Multiple model Kalman filter for attitude determination of precision pointing spacecraft

This paper proposes a novel multiple model estimator for the satellite attitude determination system composed of gyroscopes and star sensors. The main objective is to calibrate the low frequency error of the star sensor and improve the attitude determination accuracy. In the proposed approach, first, the specific frequencies of the low frequency error is extracted according to the frequency spectrum of the estimate of the gyroscope drift obtained from a standard Kalman filter; then, a bank of Kalman filters based on multiple models is implemented to identify the amplitudes of the error signals with the specific frequencies, such that a reference model is obtained to compensate for the effects of the low frequency error. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the existing calibration approach based on the state augmentation technique.     

Low-gravity environment in Spacelab

This paper presents residual and system-generated accelerations with results from g-jitter spectral measurements in the Spacelab Engineering Model. An overview (classification, brief discussion, and assessment of magnitudes) of the various constituents of the perturbative acceleration field inside the Spacelab Module is presented, both steady and fluctuating components being considered. Results of local g-jitter spectral measurements taken in the Spacelab Engineering Model (EM-1)/Long Module Configuration are presented for frequencies from less than 1 to 200 Hz. The measured results for the system-generated perturbative accelerations exhibit, in the time domain, amplitudes of the order of 10(-3) g (peak value 3.6 x 10(-3) g). Spectral values of 4 x 10(-4) g are obtained in the frequency range up to 100 Hz; up to 10 Hz, however, the spectral values remain about an order of magnitude smaller, and also between 100 and 200 Hz the perturbation level is significantly lower than below 100 Hz. Measured results from simulated crew activities show, in the time domain, a peak amplitude of 2.6 x 10(-2)g, the spectral values being 6 x 10(-3)g below 100 Hz and 1 x 10(-3)g below 10 Hz for typical perturbances.     

四机并联发动机低频动态特性分析

为了获得发动机结构的低频动态特性,采用有限元方法进行了液体火箭一级四机并联发动机(含机架)的计算模态分析。由于发动机为复杂的非对称结构,建模时按质量和刚度等效原则将推力室的夹层结构简化成单层板,其余结构大都按空间梁简化,通过改变材料密度保证了模型质量与发动机稳态工作时的质量一致。简化后的计算规模适中,既反映了结构的主要特征又不浪费计算机资源和时间。计算结果表明了四机并联发动机系统中有多阶轴向运动较大的模态值得注意,需避免它们和发动机的低频脉动及箭体的低频振动耦合。     

振动信号谱估计的低频畸变

本文以航天运载器为例,分析了实测振动信号功率谱的低频畸变现象。指出用基于FFT的周期图方法对长度很短的样本作谱估计时,分辨率太低和数据窗不合适是低频畸变的主要原因。文中讨论了纠正低频畸变的方法,给出了消除低频畸变的实例,结果是令人满意的。 本文还提出了谱分析中“可信分析频带”的概念。认为一次(帧)分析中的上下限频率之比必须小于某个值;凡不满足上述条件的处理结果,低频段的功率谱密度值都是值得怀疑的。     

Radio frequency interference at Jodrell Bank Observatory within the protected 21 cm band

Radio frequency interference (RFI) will provide one of the most difficult challenges to systematic Searches for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) at microwave frequencies. The SETI-specific equipment is being optimized for the detection of signals generated by a technology rather than those generated by natural processes in the universe. If this equipment performs as expected, then it will inevitably detect many signals originating from terrestrial technology. If these terrestrial signals are too numerous and/or strong, the equipment will effectively be blinded to the (presumably) weaker extraterrestrial signals being sought. It is very difficult to assess how much of a problem RFI will actually represent to future observations, without employing the equipment and beginning the search. In 1983 a very high resolution spectrometer was placed at the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories at Jodrell Bank, England. This equipment permitted an investigation of the interference environment at Jodrell Bank, at that epoch, and at frequencies within the 21 cm band. This band was chosen because it has long been "protected" by international agreement; no transmitters should have been operating at those frequencies. The data collected at Jodrell Bank were expected to serve as a "best case" interference scenario and provide the minimum design requirements for SETI equipment that must function in the real and noisy environment. This paper describes the data collection and analysis along with some preliminary conclusions concerning the nature of the interference environment at Jodrell Bank.     

单帧数字图像分辨率改善的频域正则化方法

现有多帧序列频域分辨率改善方法主要基于柯西-高斯先验模型，对单帧图像处理效果不理想。在分析频谱混叠公式的基础上，研究了单帧图像分辨率改善的频域方法。提出了基于柯西-高斯先验模型的正则化方法，由于柯西-高斯先验模型具有较好的信号稀疏表示能力，因此能有效地改善图像的分辨率。设计了迭代求解算法，给出了迭代初值的稳健算法，并将二维计算问题转化为一维计算问题，实现了方法的快速计算，同时大大地减少了存储量。文中给出了一维信号和遥感图像两个算例，计算结果表明，方法可以有效地改善图像的分辨率。     

铰接桁架结构动力学问题研究

以铰接桁架结构为对象,采用谱元法研究铰对桁架结构动力学行为的影响,拓展了谱元法的应用领域。在频域下将铰结构考虑为一个谱单元,分别建立铰、杆和梁单元的动力学刚度矩阵,并加以整合得到整体结构的动力学刚度阵,进而建立整体结构的动力学方程。通过求解整体结构的动力学方程,获得结构的固有频率、频响曲线和时间响应历程曲线,并将谱元法的计算结果同有限元法的相应结果进行了比较。分析结果表明,谱元法在求解铰接桁架结构的动力学问题上具有较高的精确性,并且铰的存在对桁架结构动力学行为具有显著影响。     

冲压发动机燃烧室压力脉动对进气道的影响分析

冲压发动机燃烧室燃烧时产生的振荡会以声波的形式对进气道结尾激波产生干扰。本研究采用数值方法模拟了不同燃烧室压力脉动频率和振幅对进气道工作状态的影响情况。计算模型为轴对称混压式进气道,控制方程采用雷诺平均N-S方程,湍流模型为标准k-ε模型。求解时时间推进采用二阶隐式格式,空间离散采用AUSM格式。计算结果表明,燃烧室压力振荡频率越大进气道结尾激波运动幅度越小,而振荡幅值越大进气道结尾激波的运动幅度越大。     

基于分频段加权的加速振动试验方法

振动环境工程研究现行采用的加速试验方法中,都只考虑了加速因子与频率无关这种情形,这不仅提高了试验设备的推力要求,也增加了位移指标要求。文章提出了一种分频段加权的加速振动试验方法,即通过对低频段加速因子的权重的优化设计,实现较小的位移指标要求,且疲劳损伤累积等效。给出了基于Dirlik方法和TB方法疲劳损伤等效的加速试验设计方法和工程实现流程。针对该方法开展了应用实例的计算,结果表明:在疲劳损伤等效的前提下,显著降低了振动台的位移,且推力基本维持不变。     

柔性接头频率特性的计算方法研究

为防止作动器驱动力矩载荷频率与柔性接头固有频率的共振，需确定柔性接头的频率特征。本文给出了柔性接头频率特征的计算公式，包括对固有频率，共振频率，稳态摆幅，共振摆幅以及摆动角速度和角加速度的分析，给出了设计算例，供柔性接头设计时参考。     

高超声速边界层转捩高速纹影显示

为建立适用于激波风洞边界层转捩测量的高速纹影显示技术，在Ma10条件下，采用高速纹影显示技术，研究了半锥角7°钝锥边界层中第二模态不稳定波的演变特性。试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所(HAI)的FD-14激波风洞上进行。试验来流单位雷诺数为4.9×10 6 m -1 、1.6×10 7m -1 ，模型攻角0°，头部钝度有0.2 mm、0.5 mm和2 mm三种。通过对纹影图像灰度进行功率谱密度(PSD)分析得到了第二模态不稳定波的波长，对不稳定波纹影图像进行互相关分析计算了不稳定波的传播速度。基于纹影显示结果计算的第二模态波主频与PCB压力传感器测量结果符合较好，证明了纹影测量的可靠性。     

一种应用三角内插技术的频率估计算法

Rife和Quinn等基于FFT的频率估计算法性能不够稳定,在部分频率点能获得满意的估计效果,但在其它频点估计性能恶化严重。本文将三角内插技术应用于频率估计,提出了一种新的基于FFT的频率估计算法,能够克服他们的缺点,非常适合于低信噪比条件下卫星通信信号的接收。该算法首先用FFT实现频率的粗估,再应用三角内插技术提高估计精度,最后对估计偏差进行修正,保证了估计的无偏性。仿真结果表明该算法能实现非常精确的频率估计,且估计性能不受信号频率的影响,在各频点上估计方差都非常接近克拉美劳界（CRB）,具有很低的工作门限。与时域估计算法相比,相同估计方差条件下该算法运算量低、易于实现。     

结构局部刚度变化对小卫星动特性影响

首先针对模块式小卫星动特性进行灵敏度理论分析，分析目标是寻找提高结构动特性的局部位置和参数。然后基于有限元法分析改变局部刚度对结构动特性的影响。小卫星结构动特性分析计算的主要问题是建立计算成本可控的有限元模型，本文详细讨论了小卫星有限元模型建模方法和简化途径，并通过7个算例考察改变模块底板局部刚度、改变适配器支撑刚度、模块问设置弹簧模拟阻尼器等对小卫星结构动特性的影响。灵敏度分析和计算表明，影响动特性的主要因素是模块盒底板刚度和星箭适配器的支撑刚度；增加模块局部刚度以及适配器支撑刚度可以屏蔽星体摆动和包带联结部位的某些频率，同时可以减缓部分中间模块的振幅；在部分模块间设置弹簧可以模拟阻尼器或减振器的效果。另一方面，降低适配器刚度可以增加隔振作用。因而优化模块刚度分布和支撑刚度分布是改进动力学性能的有效途径。本文分析为模块式小卫星动力学修改以及多功能结构设计和主动振动设计提供依据。     

频率偏置对Ka频段圆极化频率复用数传链路的影响

采用国际电信联盟(ITU)的星地链路计算模型,仿真分析Ka频段双圆极化频率复用(简称"圆极化复用")链路可用情况随2个正交射频通道载波中心频率偏置量变化的关系,得出特定链路可用率下频率偏置量与临界接收仰角的定量关系。在此基础上,为了综合衡量频谱利用情况,提出有效频带利用率指标,并依据此指标对地面站的利用方案进行尝试性设计,以达到优化利用频谱资源的效果。研究结果表明:中心频率偏置量与有效频带利用率是对立统一体。增大中心频率偏置量,在特定链路可用率下可增长数传弧段,进而改善链路可用情况,但无法获取最大有效频带利用率。当载波中心频率偏置量为零时,通过选择合适的链路可用率可实现最大有效频带利用率。文章采用的分析方法和提出的有效频带利用率指标,可推广到其他频段的星地数传链路分析中,为Ka频段星地数传系统设计提供参考。     

Monopropellant droplet decomposition for large activation energies

The quasi-steady decomposition of a monopropellant droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed, in the limit of large activation energy, for a gas phase decomposition reaction of the Arrhenius type.An analytical relation is obtained for the pre-exponential rate constant, or the Damköhler number, as a function of the droplet vaporization rate. The curve giving the vaporization rate in terms of the Damköhler number has, for low values of the temperature at infinity, an S shaped form which exhibits ignition-extinction characteristics.With increasing values of the droplet vaporization rate above the pure vaporization value we pass from a nearly frozen regime, under which ignition conditions occur due to the large temperature sensitivity of the reaction rate, to a complete decomposition regime, in which practically all the fuel is decomposed in a thin reactive-diffusion zone, separated from the droplet surface by a transport region of lower temperature. For sufficiently large Damköhler numbers, the thin reaction zone is located close to the droplet surface, so that the flame structure becomes planar: a linear relation between the droplet radius and time is obtained in this case. The non planar effects are responsible for the extinction of the flame at low Damköhler numbers and ambient temperatures below the adiabatic flame temperature. For sufficiently low values of the ambient temperature, an intermediate regime exists in which the enhancement of the vaporization rate is due only to the fraction of the vaporized fuel decomposed at a thin reaction zone, not far from the droplet, where the temperature reaches its maximum value; the remaining fuel is decomposed very far from the droplet.     

火箭发动机涡轮盘模态影响因素与振动安全性分析

涡轮盘结构模态特性及振动安全性是对其进行动力学设计的基础。首先,在模态试验的基础上,建立了准确的涡轮盘结构动力学模型;其次,开展多物理场作用下涡轮盘结构模态分析,研究轮盘工作时温度场、应力场及其耦合效应对模态特性的影响规律;最后,对轮盘振动安全性进行评价,给出其振动安全裕度。研究表明,离心力的旋转“刚化”作用使得模态频率升高,温度效应引起结构刚度减小使得频率降低,气动力引起结构“软化”使得频率下降;在力热综合作用下,对前6阶模态频率影响程度的大小顺序依次是转速、与温度相关的弹性模量、热应力及气动力,且气动力的影响可以忽略不计;力热载荷影响模态频率,但不影响模态振型;涡轮燃气激励起轮盘结构低阶节径模态行波耦合共振的可能性较小。     

Static-and-dynamic analysis of thin-walled structural members of space radio telescopes

Structural members of space radio telescopes made as large thin shells of revolution are analyzed. A twisting shell structure prestressed by inertia or surface-distributed forces (when in the unperturbed state) is used as the basis for the analysis. Loads due to solar wind, tides, control moments and nonuniform solar heating of the structure are considered as perturbations.A procedure for defining internal forces and moments and a varied structural geometry due to interaction of unperturbed and perturbed forces is given. The results of determining the frequencies of natural oscillations of the structure are also presented. Calculations are made on the basis of the obtained linearized equations reduced to quasi-univariate ones. A matrix factorization procedure allowing for constructing a stable-state numerical algorithm for solving the problem is employed.     

折叠太阳翼支承点分布优化分析

为了研究支承点分布对折叠太阳翼固有频率的影响,以典型两折叠太阳翼结构为研究对象,根据能量守恒原理和Rayleigh-Ritz理论推导出两折叠太阳翼的振动方程和频率方程。对折叠太阳翼固有特性及支承点分布对其固有特性的影响进行深入分析,并以基频最大为目标对其支承点的分布进行优化,获得最优支承位置。算例分析表明,在给定支承点分布情况下,理论计算结果与有限元分析结果具有较好的一致性。研究结果可为折叠太阳翼支承点分布的设计提供理论分析依据。     

Characteristics of high energy cosmic ray diurnal anisotropy on day-to-day basis

Diurnal variation of cosmic ray intensity for the period of 1989 to 2000 at Kiel, Haleakakla, Rome, Hermanus, Calgary, and Goose Bay neutron monitors has been studied. Frequency histograms are generated for each year by using the daily values of amplitudes and phases. In the present analysis we have derived the yearly mean amplitude and phase of the diurnal variation of cosmic ray intensity. It has been concluded from the analysis that the diurnal amplitude is mostly concentrated in between the amplitude values of 0.1% and 0.4%, whereas the phase of diurnal anisotropy is concentrated in the belt of 100 to 225 degrees. As such, the various characteristics of long-term diurnal variation of cosmic ray intensity for the maxima of solar activity cycle 22 to the next maxima of solar activity cycle 23 have been studied. The minimum amplitudes are apparent for the minimum solar activity periods starting from 1995 and up to 1997 at Kiel, Haleakakla, Rome, Hermanus, Calgary and Goose Bay stations. The diurnal amplitude has been found to have almost recovered to its values observed during 1989 to 1990. It is also seen that the diurnal amplitudes are much larger by a factor of two at high/middle latitude stations as compared to that for low latitude stations, where the amplitudes are even ～01% or less during 1996. The phase is significantly earlier during 1996 and 1997 with some significant change starting in 1995. As such, competitive is a continuous decreasing trend in the diurnal phase with smaller change at high/middle latitude and significantly much larger change at low latitudes.     

An Analysis of the Low-Frequency Component in Measurements of Angular Velocity and Microacceleration onboard the Foton-12 Satellite

We compare the results of two methods used to determine the angular velocity of the Foton-12 satellite and the low-frequency component of microaccelerations onboard it. The first method is based on reconstruction of the satellite's rotational motion using the data of onboard measurements of the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. The motion (time dependence of the orientation parameters and angular velocity) was found from the condition of best approximation of the measurement data by the functions calculated along the solutions to equations of attitude motion of the satellite. The solutions found were used to calculate the quasistatic component of microaccelerations at certain points of the satellite, in particular, at the point of location of an accelerometer of the QSAM system. Filtration of the low-frequency component of the angular velocity and microacceleration from the data of measurements by a sensor of angular velocity and by the accelerometer of this system served as a second method. The filtration was made using the discrete Fourier series. A spectral analysis of the functions representing the results of determining the angular velocity and microacceleration by both methods is performed. Comparing the frequencies and amplitudes of the harmonic component of these functions allowed us to estimate the accuracy of measurements made by the QSAM system in the low-frequency range.