混粉电火花加工放电通道流体动力学和热动力学分析

以建立的普通工作液电火花加工放电通道流体动力学和热动力学公式为理论基础,分析了混粉工作液电火花加工获得低表面粗糙度值的原因。     

正交试验法在混粉电火花加工中的应用

针对普通工作液电火花加工和模具加工中存在的问题,提出了混粉工作液的放电加工,应用正交试验法对混粉工作液电火花加工的主要参数进行了优化,并初步得出了混粉工作液电火花加工工艺规律。     

混粉电火花加工中粉末对极间电容和放电间隙的影响

对混粉电火花加工和普通电火花加工进行了对比试验。分析了工作液中粉末使极间电容减小、放电间隙变大的原因,并从这个角度解释了混粉电火花加工可以改善工件表面质量的机理。     

悬浮粉末工作液电火花大面积光整(准镜面)加工的原理初探

对大面积电火花光整加工时难于获得光整表面的原因进行了分析，对混粉电火花大面积光整加工的原理和特点进行了分析探讨，并进行了用混粉工作液对115mm×105mm面积电火花加工的实践，验证了混粉电火花加工能够改善加工表面粗糙度。     

Inconel718多通道放电烧蚀铣削加工技术研究

为了提高高温合金Inconel718电火花放电烧蚀加工效率,改善工件表面质量,使用多通道放电烧蚀加工新方法对Inconel718进行多通道放电烧蚀铣削加工试验。研究表明:在多通道放电烧蚀加工过程中,放电通道的个数是随机的;在一个脉冲放电周期中,随着通道数目的增加,电压波形呈阶梯下降,总回路电流波形呈阶梯上升。对比常规电火花烧蚀加工,多通道放电烧蚀加工的总回路电流提高,使得材料蚀除率提高73.7%;同时,多通道放电分散放电能量,使得多通道放电烧蚀加工后工件表面粗糙度较常规电火花烧蚀加工下降14.6%,工件表面微裂纹变少,裂纹的宽度和长度变小。     

混粉电火花加工表面的研究

分析了混粉电火花加工工件表面的组成成分,探讨了混粉电火花加工获得低的表面粗糙度的机理。     

基于人工神经网络电火花微细加工的参数选择

简述了将人工神经网络技术用于混粉电火花加工参数的选择,根据对象编出支持系统,为用户提供合理可靠的混粉电火花加工方案。     

混粉电火花加工搅拌系统的设计

分析了混粉电火花加工粉末颗粒沉降过程，提出了保持混粉浓度均匀一致的搅拌方式，对混粉电火花加工装置工作液箱的搅拌进行了设计，实践验证是实用的．     

高熔点难加工材料的电火花深孔加工

电火花加工具有非接触性加工和可以加工导电材料的优点。然而,电火花加工放电频率高、加工间隙小、电磁干扰强,加工过程的稳定性较差。电火花加工深盲孔时,随着加工的深入和排屑能力的降低,间隙中累积的加工屑会越来越多,再结合其加工过程稳定性差的缺点,非常容易出现不可逆拉弧烧伤工件表面,因此,限制了电火花加工深孔的能力。针对熔点高、难切削材料,比如钼钛锆合金,研究了超前两步控制策略的双变量自适应控制系统,根据拉弧率自适应实时调整其中一个变量抬刀周期,根据放电率自适应实时调整间隙伺服电压。验证试验表明:由双变量自适应控制的电火花加工模具钢Cr_(12)Mo V的加工深度较传统电火花加工的加工深度提高了3.7倍以上;加工熔点2640℃的核工业特制钼钛锆合金可以稳定加工到设定的93mm,此时加工速度没有发生改变,而传统电火花加工几乎不能加工。由此可以看出双变量自适应控制电火花加工的强大加工能力。     

超声辅助等离子体中微细电火花加工技术研究

冷等离子体射流中微细电火花加工在一定程度上获得了比纯气体介质中更好的加工性能。然而由于放电脉冲能量小,造成放电间隙小,使得电蚀产物排出困难,短路、拉弧等不正常放电现象仍然频繁发生,严重影响了加工的质量和稳定性。为此,提出在工件上施加超声振动的方法以改善冷等离子体射流中微细电火花加工过程的稳定性,并探究其加工特性。针对电火花加工的击穿距离、材料去除率、表面粗糙度以及工具电极相对损耗率等工艺指标,进行了工艺试验。试验结果表明:工件施加超声振动以后,熔融的电蚀产物更容易从工件表面剥离;当以冷等离子体和压缩空气混合射流为加工介质时,超声辅助等离子体中微细电火花加工性能得以明显改善,材料去除率提高13%,表面粗糙度降低19%,电极相对损耗率降低13%。     

微波与等离子体之间的相互作用

根据微波和等离子的基本理论以及它们之间相互作用的原理,建立了由微波能、谐振腔内电场、工质流场、等离子体平衡场等组成的轴对称偏微分方程组。通过对模型的计算,获得了放电管内等离子体区的形状、电场、电子浓度和温度场,以及气体温度场。     

Multi-channel discharge characteristics cutting by ultra-fine wire-EDM

Compared with a copper wire electrode, molybdenum wire with a poor conductor is usually used as the electrode in high speed wire-cut electrical discharge machining(HSWEDM), so the resistance of an ultra-fine wire cannot be ignored. To study the differences of discharge characteristics between the ultra-fine wire and the conventional diameter wire, the continuous discharge waveform of two kinds of wire electrodes was compared. It was found that there was a multichannel discharge phenomenon in the...     

Charge Generation and Separation Processes

This paper presents a short overview of our current understanding of the generation of charged particles in different environments and circumstances (e.g. thunderclouds, dust storms, volcanic plumes, rings, and planetary surfaces) and the subsequent spatial separation that leads to the formation of electrical fields. Different mechanisms are involved on various scales, starting from the molecular level, through the single particle (droplet, crystal, solid) and finally the entraining volume (cloud, plume etc.). Encapsulated within a dynamic and turbulent medium, particles need to come into contact and to immediately separate, to be later transported away from each other. In order to explain the observed electrical fields and ensuing lightning or other forms of discharge, these processes need to be extremely effective. The section will briefly review laboratory results and modeling efforts of charge separation and electric field build-up in various planetary settings, and cite the appropriate observations of electrical activity on different planets.     

霍尔推进器磁屏蔽对磁场的优化效应研究

为研究磁屏蔽对霍尔推进器磁场位形分布的影响，以轴对称环形霍尔推进器为研究对象，采用FEMM软件对各种磁屏蔽情况下的磁场分布进行仿真；结合流体模型，利用四阶龙格库塔方法对放电通道内各粒子的输运性质进行研究。结果表明：内外磁屏蔽材料高度变化时磁场位形存在最优分布；电子温度在放电通道出口附近达到最大值，约64eV。离子化频率和电子轴向有效散射频率峰值也出现在通道出口附近。     

Physics of Electric Discharges in Atmospheric Gases: An Informal Introduction

A short account of the physics of electrical discharges in gases is given from the viewpoint of its historical evolution and application to planetary atmospheres. As such it serves as an introduction to the papers on particular aspects of electric discharges contained in this issue, in particular in the chapters on lightning and the discharges which in the last two decades have been observed to take place in Earth’s upper atmosphere. In addition to briefly reviewing the early history of gas discharge physics we discuss the main parameters affecting atmospheric discharges like collision frequency, mean free path and critical electric field strength. Any discharge current in the atmosphere is clearly carried only by electrons. Above the lower boundary of the mesosphere the electrons must be considered magnetized with the conductivity becoming a tensor. Moreover, the collisional mean free path in the upper atmosphere becomes relatively large which lowers the critical electric field there and more easily enables discharges than at lower altitudes. Finally we briefly mention the importance of such discharges as sources for wave emission.     

GEO卫星多层隔热组件充放电特性仿真

多层隔热组件包覆于卫星外表面,占据了整星表面的60%以上,既是必要的热控组件,也是抑制空间强电磁环境源的重要载体。相较于卫星内部组件,星表直接面临高能粒子的冲击与作用,导致其在轨面临的静电威胁极为严峻。其本质原因是高能电子穿透多层隔热组件的面膜,沉积于多层组件内部间隔层,进而在介质材料层形成了内建电场,造成静电放电效应。针对多层隔热组件的复合结构特点,建立了合理优化的内带电物理模型及其计算模型,模拟了GEO环境电子在典型多层隔热组件电子输运过程,进而计算明晰了间隔层涤纶网的电场分布特性。结果表明,在GEO恶劣电子辐射环境下,多层涤纶网充电电场强度可高达9.7×10⁸ V/m,存在放电风险;涤纶网接地边、角处的电场强度最高且电场畸变幅度巨大;多层充放电风险主要来自涤纶网与反射屏之间的非紧密接触而伴随的不良接地情况,建议通过加密棉线缝合间距以提升涤纶网与反射屏的接触效果,从而降低多层的充放电风险。     

白光氧气泡图像测速技术

本文介绍一种白光氧气泡图像测速新技术。用电解水产生的氧气泡做为流场示踪粒子,用两个闪光时间间隔由数字电路控制的普通闪光灯做为粒子图像底片记录的多脉冲光源,取代了以往PIV测速技术中通常所用的固体示踪粒子及大功率激光光源。该技术的显著优点是实验成本低,无污染,而且光源功率需求低,并且可以获得高信噪比的粒子图像记录底片。通过实际应用说明该实验技术是水洞力学中速度场测量的一种有效方法。     

辉光放电等离子体对边界层流动控制的机理研究

本文求解电位势方程得到电场分布,假定电场强度大于击穿阈值的区域为等离子体区,给定电荷密度,得到了作用于流体上的电场力。通过求解带源项的NS方程,研究了一个大气压下的均匀辉光放电等离子体对边界层流动的影响,考察了电场力做功对流动的影响。本文研究结果同文献[6]一致,即电场力总体上使边界层流动加速。另外,电场力做功对流动参数的影响可以忽略。文献[6]给出的线化电场模型和本文得到的电场相比,具有较大的差别,该差别引起了流动参数显著差别。     

Confinement characteristic of primary electrons with the variation of channel width in the discharge chamber of annular ion thruster

In this paper, the confinement characteristic of primary electrons in the non-axisymmetric discharge chamber of annular ion thruster is investigated by a three-dimensional (3D) non-self-consistent particle tracking model with Monte Carlo Collision (MCC) method. The results show that: The density of primary electrons upstream of ion optics on cathode axis is about 5–50 times higher than that of the other side, which means that the density of primary electrons is obviously non-axisymmetric. The channel width has a significant effect on the average density and uniformity of primary electrons. The average density can be increased by nearly 1.5 times under the appropriate channel width, meanwhile, the variance of density distribution can be reduced by more than 2 times. This is because that increasing the channel width can improve the average confinement length of primary electrons greatly. Furthermore, there is an infection point in the increase of primary electron average confinement length with the channel width, which caused by the significant change of magnetic field structure. Under the case after the inflection point, primary electron mainly (more than 50%) moves to the channel center, which makes the average confinement length of primary electrons and their number in the discharge chamber increase largely.     

TiAl合金粉末射频等离子体球化过程数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法对TiAl合金粉末的射频(radio frequency)等离子体球化过程进行研究,分析速度场和温度场对不同粒径TiAl合金粉末的运动轨迹及质量变化的影响。结果表明:粉体颗粒在等离子体的高温作用下温度急剧升高,表面蒸发导致粒径降低,太小的颗粒很快蒸发消失掉;在冷却塔下端,不同粒径颗粒的运动轨迹存在较大差异,小颗粒倾向于随气流进入气流出口,大颗粒落到冷却塔底部被收集;增大气流量会提高球化系统中的气流速度,导致在气流出口能被气流带走的颗粒粒径变大,收粉率降低;模拟得到TiAl合金粉末球化后的粉末粒径分布、平均粒径及收粉率等参数与实验结果比较接近,模型能够较好地符合实际球化过程。