空气预冷发动机及微小通道流动传热研究综述

首先针对发动机空气预冷系统的特点,将现有的预冷机制分为四种类型,包括燃料预冷、质量喷注预压缩冷却、燃料预冷和质量喷注预压缩冷却组合预冷以及其他流体预冷,并分别介绍了每种预冷机制的代表性发动机循环以及技术特点。调研发现,微小通道结构的预冷器具有很高的散热能力和紧凑度,优势显著。英国Skylon空天飞机的预冷却组合循环发动机（SABRE）其微通道结构预冷器具有极高换热能力。对SABRE的预冷器及相关研究进行详细分析,强调微小通道强化换热对提高发动机性能的重要作用。通过对微小通道中单相气态流动换热研究的调研发现,微尺度流动传热机理仍存在诸多分歧,理论发展不完善,需要深入开展微小通道强化传热研究,尤其对于高速高内外温差条件下微小尺度复杂结构空间内流动传热机理需要深入探索。     

The optimization of earth orbit reentry vehicle configurations

The optimization design of aerodynamic configurations for earth orbit reentry vehicles is treated. Choosing the total heat transfer as the objective function and taking account of the design requirement of the longitudinal aerodynamical stability for reentry vehicles with the given reentry weight and the fixed fineness ratio, we utilize the interior point penalty function method to determine the minimum aerodynamic heat transfer configuration which meets the specified requirement of the longitudinal stability. The results indicate that the near double cone with a flat nose is an attractive aerodynamic shape for earth orbit reentry vehicles. The total reentry heat transfer and the weight of reentry thermal shielding can be reduced to a great extent. The longitudinal aerodynamic stability could be raised effectively.     

滚转偏转头导弹动态特性分析

基于复角模型,研究了弹头偏转对于偏转头导弹飞行稳定性和操纵性的影响。依据偏转头导弹的多体特点,建立了包含弹头和弹体动力学特征的滚转偏转头导弹多体动力学模型,通过模型简化,得出了其复角模型。以弹头偏角作为输入,攻角和侧滑角作为输出,得出了滚转偏转头导弹的传递函数。分析传递函数发现,弹头偏转主要影响了导弹传递函数的零点,文中给出了满足系统最小相位的条件公式;当弹体绕纵轴逆时针旋转时（由弹尾向前看）,导弹模型总为最小相位系统;定性分析了气动参数对于导弹运动稳定性的影响,得出弹头偏转运动对于飞行稳定性没有直接影响的结论;动力学仿真表明,弹头与弹体相互作用,导致两者产生相反的角运动。本研究表明,通过合理的选择气动和结构参数,并使导弹飞行过程中绕纵轴逆时针旋转,可以保证偏转头滚转导弹飞行过程中的运动稳定性,并有利于自动驾驶仪的设计。     

Thermal resistance in satellite mounting plates due to conductive heat transfer

The thermal resistance due to conductive heat transfer between two heat generating boxes mounted symmetrically on a thin mounting plate, one side of which is subjected to a constant heat flux and the opposite side is convectively cooled, is considered. The other two sides are maintained at constant temperature. A numerical solution for the temperature field is obtained and the heat transfer between the boxes is found by integrating between the critical heat flow lines. Various nondimensional parameters are identified and their influence on the thermal resistance is studied.     

Study on electrodynamic tether system for space debris removal

As a countermeasure for suppressing space debris growth (P. Eighler, A. Bade, Chain Reaction of Debris Generation by Collisions in Space—A Final Threat to Spaceflight? in: 40th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, IAA-89-628, October 1989), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan is investigating a satellite capture, repair and removal system for non-cooperative satellites, part of which involves assessing the viability of electrodynamic tether (EDT) technology as an orbital transfer system. In this paper, some results concerning the time required to remove existing satellites, the behavior of flexible tethers during the debris separation phase, and orbital transfer strategies of EDT systems during space debris removal operations are described. From numerical simulations, it is found that EDT systems can transfer satellites from LEO to orbits with a short lifetime within a realistic timeframe. It is also found that the stability of EDT systems is compromised when debris separation occurs both while a tether current is running and when the ratio of the end mass to that of the service satellite is high. To ensure stability, the end mass should be selected from the target debris group with due regard for the maximum possible mass that can be maneuvered safely. Moreover, it is also found that orbital elements (a, e, i) can be changed independently with an adequate current control strategy.     

机载合成孔径雷达ETF成像算法研究

根据传统ETF成像算法,详细推导机载斜视模式下最优聚焦函数,分析算法使用中应该满足的分块处理条件,给出算法实现流程。与传统ETF算法相比,该算法推导过程方位相位的计算不作近似截取而作准确计算,使得该算法具最优的相位精度。分块处理条件的推导为算法的实际应用提供了理论依据。点目标仿真以及原始回波数据成像结果证明该算法有效。     

Effects of Local Detachment of a Melt from Ampoule Walls,Crystal Vibration,and Magnetic Field at Crystal Growth under Zero Gravity

A numerical investigation of the melt flow and heat and mass transfer is carried out at the crystal growth under zero gravity, when the melt detachment from ampoule walls, crystal vibration, and various magnetic fields are active. Specific features of the melt flow are demonstrated depending on the size of a detachment zone adjacent to the crystallization boundary. The velocity of the averaged flow generated by crystal vibration is determined as a function of the vibration intensity. It is shown that the crystal vibration cannot compensate a thermal capillary flow (caused by detachment of the melt from the ampoule wall) and reduce the macrosegregation of impurities. It is shown that the application of steady and rotating magnetic fields are inefficient for all ampoule methods of crystal growth under microgravity conditions.     

液体远地点发动机工作期间卫星的姿态控制问题

本文建立了在转移轨道远地点机动期间,包括液体晃动和太阳帆板挠性在内的三轴稳定卫星姿态动力学方程,进行了姿态控制系统的设计和仿真,分别用根轨迹方法和描述函数方法对系统的稳定性进行了分析,得出了初步结论。     

低温推进剂输送与预冷系统间歇泉不稳定性数值模拟研究

针对低温推进剂（液氧）输送与预冷系统间歇泉不稳定性进行了模拟与数值试验研究。分析与验证了连接液氧贮箱的底端封闭垂直管路的典型间歇泉不稳定过程,对经验Murphy曲线进行了检验。针对自然循环型的低温推进剂输送与预冷系统不稳定性及典型间歇泉的发生,进行了稳定域的计算与影响参数分析,研究了过冷度、输送管漏热、发动机进出口阻力、回路高度,以及回流管漏热（保温状况）对各域边界的影响。     

V型皱褶芯材夹层板对流换热性能评价及优化

为考察主动冷却式一体化热防护结构用V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的性能,文章采用Fluent软件模拟受恒定热流载荷皱褶芯材夹层板在强制对流条件下的传热过程,分析其换热特性和流道内流体流动规律;并在分析皱褶芯材夹层板中正三角和倒三角2种流道换热性能差异的基础上,提出相邻流道流向相反的改进方案。该方案可提高冷却剂的利用率,使结构温度分布更加均匀。相比于具有相同几何参数的波纹芯材夹层板,皱褶芯材夹层板具有更好的换热性能,但同时以更大的当量密度和进出口压降损失为代价。比较几种常用的热效率指标,并定义了一种同时考虑换热性能、泵功率和结构质量的热效率指标,再分别以不同的热效率指标为目标函数,对皱褶芯材的几何参数L、W和S进行初步优化设计。     

锈层对过冷沸腾换热影响的实验及数值研究

针对锈层对过冷沸腾换热冷却效果的影响，本文进行了理论分析、实验研究和仿真校验。首先结合经典的过冷沸腾换热理论，分析了锈层对冷却效果影响最大的几个因素。然后进行了一组夹套内壁生锈和未生锈两种情况下冷却效果的对比实验。实验发现，内壁生锈造成入口段温度大幅升高，且温升沿流道方向递次减小。接着分析了造成该现象的几大因素，推断锈层影响了流态进而抑制了沸腾换热机制是最主要的因素，并对不同入口流态下管内沸腾换热进行数值仿真，校验了上述分析结果。最后，根据研究结论，对过冷沸腾换热中易生锈或类似的粗糙内壁槽道的设计方法提出了建议。     

导引头隔离度寄生回路对视线角速度提取的影响

为在导弹总体设计中合理确定导引头视线角速度提取方式,研究提出了基于导引头隔离度寄生回路特性分析的视线角速度提取方式确定办法。建立了典型平台导引头的隔离度寄生回路模型,利用频域法解析分析了两种视线角速度提取方式下导引头隔离度传递函数、隔离度寄生回路和导弹制导系统特性的差异,利用劳斯判据研究了制导参数对寄生回路稳定性能的影响。结合某红外导引头,在典型飞行条件下数值分析验证了理论分析的正确性。研究表明导引头隔离度寄生回路特性直接影响导弹制导系统性能,不同的视线角速度提取方式下隔离度寄生回路特性不同,进而导致制导系统性能出现较大差异,而确定导引头的隔离度特性有助于选择合理的视线角速度提取方式以提高导弹制导性能。     

重力对载人航天器密封舱内空气对流换热影响的数值分析

地面重力环境中进行航天器密封舱内空气通风换热试验时,由于自然对流的存在导致换热量和温度分布与空间微重力环境中的情况存在偏差。文章针对航天器密封舱,建立了舱内空气对流换热的数值模型,利用数值模拟软件对有无重力时典型工况下的对流换热进行了数值模拟及模拟结果的对比分析。分析表明重力对壁面换热量的影响较大,而对空气温度及分布的影响较小;且重力的影响随空气与壁面温差的增大而增大,随通风流量的增大而减小,舱间通风也会减小重力的影响。因此在重力环境中进行试验时需要对壁面换热量进行修正。     

隔振平台对姿态控制系统影响分析及参数选择

为实现卫星的高精度高稳定度姿态控制,在控制力矩陀螺群(CMGs)和星体之间加装了隔振平台。首先依据整星动力学简化模型推得了隔振系统传递函数矩阵;然后分析了隔振平台的使用给姿态控制系统带来的影响,并提出了一种既能使CMGs隔振平台满足隔振要求,又能保证姿态控制系统充分稳定性的参数选择方案;最后通过数值仿真的方式验证了所提出的参数选择方案的合理性。     

载人航天器放电调节器稳定性研究

电源系统的稳定性是保证载人航天器在轨飞行可靠安全的要素之一。文章研究了应用混合型功率调节技术的电源系统放电调节器的建模方法,获得了系统开环传递函数,进行了仿真验证,在此基础上分析了影响放电调节器稳定性的因素,表明系统中存在过大的延迟会使系统的稳定性大幅降低甚至造成不稳定,地面试验结果验证了此结论的正确性。     

富氧燃气发生器液氧供应系统频率特性分析

为了研究富氧发生器液氧供应系统的动态特性,详细考虑液氧头腔中的流动过程和喷嘴动力学环节,建立了系统的传递矩阵模型。计算了系统在发生器室压扰动下的频率响应特性,并分析液氧头腔体积、喷嘴压降、喷嘴惯性和发动机工况对液氧供应系统动态响应的影响。结果表明,由于液氧头腔的容积较大,液氧喷注导纳主要取决于头腔和喷嘴的动态特性,出口流量幅值在很宽的频率范围内都较高。增大头腔体积,则增大出口流量的幅值,降低头腔中压力响应幅值。适当提高喷注压降或喷注单元的惯性,都能降低液氧喷注导纳的幅值。在低工况下出口流量幅值在300～800Hz之间增大,不利于该频率范围的耦合稳定性。     

Similarity solutions for oscillating pointed-nose slender axisymmetric bodies — part I: circular cones

Similarity solutions for pointed-nose slender circular cones performing small-amplitude pitching oscillatons in hypersonic flow at zero angles of attack, are obtained in this paper. A three-dimensional unsteady hypersonic flow perturbation theory found recently by the present author for the pitching oscillations of such bodies is further studied here. It is shown that the equations can be reduced to four sets of boundary-value problems on ordinary differential equations by seeking a perturbation solution in the reduced frequency parameter k. Closed-form simple formulas for the stability derivatives are obtained showing the effect of all the parameters included in the problem except k. The obtained results show good agreement with the few available results.     

频域计算的零极点法

频域计算的传统方法是先求出传递函数的分子多项式和分母多项式。本文提出了一种新算法，先求传递函数的零点和极点，计算过程中不出现多项式，此法称为零极点法．     

缩比推力室甲烷传热试验研究

为了研究火箭发动机推力室冷却通道内的甲烷传热和流阻特性,研制了缩比推力室甲烷传热试验系统,并以推力室挤压热试验的形式进行了5次超临界甲烷传热试验和2次亚临界甲烷传热试验研究.超临界甲烷传热试验燃烧室压力为5.5～7.5 MPa,燃烧室氢氧混合比约为6.8,甲烷温度为128～230 K,甲烷冷却剂流量为5～7 kg/s,甲烷冷却剂入口压力为8.3～11.7 MPa.亚临界甲烷传热试验的室压约为4 MPa,氢氧混合比2.8,甲烷温度为：128～189 K,甲烷冷却剂流量约为2.9 kg/s,甲烷入口压力为3～3.5 MPa.通过试验研究获得了液态甲烷在推力室冷却通道内超临界压力状态和亚临界压力状态下的传热和流阻特性.     

Non-intrusive,three-dimensional temperature and composition measurements inside fluid cells in microgravity using a confocal holography microscope

Application of a confocal scanning laser holography (CSLH) microscope to the study of fluid flow in a microgravity environment is described herein. This microscope offers a new, non-intrusive means to determine three-dimensional density gradients within solid objects, fluids, and plasmas, including flames. The index-of-refraction is determined from the phase measurements of the microscope, which is a function of the object temperature and composition. The object being studied is a fluid-cell chamber, which is heated and cooled on opposing walls to produce a steady-state fluid flow due to convection and heat transfer. The holograms are created from the interference of a “known” reference beam with an “unknown” object beam. A three-dimensional amplitude and phase image of the object is produced by the reconstruction of many holograms, where each hologram represents a scanned point inside the object.