数字卫星电视接收系统及其性能分析

文章简要介绍了数字卫星电视接收系统的组成,并从数字卫星电视接收机的R—S解码器、卷积解码器和QPSK解调器等部分电路对系统抗噪声性能的贡献做了分析,同时对由于整个数字卫星电视系统链路非理想性因素而引入的干扰噪声导致的接收系统性能恶化情况进行了简要分析。通过论述,可有助于数字卫星电视广播系统的设计、使用和维护。     

The applications of lower power satellites for direct television broadcasting

The use of 12 GHz satellites for TV broadcasting directly to individual homes and small communities has been the subject of analysis and design study by groups in many countries. Implementation of the concept has been slow to follow because of the high satellite transmitter powers of from 100 to 450 W that have usually been determined to be necessary. Accumulated experience in Canada with 12 GHz operation and the evolution of technology are leading to changes in the concept of direct broadcasting such that lower power satellites may be capable of meeting the requirements.

Hermes, the Canadian/U.S. 12/14 GHz Communications Technology Satellite, has been in use for over 3 years in a program of experiments and measurements. This program has included an extensive six month experiment in direct broadcasting to 7 small communities. Experience with Hermes has shown that the signal strength is stable over long periods of time and that in Canada, significant precipitation attenuation at 12 GHz is of relatively short duration and typically occurs only during certain seasons. Operation with low propagation margins is feasible if some picture degradation and some outages at these times are acceptable. The frequency and duration of occurrence of outages can be controlled by the Earth station G/T which is cost sensitive. An individual may choose to use a low cost system with a small antenna and accept a degraded picture and outages at some times. A small community may choose to pay more for a larger antenna and lower noise receiver to achieve better performance.

Developments in technology are reducing the noise figure of mass-producible receivers from more than 6 dB to as low as 4 dB. Another technology contribution is the use of reduced bandwidth and other signal processing techniques in low-cost receivers. While use of such techniques may introduce distortions that would be unacceptable in rebroadcasting systems, there is little impact for individual and community reception. Use of both technologies reduce the required satellite EIRP or ground terminal G/T.

A field trial was begun in April 1979 to test these concepts for use in television program delivery. One hundred Earth stations capable of being tuned across a 500 MHz band and having antennas with diameters of either 1.2 m or 1.8 m are being installed for a test in Canada to receive TV signals from the 20 W transponders of ANIK-B (peak EIRP of 51 dBw) on an experimental basis. The acceptability of the video signals and the technical performance of the low-cost terminals in the bands of non-technical users are being evaluated.

The paper will summarize the concept of TV broadcasting with lower power satellites and describe the results to date of the ANIK-B field trials.     

China's communication satellites and their benefits

This report describes the development and the benefits derived from China's communication satellites. It provides information on the experimental communication satellites and the four operational satellites which have all been put into geostationary orbit, and then the new medium-capacity domestic communication satellite which is scheduled to be launched in 1993. The direct and indirect benefits of the satellites in a variety of fields, such as broadcasting and TV transmission, TV education, long-range telephone and telegraph, data transfer in finance and railway traffic, are described.     

Some aspects of the German TV-SAT-system

First work of a direct broadcasting satellite was initiated 1971 in the German industry by the German Ministry of Technology and Research. Besides of hardware development different studies on system level were conducted which reflected the needs of the respective time periods. For the moment Germany entered the design phase of a broadcasting satellite project, which is called TV-SAT. This paper describes briefly the history of the German broadcasting satellite activities since 1971 and informs about the work which is under the way in the TV-SAT program.     

Experimental results of the Japanese BSE program

The Japanese Medium-scale Broadcasting Satellite for Experimental Purpose (BSE) is a three axis stabilized spacecraft having a Sun-oriented solar array for high power generation. This paper will present the BSE mission objectives, spacecraft and ground systems configurations and some of experimental results on TV broadcasting, K-band radio-wave propagation, etc.     

The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994–1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994-1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

Satellite communications' role in national development : Policy and regulatory aspects

This paper examines the way in which satellite communication can assist development in the Third World — through improvement of access to education, integration, especially of remote areas, increased market opportunities and as a tool to attract investment — with particular reference to Indinesia. Future trends, eg the expansion of satellite capability, introduction of new services, liberalization and a shift in satellite utilization towards broadcasting, are discussed, as are the regulatory reforms that will be needed to accommodate them.     

Optimal Choice of a Satellite Broadcasting System Based on High-Elliptic Orbits

The problem of the construction of a satellite broadcasting system whose capabilities are supplemented and expanded in comparison with geosynchronous satellites is considered. The optimal orbit of a high-elliptic satellite of the Earth, which provides for a maximal duration of stay of the satellite sighting line within the directional pattern of an antenna motionlessly installed on the Earth's surface, is determined. The advantages of using a satellite system with such orbits are shown.     

卫星多媒体广播中OFDM信号的同步技术研究

中国移动多媒体广播系统（CMMB）标准是我国拥有自主知识产权的卫星移动多媒体广播标准。文章介绍了CMMB标准及其基于正交频分复用（OFDM）技术的系统结构,结合协议规定的具体OFDM分组结构,对符号同步、载波频率同步等问题进行了分析研究,并提出了利用训练序列进行符号同步和利用频域导频进行载波频率细同步的算法。     

Future earth observation missions for oceanographic applications: Indian perspectives

Significant progress has been achieved in India in demonstrating the utility of remote sensing data for various oceanographic applications during the last one decade. Among these, techniques have been developed for retrieval of ocean surface waves, winds, wave forecast model, internal waves, sea surface temperature and chlorophyll pigments. Encouraged from these results as well as for meeting the specific and increasing data requirements on an assured basis by oceanographers, India is making concerted efforts for developing and launching state-of-the-art indigenous satellites for ocean applications in the coming years.

The first in the series of ocean satellites planned for launch is Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) by early 1999. Oceansat-1 carries on-board an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR). OCM will have 8 narrow spectral bands operating in visible and near- infrared bands (402–885 nm) with a spatial resolution of 360 m and swath of 1420 km. The MSMR with its all weather capability is configured to have measurements at 4 frequencies viz., 6.6, 10.65, 18 & 21 GHz in dual polarisation mode with a spatial resolution of 120, 80, 40 & 40 km, respectively with an overall swath of 1360 km. The Oceansat-1 with repetitivity of once in two days will provide global data for retrieval of various oceanographic and meteorological parameters such as chlorophyll (primary productivity), sea surface temperature and wind speed, besides a host of other parameters of relevance to meteorology.

A full fledged satellite for ocean applications known as Oceansat-2 (IRS-P7) is also planned for launch during 2002. This satellite with payload mix of microwave (Scatterometer, Altimeter & Passive Microwave Radiometer), Thermal (TIR) and Optical (OCM) sensors, will provide greater in-sight into the global understanding of ocean dynamics/resources. This mission is expected to provide a complete set of oceanographic measurements, which are useful for providing operational oceanographic services.

Efforts are also on towards development of missions having multi-frequency, multipolarisation and multi-look angle microwave payloads including Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and advanced millimeter wave sounders, besides development of imaging spectrometers by 2005.

A well-knit plan has been initiated in India for utilisation of planned Oceansat data. Important efforts initiated in this direction include SATellite Coastal and Oceanographic Research and Ocean Information Services, which are being carried out on an integrated basis aiming at providing services to the down stream users. The paper highlights these efforts in India towards providing an operational ocean information services in the coming years.     

FY-2C业务静止气象卫星及发展展望

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)静止气象卫星02批首颗业务应用C星的构型与布局、控制分系统、5通道扫描辐射计、星上图像生成、数传与云图广播转发器、工程与业务测控、二次分离、电源母线调节、复合材料结构件和仪器板等温化等主要技术特点.给出了C星相对01批的多通道扫描辐射计、无线系统和电源等部分技术改进.在轨测试与运行结果表明,C星的成像系统达到了研制总要求和任务书指标,云图观测能力和质量满足气象卫星业务运行及应用系统的需求.自投入业务运行后,C星为国内外用户提供了大量的图像、定量与人机交互产品,在暴雨、台风、火灾和海冰等监测中发挥了重要作用.最后,对静止气象卫星的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Insight-HXMT:China's First X-Ray Astronomical Satellite

The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(HXMT) satellite is the first X-ray astronomical satellite in China. Utilizing the "direct demodulation image reconstruction method", HXMT will perform broad band(1-250 keV) survey of large sky areas in scanning mode, which can result in source detection characterized with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Point observation is another key working mode of HXMT, and is specified for observations of galactic bright sources like X-Ray Binary(XRB) and others. Additionally, HXMT also has a powerful capability developed for monitoring gamma-ray bursts, which is quite unique in the world due to its energy coverage of 200 keV-3 MeV and largest detection area. The HXMT satellite was launched by a Long March 4 B(LM-4 B) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June 15, 2017. The payloads onboard HXMT are a High Energy X-ray Telescope(HE), a Medium Energy X-ray Telescope(ME), a Low Energy X-ray Telescope(LE), and a Space Environment Monitor(SEM).This paper introduces the main technical aspects of the satellite, including scientific objectives, technical features, mission design, and system design.     

FY-2C星数传与云图广播转发器分系统

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)气象卫星数传与云图广播转发器分系统的功能、组成,以及频率配置、传输信号特性和增益与功率等主要技术指标.给出了C星分系统转发器的技术改进.阐明了采用的收发多工器、射电天文保护滤波器、固体功率放大器(SSPA)和功能转换开关等关键技术.测试结果和在轨运行状况表明,C星数传与云图广播转发器的性能符合设计任务书要求,在轨运行正常稳定.     

基于工作流的分布式小卫星自动测试系统设计与实现

文章针对小卫星传统电性能测试过程中自动化程度低这一情况,分析了目前测试方法中存在的资源利用率低、流程优势缺乏、测试场地拥挤等问题;利用先进设备接口,结合网络、数据库等信息化技术,将工作流技术引入到小卫星电测中,提出了一套基于柔性工作流的分布式小卫星自动测试系统;描述了系统的运行环境,分析了系统总体框架结构并给出了运行实例。实践表明,这一方法提高了测试的自动化水平,优化了测试流程,为实现小卫星产业化发展做出了有益的探索。     

车载卫星天线用交流伺服系统设计

为实现在运动车辆上收看卫星电视，设计了车载卫星天线用交流伺服系统。给出了方案的基本原理，并采用矢量控制对交流电机进行变频调速，以及位置、速度和电流反馈的三闭环调节器。确定了电流环、速度环和位置环的参数。仿真结果表明，所设计的交流伺服系统有良好的动态和抗干扰性能。     

An innovative approach for distributed and integrated resources planning for the Space Station Freedom

The widely distributed nature of the Space Station Freedom program, plus continuous multi-year operations will force program planners to develop innovative planning concepts. The traditional centralized planning operation will not be adequate. It will be replaced by multiple small planning centers working within guidelines issued by a central planning authority. Plans will not be optimized; rather, operating efficiency and user flexibility will be blended to satisfy program goals. The key to this new approach is the application of new planning methodologies and system development technologies to accommodate distributed resources that must be integrated. Resources will be distributed to the multiple planning entities in such a way that, when the several plans are built and then integrated, they will fit together with minimal modification. The plan itself will be an envelope schedule containing resource limits and constraint boundaries within which users will be free to make choices of the specific activities they will execute, up to the time of execution. Some level of margin within program guidelines will be built in to allow for variation and unforeseen change. This paper presents the authors' recommended planning approach and cites two NASA systems being developed that will utilize these resource distribution/integration planning concepts, methodologies and development technologies.     

Research and development of On-Board Processor for advanced mobile satellite communications

This paper describes the research and development of an On-Board Processor (OBP) for a mobile satellite communications system using a geostationaly satellite. The system, which based on Multi-Carrier Time Division Multiple Access, can realize high performance and facilitate the use of miniature hand-held mobile Earth terminals.

Our research and development results indicate as follows.

1. 1) The simultaneous-slot switching method will be the most suitable for an on-board base-band switching with consideration of traffic capacity, time delay, and hardware scale.

2. 2) The OBP performs channel exchange with regeneration that contributes to a reduction in the size of mobile terminals because of the coding gain.

3. 3) Many kinds of Application Specific Integrated Circuits are designed to realize large channel capacity and reduce the size and power consumption of the OBP. These OBP design can increase the channel capacity, which is equivalent to in 5.6kbps voice channel, up to over 500 channels within 5MHz frequency band

Some results are applied to the OBP being developed for the Japanese Engineering Test Satellite VII (ETS-VB).     

Economic methods of improving efficient use of the orbit/spectrum resource by satellite systems

Satellite systems continue to play an important role in the booming market for communication and broadcasting services, driving up demand for use of the orbit/spectrum resource. Studies are required to address the problem of orbit capacity and find ways of making more efficient use of it, to avoid a situation in which there is not enough orbit/spectrum resource to cater for the development of future satellite networks. It is argued that, as far as satellite networks are concerned, the current international regulatory regime governing the use of the spectrum has significant shortcomings, which have a cost, in terms of resources and time, and make investment in satellite projects less attractive. An approach is proposed for improving efficiency of the use of the orbit/spectrum through the introduction of economic methods, to supplement the existing technical and regulatory regime. A spectrum pricing method is proposed for satellite communication systems.     

一种直接入轨卫星变轨阶段的供电方案

相比传统的卫星自身变轨方式，直接入轨方式下卫星的主动段时间将延长到4～5h。为解决卫星直接入轨过程中由于主动段时间大大加长，导致卫星电能需求的增加，以及电源系统配置不必要的质量增加的问题，文章提出了一种在发射和变轨阶段通过运载火箭上面级向卫星供电的方案，即在上面级上增加了一套独立的一次性电源系统。该系统与卫星自身电源系统相结合，在发射和变轨期间优先使用，卫星自身电源根据负载用电情况自主介入，能很好地解决卫星直接入轨方式下主动段的电能需求问题。