MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of a scramjet at Mach 2.0

The ignition process and flame propagation with ethylene fuel in cavity-stabilized scramjet by a Multi-Channel Gliding Arc(MCGA) at Mach 2.0 were investigated. Effects of equivalence ratios on the MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of the scramjet were recorded by two high-speed cameras from different view angles. The discharge characteristics of MCGA are also collected synchronously with the high-speed cameras. The distributions of temperature, velocity, and equivalence ratios...     

Plasma Niobium Surface Alloying of Pure Titanium and its Oxidation at 900℃

A niobium-modified layer on pure titanium surface was obtained by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The modified layer was uniform, continuous, compact and well adhered to the substrate. The niobium composition in the modified layer decreased gradually from the surface to the substrate. The oxidation behavior of the niobium-modified layer was investigated and com- pared with the untreated surface at 900 ℃ for 100 h. Characterization of the layers was performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The test results show that the oxidation behavior of pure titanium was improved by niobium alloying process. Niobium has a positive influence on the oxidation resistance.     

Plasma Niobium Surface Alloying of Pure Titanium and its Oxidation at 900 ℃

A niobium-modified layer on pure titanium surface was obtained by means of double glow plasma surface alloying technique. The modified layer was uniform, continuous, compact and well adhered to the substrate. The niobium composition in the modified layer decreased gradually from the surface to the substrate. The oxidation behavior of the niobium-modified layer was investigated and compared with the untreated surface at 900 ℃ for 100 h. Characterization of the layers was performed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The test results show that the oxidation behavior of pure titanium was improved by niobium alloying process. Niobium has a positive influence on the oxidation resistance.     

Recent Observations of Plasma and Alfvénic Wave Energy Injection at the Base of the Fast Solar Wind

We take stock of recent observations that identify the episodic plasma heating and injection of Alfvénic energy at the base of fast solar wind (in coronal holes). The plasma heating is associated with the occurrence of chromospheric spicules that leave the lower solar atmosphere at speeds of order 100?km/s, the hotter coronal counterpart of the spicule emits radiation characteristic of root heating that rapidly reaches temperatures of the order of 1?MK. Furthermore, the same spicules and their coronal counterparts (“Propagating Coronal Disturbances”; PCD) exhibit large amplitude, high speed, Alfvénic (transverse) motion of sufficient energy content to accelerate the material to high speeds. We propose that these (disjointed) heating and accelerating components form a one-two punch to supply, and then accelerate, the fast solar wind. We consider some compositional constraints on this concept, extend the premise to the slow solar wind, and identify future avenues of exploration.     

Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c.F.Durst访华学术活动报道

应清华大学清洁煤燃烧国家重点实验室和丹迪测量技术有限公司的邀请，国际著名流体测量专家，相位多普勒技术（PDA）的奠基人，德国Erlangen大学流体力学研究所（LSTM）所长Prof．Dr．Dr．h．c．F．Durst在北京进行了为期两天的学术活动。来自国内各大学，研究机构的80多位流体测量专家，科研人员参加了1997年6月12日在访华大学举行的“流动测量技术的回顾和展望”研讨会。会上，F．Durst教授以生动的图示，深入浅出地概括了激光多普勒技术（LDA）和相让多普勒技术（PDA）的发展，并着重介绍了相位多普勒技术的最新发展－Dualmode…     

Light Rails at Kennedy Airport

The Port Authority in New Jersey, New York opened a new light rail on December 18, 2003 to link Kennedy Airport to New York city. The rail with an investment of US$1.5 billion runs along the airport's terminals, taxi stop, shuttle station and parking area to connect with the city's downtown rail network, subways, railways and coach stations.The light rail is convenient, safe, reliable and fast to free passengers of the worries about traffic jam and the pressure     

ATR.The people.The planes.The total service system.

Aces,Colombia/Air Atlantique,France/Air Botswa-na,Botswana/Air Calédonie,France/Air(?),Austria/Air Dolomiti,Italy/Air Gabon,Gabon/AirGreece,Greece/Air Sicilia,Italy/Air Guadeloupe,     

Voyager energetic particle observations at interplanetary shocks and upstream of planetary bow shocks: 1977–1990

The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft include instrumentation that makes comprehensive ion (E 28 keV) and electron (E 22 keV) measurements in several energy channels with good temporal, energy, and compositional resolution. Data collected over the past decade (1977–1988), including observations upstream and downstream of four planetary bow shocks (Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus) and numerous interplanetary shocks to 30 AU, are reviewed and analyzed in the context of the Fermi and shock drift acceleration (SDA) models. Principal findings upstream of planetary bow shocks include the simultaneous presence of ions and electrons, detection of tracer ions characteristic of the parent magnetosphere (O, S, O⁺), power-law energy spectra extending to 5 MeV, and large (up to 100:1) anisotropies. Results from interplanetary shocks include observation of acceleration to the highest energies ever seen in a shock ( 22 MeV for protons, 220 MeV for oxygen), the saturation in energy gain to 300 keV at quasi-parallel shocks, the observation of shock-accelerated relativistic electrons, and separation of high-energy (upstream) from low-energy (downstream) populations to within 1 particle gyroradius in a near-perpendicular shock. The overall results suggest that ions and electrons observed upstream of planetary bow shocks have their source inside the parent magnetosphere, with first order Fermi acceleration playing a secondary role at best. Further, that quasi-perpendicular interplanetary shocks accelerate ions and electrons most efficiently to high energies through the shock-drift process. These findings suggest that great care must be exercised in the application of concepts developed for heliosphere shocks to cosmic ray acceleration through shocks at supernova remnants.     

Nucleation of β/α Phases in Undercooled Ti-48( at％ )Al Peritectic Alloy

采用电磁悬浮熔炼的深过冷凝固技术实现了Ti-48( at％) Al合金的深过冷,获得的最大过冷度为295K.采用红外测温仪记录实验过程的温度变化数据,OM技术观察不同过冷度下凝固合金的显微组织,结合深过冷凝固过程中的再辉行为分析了该合金的非平衡凝固路径.运用负熵模型、经典形核理论及瞬态形核理论,研究了Ti-48( at％)Al包晶合金中初生相与次生相的形核与过冷度之间的关系.通过对该合金熔体的β(bcc)相和α(hcp)相的临界形核功、稳态形核率、形核孕育时间和瞬态形核率的计算,并结合实验结果对β,α两相的形核进行了综合分析.结果表明,在～10K/s的较低冷速情况下,在整个过冷度(≤295K)范围内B(bcc)相总能作为初生相首先形核.     

Quasi-static tensile behavior of large-diameter thin-walled Ti–6Al–4V tubes at elevated temperature

As promising light-weight and high-performance structure components, large-diameter thin-walled(LDTW) Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy(TC4) bent tubes are needed most urgently in many industries such as aviation and aerospace. Warm bending may be a feasible way for manufacturing these components. Understanding their temperature and strain rate dependent tensile behavior is the foundation for formability improvement and warm bending design. In this paper, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at elevated temperatures ranging from 298 K to 873 K at tensile velocities of 2, 10, 15 mm/min. The main results show that the tensile behavior of LDTW TC4 tubes is different from that of TC4 sheets. The typical elongation of TC4 tubes at room temperature is 10%lower than that of TC4 sheets. The flow stress of TC4 tubes decreases greatly by about 50% with the temperature rising to 873 K. At temperatures of 573–673 K, the hardening exponent is at its highest value, which means the deformation mechanism changes from twining to more dislocation movement by slipping. The fracture elongation of TC4 tubes fluctuates with increasing temperature,which is associated with changes in the deformation mechanism and with the blue brittleness. The fractography of TC4 tubes at various temperatures, especially at 673 K, shows that second phases and impurities significantly influence fracture elongation. By considering the characteristics of the tensile behavior and by properly choosing the die material, the warm bending for TC4 tubes can be achieved at temperatures of 723–823 K.     

Modelling the Attitude Noise of the Gaia Spacecraft. A Simplified Approach

A high-precision attitude determination and control of the forthcoming European Gaia satellite is an essential task for the success of the whole mission. The requirements for the spacecraft’s attitude require exceptional efforts in the simulation of the rotations of the satellite under the influence of continuous and randomly arising effects. This paper describes the structure of a physically-motivated noise model for simulating the attitude in a closed loop configuration. It deals with the analysis of the most important disturbing forces and torques acting on the Gaia spacecraft.     

Far ultraviolet imaging from the IMAGE spacecraft. 3. Spectral imaging of Lyman-α and OI 135.6 nm

Two FUV Spectral imaging instruments, the Spectrographic Imager (SI) and the Geocorona Photometer (GEO) provide IMAGE with simultaneous global maps of the hydrogen (121.8 nm) and oxygen 135.6 nm components of the terrestrial aurora and with observations of the three dimensional distribution of neutral hydrogen in the magnetosphere (121.6 nm). The SI is a novel instrument type, in which spectral separation and imaging functions are independent of each other. In this instrument, two-dimensional images are produced on two detectors, and the images are spectrally filtered by a spectrograph part of the instrument. One of the two detectors images the Doppler-shifted Lyman- while rejecting the geocoronal `cold Ly-, and another detector images the OI 135.6 nm emission. The spectrograph is an all-reflective Wadsworth configuration in which a grill arrangement is used to block most of the cold, un-Doppler-shifted geocoronal emission at 121.567 nm. The SI calibration established that the upper limit of transmission at cold geocoronal Ly- is less than 2%. The measured light collecting efficiency was 0.01 and 0.008 cm² at 121.8 and at 135.6 nm, respectively. This is consistent with the size of the input aperture, the optical transmission, and the photocathode efficiency. The expected sensitivity is 1.8×10^–2 and 1.3×10^–2 counts per Rayleigh per pixel for each 5 s viewing exposure per satellite revolution (120 s). The measured spatial resolution is better than the 128×128 pixel matrix over the 15°×15° field of view in both wavelength channels. The SI detectors are photon counting devices using the cross delay line principle. In each detector a triple stack microchannel plate (MCP) amplifies the photo-electronic charge which is then deposited on a specially configured anode array. The position of the photon event is measured by digitizing the time delay between the pulses detected at each end of the anode structures. This scheme is intrinsically faster than systems that use charge division and it has a further advantage that it saturates more gradually at high count rates. The geocoronal Ly- is measured by a three-channel photometer system (GEO) which is a separate instrument. Each photometer has a built in MgF₂ lens to restrict the field of view to one degree and a ceramic electron multiplier with a KBr photocathode. One of the tubes is pointing radially outward perpendicular to the axis of satellite rotation. The optic of the other two subtend 60° with the rotation axis. These instruments take data continuously at 3 samples per second and rely on the combination of satellite rotation and orbital motion to scan the hydrogen cloud surrounding the earth. The detective efficiencies (effective quantum efficiency including windows) of the three tubes at Ly- are between 6 and 10%.     

at％合金晶化动力学

ａｔ％非晶合金晶化动力学。在恒加热速率晶化曲线上,随升温率在１～４０Ｋ／ｍｉｎ范围变化,分别出现３～４个放热峰。利用Ｋｉｓｉｎｇｅｒ法,Ｏｚａｗａ法和Ａｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ法分别计算了晶化激活能,认为Ａｌ８３Ｙ１０Ｎｉ７非晶合金在Ａｌ－Ｙ－Ｎｉ系有较高的结构稳定性,晶化时第一个放热峰晶化相的等温晶化动力学在０. １５＜ｘ＜０. ８５范围内符合Ｊ－Ｍ－Ａ方程,Ａｖｒａｍｉ指数ｎ＝２. ５;引用阶段Ａｖｒａｍｉ指数和阶段激活能,研究了等温晶化过程中不同阶段的形核和长大行为。     

Decomposition of mean skin friction in incident shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flows at Mach 2.25

The evolution characteristics of the mean skin friction beneath the supersonic turbulent boundary layer that interacts with incident shock waves at Mach 2.25 are analyzed using Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The separated and attached boundary layers in the interaction region that respectively correspond to 33.2° and 28° incident shock angles are considered. The mean skin friction recovery rate for the separated boundary layer is much gentler and distinctly less than that for the attached cas...     

在B.C.钓螃蟹

<正>在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省(B.C.省)的内陆平原,一年四季都是捕蟹的好时节。从早到晚,你随时都可以去抓螃蟹,甚至还可以在天黑的时候或者半夜去。在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省(B.C.省)的内陆平原,一年四季都是捕蟹的好时