic potential on the EMF induction (and, probably, even the components of higher orders) must be taken into consideration. By using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field IGRF-2000, the multipole models of the EMF, corresponding to quadrupole, octupole, and higher-order approximations, were constructed and studied in this work. The EMF potential is expressed in terms of its multipole tensors. As a result, projections of the induction and induction gradient of EMF in the center of mass of the satellite onto the axes of the orbital coordinate system can be written in convenient and concise form. The expressions for the first four multipole tensors through the known geomagnetic constants are found. A method for estimating the reliability of these models is put forward, and the regions of applicability of the quadrupole and octupole models are drawn on the plane of orbital parameters.     

电磁阀释放电流出现双波峰的机理分析

由于某型号电磁阀批生产过程中,其释放电流曲线时常出现双波峰现象,于是分别从物理及结构方面分析了双波峰产生的机理和原因,指出电磁阀吸合、释放电流曲线出现波峰都是由阀芯的运动引起,主要的影响因素有三个:线圈匝数、圆柱弹簧、碟簧,通过调整线圈匝数、圆柱弹簧力及更换碟簧,可以消除或改善双波峰现象。实际工作证明只要实际释放时间满足要求,释放电流曲线上出现双波峰的电磁阀属于合格产品。     

太空中的PM2.5——太阳系尘埃动力学研究进展

对太阳系尘埃动力学所涉及到的基本内容进行概述，包括尘埃的种类、成分、尺寸、密度、形状和生命周期。介绍了近年来在尘埃的来源与生成机制方面的力学过程、主要理论、模型与方法，包括冲击溅射、表面喷射、风化、滑坡、质量脱落、旋转断裂等，阐述了尘埃的充电过程与磁场环境，简要概述了航天任务的尘埃探测结果，介绍了尘埃受力模型、单个尘埃颗粒的运动以及大量尘埃的分布特征、动力学现象及内在规律方面的最新研究结论。最后对太阳系尘埃动力学领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

动态环路法磁矩测量系统标定与误差评估

为保证磁矩和磁心位置测量精度,需要对动态环路法磁矩测量系统进行标定。在分析系统测量误差组成及其影响的基础上,提出了对动态环路法磁矩测量系统标定的方法,即采用以不同大小标准磁体为被测对象的标定方案,利用最小二乘法给出了5个标定系数值。通过测量2组用于模拟真实被测对象的组合磁体,评估了标定后动态环路法磁矩测量系统的实际测量性能。结果表明,标定后的动态环路法磁矩测量系统对偶极磁矩的测量误差不大于4.6%,磁心位置测量误差不大于7.2%。     

近场分析法在航天器磁测试中的误差因素及精度评估

航天器磁性测量误差因素及精度评估与航天器结构尺寸、磁矩量级、内部磁性分布特征,以及所用的磁测试方法和测试设备等有密切关系。近场分析法是航天器磁偶极矩测定中经典有效的测试方法。文章就该法在航天器磁测试中的系统误差、随机误差因素及精度评估逐一进行详细论述和深入剖析;针对中大尺度航天器正置态磁测试中垂向磁矩测试结果存在的误差,提出提高测试精度和改进误差评估的有效方法和措施;给出航天器磁测试有效性综合评估的基本条件和评判标准,得到不同尺度航天器磁测试误差的预估参考范围。文章所述航天器磁测试误差因素及精度评估技术对于提高航天器磁测试精度、有效控制航天器磁性具有指导意义。     

The use of refined model of aerodynamic moment in the problem of reconstruction of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Foton</Emphasis> satellite rotational motion

A new mathematical model of the uncontrolled rotational motion of the Foton satellite is presented. The model is based on the Euler dynamic equations of rigid body motion and takes into account the action upon the satellite of four external mechanical moments: gravitational, restoring aerodynamic, moment with constant components in the satellite-fixed coordinate system, and moment arising due to interaction of the Earth’s magnetic field with the satellite’s proper magnetic moment. To calculate the aerodynamic moment a special geometrical model of the outer satellite shell is used. Detailed form of the formulas giving above-mentioned moments in the equations of satellite motion is agreed with the form of the considered motion. Model testing is performed by determining with its help the rotational motion of the Foton M-2 satellite (it was in orbit from May 31, 2005 to June 16, 2005) using the data of the onboard measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field strength. The use of the new model has led to a relatively small improvement in the accuracy of the motion determination, but allowed us to obtain physically real estimates of some parameters.     

Cosmic ray impact on extrasolar earth-like planets in close-in habitable zones

Because of their different origins, cosmic rays can be subdivided into galactic cosmic rays and solar/stellar cosmic rays. The flux of cosmic rays to planetary surfaces is mainly determined by two planetary parameters: the atmospheric density and the strength of the internal magnetic moment. If a planet exhibits an extended magnetosphere, its surface will be protected from high-energy cosmic ray particles. We show that close-in extrasolar planets in the habitable zone of M stars are synchronously rotating with their host star because of the tidal interaction. For gravitationally locked planets the rotation period is equal to the orbital period, which is much longer than the rotation period expected for planets not subject to tidal locking. This results in a relatively small magnetic moment. We found that an Earth-like extrasolar planet, tidally locked in an orbit of 0.2 AU around an M star of 0.5 solar masses, has a rotation rate of 2% of that of the Earth. This results in a magnetic moment of less than 15% of the Earth's current magnetic moment. Therefore, close-in extrasolar planets seem not to be protected by extended Earth-like magnetospheres, and cosmic rays can reach almost the whole surface area of the upper atmosphere. Primary cosmic ray particles that interact with the atmosphere generate secondary energetic particles, a so-called cosmic ray shower. Some of the secondary particles can reach the surface of terrestrial planets when the surface pressure of the atmosphere is on the order of 1 bar or less. We propose that, depending on atmospheric pressure, biological systems on the surface of Earth-like extrasolar planets at close-in orbital distances can be strongly influenced by secondary cosmic rays.     

Analysis and experiment of eddy current loss in Homopolar magnetic bearings with laminated rotor cores

This paper analyses the eddy current loss in Homopolar magnetic bearings with laminated rotor cores produced by the high speed rotation in order to reduce the power loss for the aerospace applications. The analytical model of rotational power loss is proposed in Homopolar magnetic bearings with laminated rotor cores considering the magnetic circuit difference between Homopolar and Heteropolar magnetic bearings. Therefore, the eddy current power loss can be calculated accurately using the analytical model by magnetic field solutions according to the distribution of magnetic fields around the pole surface and boundary conditions at the surface of the rotor cores. The measurement method of rotational power loss in Homopolar magnetic bearing is proposed, and the results of the theoretical analysis are verified by experiments in the prototype MSCMG. The experimental results show the correctness of calculation results.     

基于全张量磁场梯度的磁偶极子定位及误差分析

为了对磁偶极子进行高精度的磁性定位,文章从磁偶极子模型出发,推导出磁偶极子的空间坐标与其产生的磁场及磁场梯度之间的关系式;针对模型及关系式,设计了一种全张量磁场梯度传感器,能够一次测量出精确定位所需的9个磁场梯度值和3个磁场强度值;对比仿真结果和实验结果,发现二者具有较好的一致性,证明了该理论模型的有效性。对于磁偶极子,用半径为0.05 m的梯度传感器对磁矩为2 A·m~2的磁偶极子进行定位测量,在0.5~1 m距离内定位误差不大于10%。文章还对定位测量误差的原因进行了分析,包括梯度测量基线距离及传感器半径对定位误差的影响。     

利用地磁场测量的小卫星自主导航设计

地磁场矢量是卫星所在位置的函数 ,通过对地磁场的测量 ,即可实现对近地小卫星的自主导航。本文采用卡尔曼滤波技术设计了小卫星基于地磁场测量的导航方法 ,在采用地磁场模型时选取磁偶极子模型 ,以此使设计算法的计算量大大减少。最后利用数字仿真验证了系统性能。     

电磁阀启闭特性非接触测量方法研究

为实现对电磁阀特性进行非接触测量,通过分析电磁阀动作时周围漏磁场的变化,设计了一种新型磁敏感器.该磁敏感器结构简单,操作方便,通过采取合理的抗干扰措施可充分降低旁磁场的影响,提高电磁阀漏磁场测量的可靠性.利用本磁敏感器对实际电磁阀的启、闭特性进行了测量.结果表明,该方法可靠性高,满足电磁阀非接触测量的需要.     

螺旋波等离子体推进器磁场仿真

推进工质电离、加速、喷出过程以及电羽流的污染控制等都与磁场密切相关。磁场位形的仿真设计对于提高螺旋波等离子体推进器的性能至关重要。基于等效磁荷方法建立了专门针对螺旋波等离子体推进器的三维磁场仿真模型, 计算出圆柱形与圆环形铷铁硼(Nd-Fe-B)永磁体组合产生的磁场位形及磁场强度分布特征。该模型为改进电推进器实验方案提供必要的参考和指导;通过大量仿真计算与分析, 从大量的磁铁构型方案中优选出合适的磁铁构型, 可以缩短螺旋波等离子体推进器的实验周期, 降低成本, 加快电推进器的研发进度。     

Excitation and propagation of an electromagnetic pulse in magnetized plasma in the low-hybrid frequency range

We analyze specific features of slow quasi-static waves excited in the low-hybrid frequency band by a source whose dimensions are much smaller than electromagnetic wavelength. Main attention in this paper is given to an analysis of emission of harmonic signals by a dipole source in pulsed mode. First, the issue of influence of electromagnetic, thermal, and collision corrections in the dispersion equation on the field structure has been studied. Second, the structure of electric and magnetic fields near the resonant cone has been analyzed: in particular, effects of group delay and anomalous spreading of signals are considered. Thus constructed theory explains results of the OEDIPUS-C experiment, in which, for example, already at distances of order of ten wavelengths a signal delay of approximately 10^?4 s was observed. Finally, we have studied some aspects of the inverse problem of electrodynamics: the role played in field formation by smoothness of charge distribution over antenna is demonstrated, and a class of smooth distributions of charge on antenna is found that form a preset field structure.     

球头双锥再入体表面脉动压力环境的分析与预测

本文根据超声速和高超声速流动特征分析了球头双锥再入体的表面脉动压力环境特性，并根据超声速和高超声速流动情况下球头双锥的表面压力分布给出一套预测球头双锥再入体表面脉动压力分布的工程估算公式，计算结果表明，预测的均方根脉动压力分布与实验结果基本一致。     

集成控制双绕组高速电磁阀的设计与仿真分析

给直动式电磁阀增加加速启动线圈,辅以集成控制电路,研制出一种具有较高附加值的集成控制双绕组高速电磁阀。试验表明：电磁阀最快开启时间为2．8ms,关闭时间小于2ms,具备明显的响应与结构优势。动态响应仿真分析表明：在加速线圈的作用下,电磁阀启动电流迅速上升至磁场饱和;进入维持打开模式后,磁场仍趋于饱和,维持电流高于释放电流,电磁阀仍有降耗的空间。     

三轴稳定微小卫星主动磁阻尼姿态控制

针对三轴稳定微小卫星,用四元数法建立了速率阻尼阶段的动力学和运动学模型.根据地磁场强度矢量投影到轨道坐标系的简便旋转关系,设计了采用主动磁控的拟比例微分控制器,同时分析了磁力矩器的磁偶极矩.速率阻尼仿真结果表明:该控制法有效可行,具有一定的应用价值.     

近地空间磁场梯度分布特性及磁力效应研究

以国际地磁参考场模型IGRF11为基础,推导出地球磁场梯度分布公式,并对近地空间磁场分布特点进行了分析。由基本磁力学可知,带强磁体的航天器在地磁环境中不仅受到磁力矩作用,还将受到与地磁梯度相关的磁力的影响。根据地磁环境下的磁体受力机理,文章讨论了以弱磁力改变轨道倾角的方法,并通过数值仿真验证了其有效性。