飞行器无动力应急着陆域和着陆轨迹设计

针对飞行器动力故障迫降着陆问题,提出一种应急着陆域（ELR）和着陆轨迹设计方法。首先,提出了无动力应急着陆域的概念,即无动力条件下可实现成功着陆的着陆点范围,并分别应用最优控制方法和hp自适应伪谱法对着陆域进行设计和求解;采用理论分析与仿真验证相结合的方法分析应急着陆域的特点以及影响着陆域大小的主要因素,并据此得到求解应急着陆域的简单近似方法。然后,依据所求得的应急着陆域,选择合适位置作为预定着陆点,并应用最优控制方法设计对应的着陆轨迹。仿真结果表明：应急着陆域的建立、分析对快速选择预定着陆点具有重要参考价值;设计的应急着陆轨迹可引导无动力飞行器实现成功着陆。     

基于模糊推理的舰载机进舰过程安全性仿真分析

 舰载机进舰过程复杂,驾驶员对舰载机的控制是影响进舰安全的重要因素,驾驶员操作的偏差受到人员自身状态、环境状态以及设备(舰载机)状态的综合影响。以国外某型舰载机为例,提出了基于模糊推理的舰载机进舰过程安全性建模与仿真方法。考虑舰载机进舰过程中驾驶员控制的不确定性,分析了引起驾驶员不确定性的人-机-环因素,基于模糊推理建立不确定因素引起的驾驶员控制偏差模型,并在此基础上建立了舰载机进舰过程安全性仿真模型。通过仿真分析明确危险模式、危险程度以及危险发生的时刻点等关键因素的影响程度,为进一步保证舰载机进舰安全提供基础。     

基于CCD着陆相机的行星软着陆岩石检测与规避方法

 提出了一种基于CCD相机的行星软着陆岩石检测与规避方法。首先,利用多分辨率分析方法对着陆区图像进行快速处理,根据着陆区的光照特性检测出着陆区的岩石,针对着陆过程的时间需求,多灰度阈值分割方法被采用;其次,基于无监督聚类算法对着陆区的岩石进行识别并标记,构建着陆区岩石分布的拓扑图;再次,利用激光测距仪得到的高度信息和着陆相机的参数,计算着陆区岩石拓扑图的实际危险区域面积,从而根据着陆器的需求安全范围和探测任务需要,利用安全着陆点的螺旋式搜索方法选择具有冗余度的安全着陆点;最后,建立着陆器安全规避策略,制导控制着陆器进行安全着陆,通过对安装侧向发动机和利用万向节调节推力方向的主发动机两种情况的仿真,实验结果令人满意。     

A Performance Measure for Evaluating Aircraft Landing Trajectories

A general performance index is developed for evaluating aircraft landing trajectories. The primary term in the index is the effect of noise on people residing near the air terminal. Other terms included are passenger comfort, fuel consumed, and the time spent in the near-terminal area. Models are developed for aircraft engine noise, passenger comfort, the population distribution about a specific airport, and the aircraft flight behavior. While this performance index may be used in computing optimal trajectories, it is also useful for comparing nonoptimal trajectories which, for one reason or another, may be worthy of consideration. Some examples of such comparisons are included through simulations of landing. The aircraft considered is a Boeing 737.     

着陆小行星的视线测量自主光学相对导航算法及其可观性分析

 以软着陆小行星为工程应用背景,提出了基于视线(LOS)测量的自主光学相对导航算法,并对导航算法的可观性进行了比较深入的分析研究。首先,基于透视投影模型的共线方程,给出了导航测量方程和测量敏感矩阵;接着,通过多个视线矢量的测量,应用高斯最小二乘微分修正(GLSDC)和龙贝格-马尔塔(LM)算法对探测器的位置和姿态参数进行了估计。然后,通过对误差方差阵逆矩阵秩的分析,比较详尽地分析了不同数量视线观测条件下导航算法的可观度和可观性。最后,通过数学仿真对所提出的自主导航算法的可行性进行了验证。     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

Selection of the Mars Science Laboratory Landing Site

The selection of Gale crater as the Mars Science Laboratory landing site took over five years, involved broad participation of the science community via five open workshops, and narrowed an initial >50 sites (25 by 20?km) to four finalists (Eberswalde, Gale, Holden and Mawrth) based on science and safety. Engineering constraints important to the selection included: (1)?latitude (±30°) for thermal management of the rover and instruments, (2)?elevation (<?1?km) for sufficient atmosphere to slow the spacecraft, (3)?relief of <100–130?m at baselines of 1–1000?m for control authority and sufficient fuel during powered descent, (4)?slopes of <30° at baselines of 2–5?m for rover stability at touchdown, (5)?moderate rock abundance to avoid impacting the belly pan during touchdown, and (6)?a?radar-reflective, load-bearing, and trafficable surface that is safe for landing and roving and not dominated by fine-grained dust. Science criteria important for the selection include the ability to assess past habitable environments, which include diversity, context, and biosignature (including organics) preservation. Sites were evaluated in detail using targeted data from instruments on all active orbiters, and especially Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. All of the final four sites have layered sedimentary rocks with spectral evidence for phyllosilicates that clearly address the science objectives of the mission. Sophisticated entry, descent and landing simulations that include detailed information on all of the engineering constraints indicate all of the final four sites are safe for landing. Evaluation of the traversabilty of the landing sites and target “go to” areas outside of the ellipse using slope and material properties information indicates that all are trafficable and “go to” sites can be accessed within the lifetime of the mission. In the final selection, Gale crater was favored over Eberswalde based on its greater diversity and potential habitability.     

基于粘弹性杆的摇臂式起落架着陆响应分析

摇臂式起落架作为起落架的重要形式,对其进行着陆响应分析可为起落架缓冲性能评估提供理论依据和参考。应用粘弹性杆建立摇臂式起落架结构动力学简化模型,并采用MATLAB程序建立线性与非线性摇臂式起落架数值求解模型;应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA显式动力学求解技术进行起落架着陆响应分析;对比研究起落架上端节点的载荷历程曲线、位移历程曲线及输出功量曲线。结果表明:着陆过程中载荷曲线和位移曲线收敛过程较短,曲线较为平滑,说明着陆过程较为平缓;从功量曲线的吸能面积比率可知缓冲器的吸能效率较高。研究结果对起落架系统缓冲性能的初步分析以及机身连接处接头细节设计的载荷输入具有积极的参考价值。     

基于视觉引导的无人直升机着舰技术研究

以无人直升机为被控对象,根据实际着舰流程研究了视觉引导系统的软硬件架构。在硬件上通过在摄像头加装云台,避免了无人机因姿态改变造成视野中目标图像的丢失,提高了位姿解算的精度。提出一种以红外灯设计的合作目标图案为着舰目标的视觉引导着舰系统,能够在不同光线强度、复杂周边环境下成功识别合作目标,具有良好的抗噪能力。研究设计了一套图像处理与位姿解算的引导系统,通过实验验证姿态参数的误差在2°以内,位置参数的误差小于2cm,能够满足着舰的精度要求;每帧图像的处理速度在30ms左右,具有良好的实时性。     

大型客机起飞着陆过程噪声辐射特性对比分析

 基于准稳态假设和分布点声源模型,并采用最新发展的噪声源半经验参数预测公式,发展和完善了用于飞机飞行过程中噪声辐射预测的计算模型和方法。该计算方法能够预测飞机起飞、着陆过程中的适航噪声,并能够对飞机不同噪声源的噪声辐射特性（声级、频谱特性和指向性等）进行计算分析。以某大型客机为对象,对飞机进场着陆过程和起飞过程中飞机噪声源进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,飞机进场着陆和起飞过程中,不同噪声源对远场噪声级的影响有明显的差异,起飞过程中发动机风扇噪声源是最主要的噪声辐射源,而在进场着陆过程中飞机机体噪声（包括起落架和襟翼等）是重要的飞机噪声源。文中也给出了不同噪声源频谱特性和指向特性等。     

直升机旋翼自转着陆的安全性研究

旋翼自转是直升机一种特殊的飞行情况,在此情况下,旋翼失去发动机动力,只能利用其原有的旋转动能和直升机的势能保持稳定旋转。因此发动机停车后如何保证直升机自转着陆的安全性变得尤为重要,本文从理论上分析影响自转着陆安全性的几个因素,并就加强海军航空兵旋翼自转飞行训练的问题提出一些建议。     

四火箭助推无人机起飞与降落控制算法

固定翼无人机起降过程对场地要求高,这限制了其应用。为此,提出四火箭助推无人机实现短距离起降的方案,并对火箭助推无人机起降控制算法进行研究。设计火箭助推无人机起降过程的控制策略;建立无人机气动力、助推火箭作用力、发动机推力及控制律数学模型,构建无人机起降过程的动力学方程;设计一种基于PID 控制的控制算法,控制目标无人机在各种干扰环境下安全稳定地完成起降过程;利用MATLAB 软件编程进行仿真计算,并通过对比仿真结果与试飞结果,来验证该控制算法的有效性。结果表明：所设计的控制算法及控制律满足目标无人机起降过程的控制要求。     

A Pre-Landing Assessment of Regolith Properties at the InSight Landing Site

This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be \(\geq3\mbox{--}5~\mbox{m}\) thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission.     

无人机自动着陆中的机器视觉辅助技术

设计了一套辅助无人机自动着陆的机器视觉系统。该系统由机载硬件设备和用户开发软件共同组成,用以完成数字图像处理任务和无人机运动参数估计任务。系统传感器包括一个单目摄像机和机载惯性陀螺;数字图像处理使用的主要算法有图像的轮廓提取、角点检测和模版匹配。基于角点处各个方向上灰度差变化较大的特征,依据最小核值相似(SUSAN)算法和角点几何结构分析,提出一种改进的角点特征提取算法;根据任务开发的位置参数估计算法依据摄像机透视投影理论,运用摄像机成像标定方法导出了一种高精度的位置测量模型。通过计算机仿真表明,所提出的计算机视觉位置参数估计算法可以达到无人机着陆过程的精度要求。     

舰载机着舰侧向轨迹增量控制

针对舰载机着舰侧向控制难度较大的问题,借鉴美国海军的“魔毯”(MAGIC CARPET)着舰的先进理念,提出了 1种新的着舰控制方法,即侧向轨迹增量控制。首先,分别从理论上分析了侧向常规控制、侧向轨迹增量控制的控制结构和着舰性能;然后,对 HUD显示符号进行改进;最后,通过实时仿真,比较了这 2种方法的着舰控制效果。结果显示,着舰侧向轨迹增量控制具有 3个优点:1)简易,降低了飞行员的操纵频次和负担;2)直观,着舰侧向操纵更直观,侧向杆量与飞机侧偏修正速率成正比例,而且当横杆回中时飞机能自动跟踪跑道中心线的横向漂移;3)鲁棒,显著提高了对侧风和舰尾流的抑制能力,即使在飞行员不操纵的情况下,飞机也能迅速反应和抑制风干扰。因此,建议在着舰工程中采用侧向轨迹增量控制。     

星际着陆自主障碍检测与规避技术

 为了在具有科学价值的复杂地形区域实现安全着陆,未来的星际着陆器必须具备自主障碍检测与规避的能力。从星际着陆导航传感器技术、自主障碍检测方法和自主障碍规避技术3个方面出发,对星际着陆自主障碍检测与规避技术进行较全面的分析和总结。首先,对适用于星际着陆自主障碍检测的各种主动式和被动式传感器的工作原理、优缺点进行较深入的阐述;接着,基于不同传感器的测量信息,对各种自主障碍检测方法的障碍检测能力、优缺点进行较详细的对比分析;然后,基于多信息融合的自主障碍检测方法,对安全着陆点选择的原则进行阐述;最后,对星际着陆自主障碍规避流程和适用于星际着陆自主障碍规避的制导控制方法进行较系统的总结。     

无人直升机视觉着陆中的运动状态估计算法

对无人直升机(UH)视觉着陆中基于视觉图像处理的运动状态估计问题进行了研究。介绍了视觉着陆原理,分析了运动估计、特征图像处理与着陆控制间的关系,推导并建立了UH相对着陆平台位姿估计算法、线速度与角速度估计算法。相邻两帧图像对应特征点像点位置为位姿估计算法提供数据,一帧图像特征点像点位置及其对应像点平移速度为线速度与角速度估计算法提供数据。利用UH着陆控制仿真数据模拟UH着陆运动过程中像点位置及其对应平移速度的视觉图像处理结果。仿真验证了运动状态估计算法,结果表明所提出的运动状态估计算法能有效地利用视觉图像处理结果数据估计出UH的位置、姿态、线速度和角速度。     

飞机起飞与着陆过程中的最短滑跑距离

为了确定飞机地面滑行过程中的最短滑跑距离,本文通过优化的方式给出发动机的最佳安装角和飞机地面滑跑的最佳迎角,以及前起落架的最佳凸伸量;并通过算例给出了高度与地面滑跑距离之间的关系曲线,为飞机在高原机场的起降提供一定的参考;最后,综合全文给出4点结论。     

起落架摆振飞行试验实测数据分析

为了检验起落架系统的稳定性,国内首次在真实飞机上进行起落架摆振试验,通过在跑道上加装激励板,有效激起起落架摆振相关模态;采用模态单峰隔离结合最小二乘算法,通过模态参数识别进行试验数据分析;通过仿真数据验证该方法的正确性,并将其应用到某实测摆振试验数据分析。结果表明:飞行试验中起落架未发生摆振,本次试验中起落架是稳定的。     

Safety Analysis of Helicopter Autorotation Landing Execution on Conditions of Providing Skid Landing Gear Static Strength

The requirements for skid landing gear static strength ensuring are examined based on the comparative analysis of the Airworthiness Standards requirements. Probabilistic principle of determining the safety factor of the skid landing gear is presented. The analysis of the experimental data on bench and flight tests is performed for calculating the actual value of this factor.