基于VLBI的上行组阵标校技术研究

天线组阵能否完全替代大口径天线有一个关键性难题,就是天线阵是否支持上行链路组阵。深空航天器无法将不同地面天线的上行信号对齐,所以上行链路信号的调整必须在地面完成。针对上行组阵发射机相位调整问题,提出一种基于VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)技术的接收模式天线上行组阵标校方案,并对标校精度进行了简要分析。将上行链路时延分解为几何时延和发射系统时延,建立了几何时延模型,通过标定接收时延和发射时延,便可以得到天线阵元间的相位标校值。理论分析结果表明,该方案具有一定的可行性,对上行组阵相位标校的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法

 针对单基地相关多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达中存在的阵列幅相误差问题进行了研究。给出了单基地相关MIMO雷达的阵列模型,并提出了一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法。利用发射正交信号对阵列接收信号进行匹配滤波,可分离得到类似传统阵列的"虚拟阵列",利用分时信源数据将该阵列中真实导向矢量中信源波达方向(DOA)引起的相位与幅相误差分离开,通过构造代价函数得到波达方向估计值,进而分别得到发射阵与接收阵的幅相误差的估计值,同时给出了误差引入量分析。最后通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。本文介绍的方法简单可行,适用于任意构型MIMO雷达的幅相误差估计。     

Acoustic node calibration using a moving source

Acoustic nodes, each containing an array of microphones, can track targets in x-y space from their received acoustic signals, if the node positions and orientations are known exactly. However, it is not always possible to deploy the nodes precisely, so a calibration phase is needed to estimate the position and the orientation of each node before doing any tracking or localization. An acoustic node can be calibrated from sources of opportunity such as beacons or a moving source. We derive and compare several calibration methods for the case where the node can hear a moving source whose position can be reported back to the node. Since calibration from a moving source is, in effect, the dual of a tracking problem; methods derived for acoustic target trackers are used to obtain robust and high resolution acoustic calibration processes. For example, two direction-of-arrival-based calibration methods can be formulated based on combining angle estimates, geometry, and the motion dynamics of the moving source. In addition, a maximum likelihood (ML) solution is presented using a narrowband acoustic observation model, along with a Newton-based search algorithm that speeds up the calculation the likelihood surface. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the node position estimates is also derived to show that the effect of position errors for the moving source on the estimated node position is much less severe than the variance in angle estimates from the microphone array. The performance of the calibration algorithms is demonstrated on synthetic and field data.     

Doppler and direction-of-arrival (DDOA) radar for multiple-mover sensing

A low-cost two-element receiving array concept is investigated for detecting multiple moving targets in indoor surveillance applications. Conventional direction-of-arrival (DOA) detection requires the use of an antenna array with multiple elements. Here we investigate the use of only two elements in the receiver array. The concept entails resolving the Doppler frequencies of the returned signals from the moving targets, and then measuring the phase difference at each Doppler frequency component to calculate the DOA of the targets. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the concept and to asses the DOA errors for multiple movers. An experimental system is designed and constructed to test the concept. The system consists of a two-element receiver array operating at 2.4 GHz. Measurement results of human subjects in indoor environments are presented, including through-wall scenarios.     

星载DBF接收天线误差校正算法

 提出了一种改进的基于子空间的星载数字波束形成（DBF）接收天线的误差校正方法。根据阵列互耦效应主要取决于阵元间的几何距离这一特点,利用阵元空间排布的对称性简化了天线的互耦模型,将天线的互耦效应及射频(RF)通道失配统一为通道间的幅相不一致。通过在基带注入特定的阵内相位差降低了子空间算法的计算复杂度。在建立7单元正六边形平面阵仿真模型的基础上,分析不同信噪比(SNR)环境下校正算法的性能,经比较得出可以通过提高发射信号功率改善误差估计的精度,验证了算法的有效性。仿真分析结果表明该算法在卫星通信系统中有一定的工程应用价值。     

Localization performance of arrays subject to phase errors

The passive localisation of radiating sources using an array subject to random perturbations in sensor phases is presented. All source signals as well as additive noises observed at the sensors are assumed to be independent identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian random processes. Cramer-Rao bounds are derived for source bearings and ranges for the phase errors at each sensor. It is shown that accurate phase calibration can be achieved when the number of sources exceeds a certain minimum. The locations of the calibrating sources need not be known a priori and need only satisfy mild regularity conditions. A calibration procedure is proposed which uses maximum-likelihood techniques     

Sensitivity analysis of the maximum likelihood direction-findingalgorithm

A first-order analysis is performed of the sensitivity of the maximum likelihood (ML) direction-finding algorithm to system errors which cause differences between the array manifold used by the algorithm and the true array manifold. The effect of such errors on the directions-of-arrival (DOA) estimates is investigated. The ability of the ML algorithm to resolve two closely spaced sources in the presence of phase and gain errors in the array elements or in the receivers, or errors in the element locations, is analyzed. A formula for computing the failure threshold of the algorithm as a function of source separation and other system parameters is derived and tested by simulation. The analysis assumes that the exact covariance matrix of array element outputs is known     

深空探测多天线组阵的增益损失研究

为定量分析上行天线组阵增益损失的影响因素,提出一种通过建立数学模型分析合成损耗的估计方法.首先基于天线原理和电磁波传输理论建立了天线组阵上行链路信号的数学模型,以统计学理论对数学模型进行分析,得到了影响上行链路信号的若干因素.通过分析得出,深空探测信号在远距离传输中因大气相位扰动引起的误差是造成天线组阵增益损失的最主要因素.再通过对大气相位扰动误差的进一步分析,构建S频段和X频段下大气相位扰动的空间自相关模型和时间自相关模型,得到组阵基线长度和工作仰角同合成损耗的关系.经过对各误差源的分析可知,在目前的技术水平下,能够满足上行天线组阵工程应用的精度要求.     

与空时二维自适应滤波兼容的单脉冲测角新方法

针对机载相控阵雷达系统提出了一种空时二维自适应单脉冲测角方法 ,当存在阵元和通道幅相误差时它仍具有较高的测角精度。还给出了一种稳健的自适应和、差波束增益归一化方法 ,并讨论了所提方法的简化兼容实现方案。最后给出了基于高保真雷达杂波模拟数据的仿真实验结果     

Optical Calibration of Geostationary Satellite Tracking Systems

A precise calibration method for range and angle observation has been developed for eliminating the systematic error of tracking systems, thus improving the accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellites. The principle of calibration is based on an orbit determination employing a point of optical angle observation in addition to radio tracking observation, in which we estimate observation bias parameters simultaneously with orbital elements, including the effects of geodetic mismodelings. As shown by an actual calibration experiment in our ground station, orbit determinations is sufficiently accurate that the error of predicting satellite range falls within a few meters at four days after the day of orbit determination.     

Adaptive Radar Beacon Forming

Propagation errors along paths between an array radar and a distribution of targets cause degradations in angle measurements and detection range. The overall objective of the research described in this paper was to analyze and demonstrate the use of conjugate reflections for compensating adverse effects of path errors. The effect of reflecting the conjugate of an incident wave is described mathematically and is demonstrated by computer simulation. Repeated conjugate reflections are shown to result in the formation of a single beam usually focussed on a target highlight. Echoes from this spatial reference, or "beacon" are shown to provide the means by which aperture phase errors may be effectively compensated. Results of radar simulations include two-way patterns computed for an example involving a distribution of three-point targets and half-wave-length Gaussian aperture errors. Without compensation a gain loss of 12 dB is computed; with error correction, based on echoes from an adaptively focussed beam, the two-way pattern is within a small fraction of a dB of the ideal pattern. The effect of noise on adaptive beacon forming was considered for a case involving one target. Repeated conjugate reflections improve signal-to-noise ratio as long as the effect of noise is less than the effect of aperture dephasing on the power reflected back to the target. An example is presented in which signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver combining network is increased from 4 to 11.8 dB.     

ATS-6 Interferometer

The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) RF interferometer is utilized primarily as a precision 3-axis attitude sensor having an unambiguous field of view of 350°. This function requires two separated ground transmitters, each using one of the two available frequency channels or sharing a single channel by time multiplexing. For 3-axis control, one uplink transmitter can provide 2-axis attitude (pitch and roll) with other sensors (e.g., a Polaris tracker) providing yaw attitude. By utilizing two uplink transmitters and the Earth sensor or three time multiplexed uplink transmitters, the interferometer can also provide measurements of ATS-6 spacecraft orbit position. Uplink frequencies are 6.150 and 6.155 GHz. The receiving antennas are spaced at 19.95 wavelengths (?) for the vernier baseline and 1.66 ? for the coarse baseline. Spacecraft system weight is 8.39 kg (18.5 lb) and power requirement is 15.5 W. Flight evaluation results are given for the interferometer including R F link budgets, modulation of uplink carrier, signal-to-noise ratio, and dropout behavior. A hardware calibration model is described, containing major biases in the phase measurements. Techniques for flight calibration as both an attitude and spacecraft position sensor are outlined . Flight testing has shown that on-line calibration of receiver/converter biases must be performed on a short term routine basis. Interferometer resolution was found to be 0.00140 space angle with negligible noise (jitter) at transmitted power levels above 72 dBW. As an attitude sensor, the interferometer has demonstrated the ability to provide stabilization to better than 0.     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

一种宽带阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法

宽带数字阵列雷达接收通道中存在随频率变化的幅相误差和互耦误差,会严重影响雷达性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种宽带数字阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法。首先选取通带内多个离散频点,对于每个频点,将幅相误差和互耦误差作为一个整体,采用基于子空间原理的窄带校正算法估计其阵列失真参数,并计算校正矩阵;然后将其组合起来,构成频域离散校正矩阵;最后基于最小二乘准则,设计了宽带有限长脉冲响应(FIR)校正滤波器矩阵。利用该矩阵,可实现通带范围内任意带宽入射信号的校正。计算机仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。对实测数据的处理结果表明该算法在宽带数字阵列雷达系统中具有实用价值。     

卫星热控涂层地面模拟试验与在轨验证比对分析

卫星在轨运行期间,热控涂层要经受空间复杂环境效应的影响,其光学和热控性能逐渐下降,影响卫星可靠性和寿命。本文利用卫星搭载技术,完成热控涂层5年的在轨试验,验证空间多因素环境对热控涂层的影响。同时,利用地面模拟试验装置,模拟空间质子、电子、紫外等5年的辐照剂量对热控涂层的作用。对在轨试验结果进行解读和分析,并与地面模拟试验结果进行比对。结果显示,在搭载试验和地面试验前,热控涂层太阳吸收比（α_s）为0.12,经5年在轨搭载试验后,α_s退化为0.23。经地面模拟试验后,α_s退化为0.22。搭载试验和地面试验的热控涂层性能均呈现线性退化规律,表明在确定的轨道环境和固定的剂量率条件下,热控涂层的退化与环境作用时间正相关,同时验证了地面试验的有效性。     

Small Ku-band phased array antenna system

A four-element phased array antenna prototype with varactor tuning has been constructed. The design employs aperture-fed quarter-wave patch elements and loaded-line phase shifters, having a phase adjustment range of about 50/spl deg/, which enables beam steering up to 13/spl deg/ from the array boresight. The system is suitable as a building block for larger arrays and shows as such a maximum gain of 7.7 dBi and an impedance bandwidth of 1 GHz. The sidelobe level is better than -13 dB. Problems encountered include parasitic resonances which disturb matching, and partially deteriorate the radiation pattern. Additionally, mechanical manufacturing tolerances of the microstrip boards were not always adequate, whereby a 6% shift in the center frequency, some impedance errors, and phasing inaccuracies were observed.     

圆柱共形缝隙阵列的相位补偿方法研究

对圆柱共形缝隙阵列的相位补偿方法进行了研究。首先根据对偶原理,给出了任意方向放置的缝隙单元的远场计算公式。然后根据叠加原理推导出圆柱共形缝隙阵列的远区场计算公式,并通过相位补偿方法使共形阵列的电磁特性接近于平面阵列。最后对9×9圆柱共形缝隙阵列、其对应的平面阵列以及相位补偿后阵列的远区场实际算例进行验证分析。结果表明,通过相位补偿可以对共形阵列的电磁特性进行改善。     

卫星轨道误差的相关性

卫星的轨道误差是卫星测控中需加以约定的重要指标之一,其常用的表示方法主要有Kepler轨道根数形式和RTN投影形式。本文推导了RTN形式的卫星位置、速度误差与Kepler根数误差间的关系,给出了近圆轨道中RTN形式位置、速度误差间的定量关系,分析了RTN形式位置误差约束下Kepler根数误差的相关性,并分别给出了验证算例。该结果可用于分析确定卫星轨道误差指标,使其彼此匹配。     

Linear filtering approaches for phase calibration of airborne arrays

Phase calibration of a large fluctuating millimeter-wave airborne antenna array is considered. The technique exploits properties of the correlation of the measured voltages arising from clutter returns at adjacent or nearby element pairs. The proposed calibration algorithm trades smoothing of the observations to reduce random errors with the ability to track the time-varying calibration phase. Algorithm performance is considered for an arbitrary linear filter, which generalizes previous work on analogous pulse-pair problems, and the results are used to choose optimal filter parameters. Numerical results are provided for a field experiment employing a 32-element Ku-band antenna array     

Analysis and design optimization of monopulse receivers forsecondary surveillance radar

The sensitivity to calibration and component errors of the receiver configurations used for monopulse processing of secondary surveillance radar (SSR) replies is analyzed. The effects of video gain error in amplitude processors and large Gaussian perturbations in phase processors are discussed. Phase processors are shown to be robust to variations in antenna difference pattern null depth. A half-angle phase processor that yields the benefits of phase processing without the sensitivity to system errors associated with conventional implementations is described