Lunar precursor missions for human exploration of Mars--III: studies of system reliability and maintenance

Discussions of future human expeditions into the solar system generally focus on whether the next explorers ought to go to the Moon or to Mars. The only mission scenario developed in any detail within NASA is an expedition to Mars with a 500-day stay at the surface. The technological capabilities and the operational experience base required for such a mission do not now exist nor has any self-consistent program plan been proposed to acquire them. In particular, the lack of an Abort-to-Earth capability implies that critical mission systems must perform reliably for 3 years or must be maintainable and repairable by the crew. As has been previously argued, a well-planned program of human exploration of the Moon would provide a context within which to develop the appropriate technologies because a lunar expedition incorporates many of the operational elements of a Mars expedition. Initial lunar expeditions can be carried out at scales consistent with the current experience base but can be expanded in any or all operational phases to produce an experience base necessary to successfully and safely conduct human exploration of Mars.     

高阶次月球重力场模型截断下的低轨环月卫星轨道受摄分析

研究低轨月球卫星在月球非球形摄动和地球第三体引力摄动作用下轨道高度变化问题.首先依据Kaula准则比较分析目前国际上公认的最精确的两个重力场模型GLGM-2和LP165P,提出了在一定阶次截断重力场模型的问题,然后通过仿真不同阶次重力场模型作用下轨道高度为50km的圆形极轨道环月卫星轨道特征的变化,验证了 50km以上高度卫星非球形摄动分析时可以将重力场模型截断至一定阶次的结论,并利用截断至70阶次的重力场模型仿真得到了50km和200km圆轨道卫星无控条件下正常运行的时间.最后在仿真地球引力对200km圆轨道卫星高度影响的基础E仿真其在月球非球形和地球引力摄动作用下轨道要素变化,对低轨环月卫星轨道保持控制提供依据.     

Lunar base development missions

On 20 July 1969, humankind first set foot on our Moon. Since then we have developed the Space Shuttle, explored most of the planets, cooperated in the development of the International Space Station, and expanded our knowledge of the universe through use of systems such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Mars Pathfinder. After just five human follow-on missions to our Moon, we have returned robotically only twice to orbit, to map the surface and explore for resources.

The indication of the presence of hydrogen concentration at the poles of our Moon found by Lunar Prospector has added a new perspective for groups studying and implementing future lunar missions. Plans for nearterm missions such as the European Space Agency (ESA) “Euromoon 2000”, the Japanese Lunar A and Selene, and the Mitsubishi ”Earthrise 2001” Project, along with follow-on phases to the Lunar Prospector, are the beginning of humankind's return to the Moon. Organizations such as the International Academy of Astronautics have long championed the “Case for an International Lunar Base,” and a vision of a commercially-based lunar program has been outlined by several groups. A Lunar Economic Development Authority (LEDA) promoted by the United Society in Space was promulgated by the filing of articles of incorporation in the state of Colorado on 4 August 1997. This non-profit corporation has as its goal the orderly development of the Moon, through issuance of bonds to international private citizens and business entities who care to invest in its long-term development.

This paper draws from the works of the aforementioned, and specifically from the International Academy of Astronautics Lunar Base Committee, to structure a series of architectures leading toward eventual international commercial colonization of the lunar surface. While the prospect of fully reusable transportation systems utilizing fully developed lunar resources to perpetuate the permanent lunar infrastructure is enticing, this is a goal. We must utilize our current and near-term capabilities to re-initiate human lunar presence, and then build on emerging technologies to strengthen our capabilities. Humankind's return to the Moon is a part of our destiny. We can return in the near future, and then proceed to a commercial, permanent settlement in the 21st century.     

各国登月计划及载人登月的目的与可行性简析（下）

二、国外载人登月的目的 21世纪人类"重返月球"到底要去干什么?从科学探测与研究的角度综合分析,主要应该有如下一些目的:①更加深入地了解月球,包括月壤成分、月核组成、地质结构、形成过程、大气和对月球探测的影响等;②了解太阳系以及行星(主要包括地球)的起源与演变;③研究地/月系统的形成与变化;     

各国登月计划及载人登月的目的与可行性简析（上）

一、各国或地区的登月计划及其进展 1.美国的登月计划及其进展 20世纪中期美国实施了阿波罗载人登月计划,后又曾两次提出"重返月球".2004年1月美国总统布什发布"太空探索新构想",提出在2020年前重返月球.     

Lunar settlements--a socio-economic outlook.

The primary ingredient in a Lunar Settlement Program is the people. At the very high cost that will be required to transport, maintain and supply the people who will staff the Lunar operation, it is important to do everything possible to ensure their continued effectiveness in such an isolated, confined, and barren environment. This paper will attempt to identify the issues involved in providing for effective human performance in Lunar Settlements. The approach to be used will be contextual, and thus will not only examine the facets of the Lunar Settlement itself, but will also look at the organizational elements and the design and development processes used in project management from the point of view of long term success and cost effectiveness. The approach will also attempt to look at the Lunar Settlement "in time" as it is connected to events and experiences as they will evolve from the Space Station to Lunar Settlements. Finally, the approach will be contextual in the range of disciplines considered and their impact on planning, evolution, and activities in the entire process of Lunar Settlement. We will hope that Lunar settlers will be able to work and live as effective team members, and to make that possible, the designers, developers, builders, and managers must also function as a coherent team working together to bring about a common goal.     

一种双层框架型腿式月球探测车方案

月球车的设计,就行进方式而言,多以轮式车为主。考虑到国外已有的车型及相关研究也多以轮式车为先,这里提出了一种双层框架型腿式车的设计方案,它兼具腿式车和轮式车的优点。文章建立了该型车的三维模型,并利用虚拟样机技术,构建起月球车的动力学仿真环境,并进行了控制算法和步态的设计,通过联合仿真,完成了此车的初步方案设计工作。     

揭秘俄罗斯的探月计划

上个世纪60～70年代是前苏联与美国的军备竞赛时期,两国的争霸对象延伸到了太空领域,其中包括对月球的探测。30多年来,俄罗斯的探月计划一直是个未解之迷。俄罗斯在完全具备载人登月技术水平的条件下,却没有登月,而由美国人完成了这一壮举。在当时那样的特定时期,这让我们很难理解。因为在冷战时期,探月和登月活动是两个国家用整体实力进行的一场较量与对抗,特别是登月活动,它承载的不仅是科研上的意义,而且是提升国际威望、增强民族信心的政治手段。但是,俄罗斯为什么要放弃这一计划?最近,世界范围内又一次掀起了“月球热”,许多国家纷纷推出自己的探月计划,而俄罗斯面对这股“热流”似乎没有积极的反应。人们不禁猜测:俄罗斯是已经成竹在胸,还是对曾经热衷的探月活动已经失去了往日政治般的狂热?     

Lunar Base 2015 Stage 1

This paper is a design study for a modular Lunar Base built of at least six cylindrical modules. For launching an ARIANE-Rocket with a payload of 12 ton can be used.To land the modules on the moon the author has designed a Teleoperated Rocket Crane, which is assembled in the Lunar Orbit. The modules are made of aluminium sheets, using a double-shell structure to protect a crew of eight astronauts from radiation, micrometeorites, heat and low temperatures during the lunar night.Lunar material (regolith) is used for shielding.     

月球探测器软着陆机构

综述了月球探测器软着陆机构的应用与发展现状。介绍了软着陆机构的性能要求和组成,并根据着陆腿结构和缓冲器种类对软着陆机构进行了分类。讨论了着陆器主体设计、着陆腿结构和缓冲器的模块化设计。阐述了着陆器发射、在轨飞行、着陆和着陆后阶段的动力学研究内容。分析了缓冲器设计、着陆机构基本构型设计,以及缓冲器与基本构型主要参数配置等关键技术,对月球探测器软着陆机构设计有一定的参考意义。     

月球穿透器与月震仪组网探测研究

提出了一种利用月球穿透器实现多点月震仪的布设,对着陆点选取、分离与下降过程、载荷配置及穿透器系统等进行了分析与设计。穿透器与环绕器分离后完成制动,下降并侵彻月球浅表,开展科学探测,并实现大尺度的月震仪布设。研究可为我国未来月球地震仪组网和月球基地建立提供参考。     

中国掀起月球车研制热

随着月球探测系统工程的正式立项与实施．我国月球探测的二期工程蓝图也浮出水面。月球探测二期工程将发射月球探测器登陆月球．而实施这一目标的重要手段之一就是月球车。月球车又叫“登月机器人”、“月面自动探测器”等。据有关专家透露，目前国内已经有一批高校和     

嫦娥1号探月卫星及其研制

我国第一颗探月卫星嫦娥1号目前正按计划进行研制。卫星各关犍技术已获得突破性进展,初样星的研制工作进展顺利。它将在未来两年内用长征3号甲运载火箭从西昌卫星发射中心发射升空。     

China and Saudi Arabia Jointly Unveil Lunar Images

正China National Space Administration(CNSA)and the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology(KACST)of Saudi Arabia held an image release ceremony for a small lunar optical imaging detector in Beijing on June 14.The Director of CNSA ZHANG Kejian and the President of KACST Prince Turki unveiled     

月球着陆器精确定点及安全着陆技术研究

在未来月球探测中,需要对一些地形复杂的区域进行探测,而在这些区域软着陆,潜在的危险性增加,这就要求着陆时具有较高的定位精度并能够自动避险。当前,由于着陆时定点的误差较大,在小范围安全地域准确着陆很难。研究了一种精确定位、安全的软着陆方式,它在软着陆过程中增加了悬停阶段。在这一阶段中,通过着陆区危险地域的识别、着陆地点位置误差的计算,加上对着陆器横向漂移的控制技术,使着陆地点的精度以及着陆生存率大为提高,能够满足未来月球探测的软着陆要求。     

论月球资源和航天月球探测

月球有珍贵的信息资源 ,丰盛的物质资源 ,奇特的环境资源和高远的位置资源。月球是航天深空探测的重点天体。长久以来的天文观察和最近 4 5年来的航天探测 ,已使人类对月球的面目有了相当多的认识。     

有人月球基地构型及构建过程的设想

与传统航天器设计不同,有人月球基地涉及构型与构建、能源、月面移动、资源利用等诸多方面。文章在对国外有人月球基地不同构型对比分析的基础上,提出了我国有人月球基地方案设想,包括刚性舱构型、刚性+柔性舱构型、建造式构型和综合式有人月球基地方案,并进一步提出了有人月球基地构建过程设想,可为我国未来有人月球基地建设提供参考。