海南地区电离层Es特性研究

利用中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心海南电离层观测站DPS-4电离层测高仪2002年3月至2005年2月的观测数据,对太阳活动下降期间海南地区上空发生的偶发E层(Es)的逐年变化和季节变化进行了统计分析.主要结果表明,在这3年中海南地区Es事件出现次数逐年增加;Esr,Esq出现最频繁,其次是Esr,而Esc和Esf出现次数较少,出现次数最少的是Esh;Es事件在夏季出现最为频繁,秋季和冬季次之,春季最为稀少;各季节不同类型Es事件的出现率也不同,其中Esl和Esq一般在各季节占主导地位,Esr其次,Esc,Esf和Esh出现次数较少,尤其是Esf在秋季几乎没有出现.这些结果对于进一步研究Es产生的物理机制提供了探测基础,同时对于电离层空间天气预报模型的建立也具有重要的意义.      

重庆与兰州电离层Es出现率的比较研究

对重庆(29.5,106.6)与兰州(36,103.9)f₀E_s>5MHz的Es出现率和E层临界频率f₀E进行了详细对比研究.结果表明:(1)此两地Es出现率的变化特征显著.白天重庆高于兰州;晚上则正相反.(2)出现率的这种变化与Es环境电离密度的变化趋势十分一致.(3)上述特征的形成,除了此两地纬度上的差异外,与兰州地处地磁S_q电流系的焦点很有关系.      

东亚地区电离层Es出现率峰值的时空演变

通过对东亚地区20多个台的电离层垂测资料,进行逐年、逐月与逐台的比较研究,发现Es出现率峰(Es出现率最大处)具有时空演变.冬季的白天,峰位于低纬;夏季的白天,峰的位置随太阳活动的不同而变动;春秋两季的峰不明显,隐约可见其振荡在类似于海口与国分寺的纬度之间;夜晚,兰州、新乡与国分寺,几乎既是夜晚各季节的主峰所在,又是白天冬夏季节的亚峰地点.可见Es出现率峰,有着十分规则的变化,这一点与以往结论有别.      

A comparative sporadic-E layer study between two mid-latitude ionospheric stations

Hourly systematic measurements of the highest frequency reflected by the sporadic-E layer (foEs) recorded from January 1976 to June 2009 at the ionospheric stations of Rome (Italy, 41.8°N, 12.5°E) and Gibilmanna (Italy, 37.9°N, 14.0°E) were considered to carry out a comparative study between the sporadic E layer (Es) over Rome and Gibilmanna. Different statistical analysis were performed taking into account foEs observations near the periods of minimum and maximum solar activity. The results reveal that: (1) independently from the solar activity, Es develops concurrently over extended regions in space, instead of being a spatially limited layer which is transported horizontally by neutral winds over a larger area; especially during summer months, when an Es layer is present at Rome, there is a high probability that an Es layer is also present over Gibilmanna, and vice versa; (2) Es layer lifetimes of 1–5 h were found; in particular, Es layers with lifetimes of 5 h both over Gibilmanna and Rome are observed with highest percentages of occurrence in summer ranging between 80% and 90%, independently from the solar activity; (3) latitudinal effects on Es layer occurrence emerge mostly for low solar activity during winter, equinoctial, and summer months, when Es layers are detected more frequently over Gibilmanna rather than Rome; (4) when the presence of an Es layer over Rome and Gibilmanna is not simultaneous, Es layer appearance both over Rome and Gibilmanna confirms to be a locally confined event, because drifting phenomena from Rome to Gibilmanna or vice versa have not been emphasized.     

基于FY-3C掩星数据偶发E层的研究

利用FY-3C极轨卫星提供的2014年6月至2015年5月的GPS无线电掩星数据,统计分析了全球范围内抽样频率为50 Hz的C/A码SNR扰动情况,进而对偶发E层进行了研究.结果表明:偶发E层在夏季半球中纬地区的扰动强度远远大于冬季半球同一纬度地区的扰动强度,偶发E层在纬度40°附近扰动明显增强;在E层100 km高度附近,Es层在10:00 LT和22:00 LT达到峰值;Es层在夏季半球的出现率明显高于冬季半球;FY-3C卫星的掩星观测结果与COSMIC系统的观测结果较一致,可以利用FY-3C卫星的掩星数据研究电离层偶发E层等的变化.      

东亚地区Es特性研究

Es是发生在电离层E层高度上的偶发不规则结构,其电子密度最高可达E层背景电子密度的100倍以上. 远东地区是全球Es的高发区,其相关研究具有独特性和典型性,该地区Es形态学特性的深入研究对于探索Es成因及揭示其本质具有重要意义. 本文利用中国电离层垂测网50余年的垂测数据,结合日本垂测网数据对东亚地区Es的强度特性、空间分布特性、日变化、季节变化以及长期变化趋势进行了深入分析,得到一些有意义的结论.      

中国典型区域Es特性研究

利用中国海口、长春和拉萨三个站1976-1986年一个太阳周的观测数据, 对中国典型区域的Es特性进行了研究. 分析了不同强度Es (f₀E_s > 3, 5, 7, 9MHz)出现概率随本地时、季节以及太阳活动的变化规律, 并对电离层Es遮蔽情况(包括全遮蔽和半遮蔽)进行了系统分析. 研究结果表明, 各种强度的Es出现概率均是白天大于夜间, 夏季高于其他季节, 随太阳活动性变化规律不明显, 地区差异较大, 大部分情况拉萨站Es出现概率最高; 对于全遮蔽和半遮蔽特性, 不同站也表现出不同的分布规律.      

频高图Es层回波的自动识别

提出了一种基于决策树算法的自动识别Es层回波的方法以提高Es识别效率.通过自适应二值化以及中值滤波算法对频高图进行预处理，并提取有效的Es回波区域.利用Es层在虚高轴分布的规律，通过图像投影的方法选择出特征，将这些特征以及时间信息作为决策树算法的输入；通过人工识别方式为每幅频高图标明是否存在Es回波的标签，与决策树算法的输出进行比较.对训练集进行训练、剪枝，获取最接近人工识别结果的决策树，使用测试集对获取的决策树进行测试验证.本文使用云南普洱站（22.7°N，101.5°E）记录的频高图数据作为训练集，分别使用云南普洱站（22.7°N，101.5°E）和四川乐山站（29.5°N，103.7°E）的频高图数据作为测试集对该方法进行测试验证，结果表明该方法对普洱站和乐山站两地Es二跳回波的识别均具有较高的准确率，分别达到84.2%和82.8%.      

海口上空中高层大气强烈的突发钠层观测

海南激光雷达站（20°N,110°E）2011年11月2日观测到强烈的突发钠层（SSL）.该SSL峰值密度达37087cm-3,半峰全宽仅为0.9km.对该SSL发生前后的钠层峰值密度和高度特性进行分析.统计激光雷达2010年5月至2013年12月共计377天观测到的SSL事件222次,其中仅有1次SSL峰值密度超过30000cm-3.对比距离最近的海南儋州（19.5°N,109.1°E）测高仪和VHF雷达观测到的突发E层（Es）事件,分析事件的相关性.Es最低高度与SSL峰值高度差均在5km以内,约有75%的Es与SSL时间差在±30min之内.实验中使用continuum的Nd:YAG激光器和泵浦染料激光器产生589nm激光,能量为45mJ,使用直径为1000mm的望远镜接收钠层的光子回波.      

大气潮汐风场诱导中纬突发E层的观测证据及理论模拟分析

统计分析了中纬突发E层的测高仪数据,给出了潮汐风场诱导Es层的观测证据,证实了大气潮汐风场和突发E层的强烈相关性.另外,依据风剪切理论,从连续性方程出发,并结合运动方程,运用特征线方法求解,模拟了Es层在潮汐风场作用下的形成.模拟结果证实了风剪切理论的合理性及潮汐风场导致突发E层形成的可能性.      

电离层Es对HF和VHF传播信号的影响

Es层是存在于电离层中的电子密度非常高的偶发E层（Sporadic E）,其电子密度可达常规E层的100倍.电离层Es能够反射原本穿透F层的VHF低频段（30~150MHz）无线电波,而且对HF高频段（10~30MHz）无线电波传播具有显著影响.运用垂测和斜测观测数据,研究HF频段Es层电波传播特征,得到了不同类型及不同高度Es层的衰减系数.根据f₀E_s的日变化规律,可得HF频段衰减系数的日变化规律,进而分析并得到Es层对短波传播的影响.不存在电离层Es时,通常无法通过电离层实现VHF超远距离通信.为了对VHF链路通过电离层Es的传播衰减进行定量分析,根据EBU多条链路的观测结果,拟合并建立了电离层Es衰减模型.将该模型、ITU模型和观测数据进行对比,发现本文建立的模型准确度更高.利用建立的模型,对电离层Es不同临频f₀E_s条件下接收信号场强和电压随传播距离的变化进行了计算,结果可为VHF链路设计及建立提供参考.      

Observations of ionospheric irregularities and its correspondence with sporadic e occurrence over South Korea and Japan

This study analyzed the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities over South Korea and Japan (mid-latitudes) during the years 2010–2015. The irregularities were quantified using the rate of change of total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI), which detects irregularities with scale sizes in the range of 400 m–2.5 km. The ROTI threshold for an ionospheric irregularity to have occurred was set as 0.1 TECU/min. Results showed that ionospheric irregularities mostly occur during night-time and around local noon-time in the seasons of spring and summer. In addition, the percentage of ionospheric irregularities had a high positive correlation with solar flux (F10.7) (r > 0.72). For the first time, we showed good correspondence between ionospheric irregularities measured by the ROTI index and sporadic E (Es). The median ROTI associated with ionospheric irregularities over a South Korea station (DAEJ) and a Japan station (KGNI) were 0.131 and 0.125 TECU/min, respectively. However, in severe cases of ionospheric irregularities, the ROTI values over DAEJ (KGNI) can reach 0.246 (0.217) and 0.314 (0.339) TECU/min during day and night, respectively. These critical ROTI values can be important in interpreting and monitoring ionospheric irregularity occurrence over South Korea and Japan.     

Daytime VHF amplitude scintillations recorded at an Indian low-latitude station,Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E) during 1997–2003

In this research, it is presented the daytime amplitude scintillations recorded at VHF frequency (244 MHz) at an Indian low-latitude station, Waltair (17.7°N, 83.3°E) during seven continuous years (1997–2003). Contrary to the nighttime scintillation seasonal trends, the occurrence of daytime scintillations maximizes during summer followed by winter and the equinox seasons. The fade depths, scintillation indices and the patch durations of daytime scintillations are meager when compared with their nighttime counterparts. A co-located digital high frequency (HF) ionosonde radar confirms the presence of sporadic (Es) layers when daytime scintillations are observed. The presence of daytime scintillations is evident when the critical frequency of the Es-layer (foEs) is ≥4 MHz and Es-layers are characterized by a highly diffuse range spread Es echoes as can be seen on ionograms. It is surmised that the gradient drift instability (GDI) seems to be the possible mechanism for the generation of these daytime scintillations. It is quite likely that the spread Es-F-layer coupling is done through polarization electric fields (Ep) that develop inside the destabilized patches of sporadic E layers, which are mapped up to the F region along the field lines as to initiate the daytime scintillations through the GDI mechanism. Further, the presence of additional stratification of ionosphere F-layer, popularly known as the F3-layer, is observed on ionograms once the Es-layers and daytime scintillations are ceased.     

太阳和地磁活动对高中低纬度站点Es层的影响

关于地磁和太阳活动对Es层形成的影响,已有研究所得结论不同甚至相互矛盾.为研究太阳和地磁活动对Es层的影响,对4个太阳活动周期（1970-2010年）高中低纬度站点每小时Es层的参数进行了分析.结果表明太阳和地磁活动对Es层形成确实具有影响,而且不同纬度Es层与太阳和地磁活动的相关系数也不相同.同时对Es层各参数对于太阳和地磁活动不同反应的原因进行了解释.      

低纬(海南)地区电离层偶发E层的潮汐类周期研究

基于低纬(海南)台站(19.5°N,109.1°E)电离层测高仪在2004年观测到的偶发E层(Es)临界频率(f₀E_s)和虚高(h'E_s)数据,利用谱分析方法,给出了中国低纬地区Es层在全年和不同季节内的短周期变化特性.对全年数据谱分析表明,Es层除具有非常强的24h周期外,还具有显著的12h和8h周期.对不同季节内两个参数的谱分析进一步表明,8h周期主要出现在f₀E_s参数的春秋分季和夏末及在h'E_s参数的几乎所有季节;6h周期主要出现在f₀E_s参数的11-12月.海南低纬Es层中具有显著的6h和8h周期特性,特别是这两个周期还能同时出现在冬季,这是以往研究中不曾发现的新结果.初步分析认为,Es层的6h和8h周期极可能是分别由1/4日和1/3日潮汐所造成的.      

新乡上空Es层不均匀体的闪烁特性

本文介绍新乡1989和1990年夏季ES层不均匀体引起的ETS-II卫星136MHz信号幅度闪烁的观测结果。揭示了闪烁出现与f₀E_s的关系、闪烁强度和持续时间的概率分布、准周期性闪烁特点以及闪烁谱特征。导出了ES层不均匀体的尺度和漂移速度等物理特性。      

An attempt to study long-term variation of sporadic E layers using neural networks

Strong positive correlation between sporadic E layers and the solar activity and the long-term declining trend of Es were found in this paper. Then the feed-forward back propagation neural networks (NNs) were used to simulate the long-term variation of Es at four stations and predict foEs yearly average values. The inputs used for NNs are the yearly mean values of foEs in the daytime of the past ten years and the yearly averaged data of solar 10.7 cm radio flux (F107) of the present year, and the output is the present yearly mean value of daytime foEs. The outputs of trained NNs have high correlation with the desired values and the foEs yearly mean values predicted by NNs have good agreement with the observed data. The results indicate that NNs can make full use of the observed data to simulate the long variation rule of Es. Also, the results confirm the effect of solar activity on Es.     

L-band nighttime scintillations at the northern edge of the EIA along 95°E during the ascending half of the solar cycle 24

The characteristics of nighttime ionospheric scintillations measured at the L-band frequency of 1.575 GHz over Dibrugarh (27.5°N, 95°E, MLAT ～ 17°N, 43° dip) during the ascending half of the solar cycle 24 from 2010 to 2014 have been investigated and the results are presented in this paper. The measurement location is within or outside the zone of influence of the equatorial ionization anomaly depending on solar and geomagnetic activity. Maximum scintillation is observed in the equinoxes irrespective of solar activity with clear asymmetry between March and September. The occurrence frequency in the solstices shifts from minimum in the June solstice in low solar activity to a minimum in the December solstice in high solar activity years. A significant positive correlation of occurrence of scintillations in the June solstice with solar activity has been observed. However, earlier reports from the Indian zone (～75°E) indicate negative or no correlation of scintillation in June solstice with solar activity. Scintillations activity/occurrence in solstices indicates a clear positive correlation with Es recorded simultaneously by a collocated Ionosonde. In equinoxes, maximum scintillations occur in the pre-midnight hours while in solstices the occurrence frequency peaks just after sunset. The incidence of strong scintillations (S₄ ≥ 0.4) increases with increase in solar activity. Strong (S₄ ≥ 0.4) ionospheric scintillations accompanied by TEC depletions in the pre-midnight period is attributed to equatorial irregularities whereas the dusk period scintillations are related to the sporadic-E activity. Present results thus indicate that the current location at the northern edge of the EIA behaves as low as well as mid-latitude location.     

Statistical seismo-ionospheric precursors of M7.0+ earthquakes in Circum-Pacific seismic belt by GPS TEC measurements

The Circum-Pacific seismic belt is the region heavily affected by earthquakes in the world. The relationship between earthquake (e.g., the geographic location, occurrence time, magnitude, and focal depth) and ionospheric anomalies in the belt was investigated using 100 M7.0+ earthquakes during 2006–2015. The ground-based GPS measurements and global ionosphere map (GIM) data were used for the analyses of the ionospheric variations preceding the earthquakes. The results indicated that the occurrence rate of total electron content (TEC) anomalies was proportional to the magnitude and inversely proportional to the focal depth to a certain degree, and the occurrence frequency of anomalies had a rising trend with the days getting close to the main shock. The occurrence rate of TEC anomalies in the Southern hemisphere was larger than that in the Northern hemisphere. Besides, the spatial characteristics of TEC anomalies showed that the anomalies in low-middle latitudes did not coincide with the epicenter, sometimes the anomalies were also observed in the corresponding conjugated region. However, the TEC anomalies in the high latitude usually appeared around the epicenter and within the seismogenic zone while no TEC anomalies appeared in the conjugated area. These results may have potential applications to the earthquake prediction in the Circum-Pacific seismic belt.     

对流层特大暴雨天气对电离层变化的影响

研究气象活动对电离层变化的影响．利用时序叠加方法，通过对1958-1998年期间发生在武汉的5次特大暴雨天气事件对武汉上空电离层变化的影响进行分析，发现：(1)特大暴雨能够引起低电离层，fbEs和，f0Es参量较明显地减小；(2)特大暴雨对电离层F区寻常波描迹的最低虚高h′F和电离层等效峰高hpF的参量也有一定影响，且随着雨量的增大这种影响作用也会增加；(3)特大暴雨对电离层其他参量影响甚弱或没有影响．本文认为，特大暴雨天气事件对电离层的影响主要来自于动力过程，特别是特大暴雨激发的或相伴的大气重力波、潮汐波和行星波等长周期大尺度过程的作用．