Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate

Aerosols affect the climate system by changing cloud characteristics in many ways. They act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei, they may inhibit freezing and they could have an influence on the hydrological cycle. While the cloud albedo enhancement (Twomey effect) of warm clouds received most attention so far and traditionally is the only indirect aerosol forcing considered in transient climate simulations, here I discuss the multitude of effects.     

Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Formation: A Possible Influence of Cosmic Rays?

A physical mechanism which may have a potential to connect climate with cosmic rays (CR) involves aerosol particle formation by CR generated atmospheric ions followed by new particle growth. Only grown particles can scatter sunlight efficiently and can eventually act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and thereby may influence climate. Moreover grown particles live longer as they are less rapidly scavenged by pre-existing larger particles. The present paper discusses aerosol particle formation and growth in the light of new measurements recently made by our MPIK Heidelberg group. Emphasis is placed upon the upper troposphere where very low temperatures tend to facilitate new particle formation by nucleation. The new measurements include: laboratory measurements of cluster ions, aircraft measurements of ambient atmospheric ions, and atmospheric measurements of the powerful nucleating gas H₂SO₄ and its precursor SO₂. The discussion also addresses model simulations of aerosol formation and growth. It is concluded that in the upper troposphere new aerosol formation by CR generated ions is a frequent process with relatively large rates. However new particle formation by homogeneous nucleation (HONU) which is not related to CR also seems to be efficient. The bottleneck in the formation of upper troposphere aerosol particles with sizes sufficiently large to be climate relevant is not nucleation but growth of small particles. Our recent upper troposphere SO₂ measurements suggest that particle growth by gaseous sulphuric acid condensation is at least occasionally efficient. If so CR mediated formation of CCN sized particles should at least occasionally be operative in the upper troposphere.     

基于地面测量的卫星导航系统时间同步技术研究

根据卫星导航系统地面观测数据的特点,建立了站间和星地时间同步的状态空间方程和量测方程,设计了序列Kalman滤波算法,综合利用时间同步观测数据及伪距观测数据,求解出监测站及导航卫星钟差。通过仿真计算表明,本文所建立的模型及设计的序列Kalman滤波算法,提高了卫星导航系统站间和星地时间同步的精度,具有一定的应用价值。     

航空发动机管路流固耦合固有频率计算与分析

本文使用ANSYS有限元软件对航空发动机管路的流固耦合振动进行分析研究。讨论了管内流体质量、压力、温度,管路形状、截面尺寸对管路流固耦合固有频率的影响。最后,考虑上述所有影响因素,对一实际发动机燃油管路进行计算．得到了其固有频率和振型。     

基于VTK的激光跟踪测量可视化软件设计

测量数据的三维可视化是激光跟踪测量数据处理的关键步骤之一。结合大型激光跟踪测量软件系统的开发实践,对VTK技术特点和体系结构进行深入研究,设计实现了对测量数据进行处理和显示的类和接口。在此基础上,基于Microsoft Visual Studio 2010平台,利用C++和VTK技术开发了一款三维测量数据处理及可视化软件,实现了测量点云拟合、三维图形显示以及交互功能,并通过实例验证了软件的有效性和可用性,证明了VTK在工业测量可视化领域具有很大的应用价值。     

单载波干扰对星载扩频应答机码跟踪回路影响研究

扩频码同步是基于扩频体制卫星测控通信中的一项关键技术。研究单载波对星载扩频应答机中全时间超前-滞后非相干跟踪回路的影响,分析单载波干扰存在时跟踪抖动的恶化程度,给出相应的数学表达式,并进行了Matlab仿真。仿真结果表明：在一定的跟踪回路带宽下,恶化程度随着系统的扩频增益或频偏的增加而减小,并随着干信比的增加而增加。单载波干扰不变的前提下,恶化程度随着回路带宽的增加而增加。     

NR1151天然橡胶材料的热空气老化性能

通过不同应力状态下热空气老化试验和高低温循环老化试验,研究了NR1151天然橡胶性能的老化变化情况.结果表明:在70,90℃和110℃不同温度下连续热空气老化时,NR1151天然橡胶材料的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率均随着老化时间增加而明显下降,温度越高则下降越快;90℃时,应力对NR1151的老化有明显的加速作用;高低温循环老化时,NR1151天然橡胶材料的拉伸性能老化速率变慢,且循环周期越短,性能老化速率越慢.     

V形前缘对激波入射边界层流动影响的数值模拟与分析

为指导V形溢流唇口下游的进气道内部流动分析,采用数值模拟开展V形尖前缘对二维斜激波入射平板边界层流动的影响研究。以气流偏转角6°的二元楔面为基准激波发生器,设计了展向气流收缩角α(0°~60°, 0°对应二元构型)的V形前缘构型,开展对比研究。结果表明,V形前缘构型使得激波入射位置沿展向不均匀、流动具有明显三维特征,并且干扰区壁面压强上升、分离区尺度明显增大。在α=0°~60°范围内,干扰区流动的不均匀程度、分离区尺度随α增大单调增加。进一步分析表明,V形前缘构型干扰具有中间平直、侧边斜掠的耦合入射特性,体现为对称面壁面压强符合自由干扰理论,侧边斜掠入射区参数符合斜掠干扰的锥形流特征。对比二元与α=45°构型的无粘模拟结果,V形前缘会诱导展向两侧对称的斜掠激波、并在对称面相互干扰产生平直的“桥”激波,这使得激波入射位置沿展向不均匀并偏向下游。其中对称面处平直入射激波压升比(2.49)高于二元构型结果(2.24),侧边斜掠激波强度与二元构型基本一致。这些因素综合导致V形前缘构型的分离尺度增大。     

上游转子对下游静子叶片气动力的影响

为了研究轴流压气机上游转子对下游静子干扰产生的叶片非定常气动力的大小和频率的变化规律,采用在静子叶片表面埋设微型动态压力传感器的方法,在一台低速单级轴流压气机实验器上进行了静子叶片表面压力的测量。测量覆盖了不同轴向间距、不同转速下从近堵塞到近失速的宽广范围,并对实验测量得到的静子叶片非定常气动力进行离散傅里叶变换,以分析其频谱特性。通过对实验结果的分析,初步认识了流量、轴向间距及转速等因素对轴流压气机转/静干扰影响的规律。     

低速轴流压气机中前后静叶对动叶顶部区域流动的影响

数值研究了某二级低速轴流压气机在高负荷工况下,动叶前后动静干涉对动叶顶部区域非定常流动的影响。结果显示一次泄漏涡和二次泄漏涡是动叶顶部的主要流动特征。下游静叶干涉增加了动叶顶部间隙流的非定常波动强度和泄漏损失。上游静叶干涉减少了动叶顶部二次泄漏流强度。同无动静干涉相比,同时存在上下游动静干涉使动叶顶部区域总压损失减少9.1%,其收益主要来自上游静叶的非定常干涉。     

基于Hadoop云存储高速公路远程视频监控系统的研究与设计

针对高速公路远程视频监控系统海量数据的存储问题,通过对Hadoop框架和HDFS分布式文件系统等云计算核心技术的分析和研究,提出了一种基于Hadoop框架的海量数据存储模型,并在此模型的基础上,研究并设计了基于Hadoop云存储的高速公路远程视频监控系统。该系统有效地解决了高速公路远程视频监控过程中遇到的海量数据存储管理问题,具有开发成本低、处理速度较快、操作简便、使用效果好等特点。     

多孔介质对圆柱-翼型干涉噪声的影响

采用LES（large eddy simulation）+FW-H（Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings）方程,研究了圆柱表面使用不同PPI（pore number per inch）和厚度的多孔介质对圆柱尾迹及圆柱-翼型干涉噪声的影响,探索了多孔介质的降噪规律和机理。结果表明：多孔介质能稳定圆柱表面的剪切层,抑制旋涡脱落,从而削弱尾迹对下游翼型的影响,圆柱单音噪声最大可降79 dB,翼型单音峰值降低13.22 dB,宽频噪声降低20 dB;多孔材料PPI的变化对降噪效果影响较小,而厚度是影响流场模态、降噪效果及气动性能的一个关键参数;多孔材料厚度合适时,圆柱-翼型流场形态为“剪切层模态”,可有效降低湍流干涉噪声;多孔材料厚度较小时,发现了一种流场形态,即“剪切层-尾迹模态”,导致翼型噪声增大;合适的多孔介质厚度不仅降噪效果显著,对圆柱-翼型的气动性能也有改善作用。     

非麦氏电子分布对霍尔推力器等离子体与壁面相互作用的影响

为深入分析霍尔推力器放电通道的非麦氏电子分布对等离子体与壁面相互作用的影响,采用一维非稳态鞘层动力学模型,统计了等离子体与壁面相互作用的重要物理量。结果表明,非麦氏电子分布函数和麦氏电子分布函数下等离子体与壁面相互作用存在很大差异,电子服从非麦氏电子分布时入射电子在壁面上的能量沉积,以及二次电子对主流区电子的冷却作用都明显弱于电子服从麦氏分布的情形。     

Global Response of Martian Plasma Environment to an Interplanetary Structure: From Ena and Plasma Observations at Mars

As a part of the global plasma environment study of Mars and its response to the solar wind, we have analyzed a peculiar case of the subsolar energetic neutral atom (ENA) jet observed on June 7, 2004 by the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) on board the Mars Express satellite. The “subsolar ENA jet” is generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the Martian exosphere, and is one of the most intense sources of ENA flux observed in the vicinity of Mars. On June 7, 2004 (orbit 485 of Mars Express), the NPD observed a very intense subsolar ENA jet, which then abruptly decreased within ∼10 sec followed by quasi-periodic (∼1 min) flux variations. Simultaneously, the plasma sensors detected a solar wind structure, which was most likely an interplanetary shock surface. The abrupt decrease of the ENA flux and the quasi-periodic flux variations can be understood in the framework of the global response of the Martian plasma obstacle to the interplanetary shock. The generation region of the subsolar ENA jet was pushed towards the planet by the interplanetary shock; and therefore, Mars Express went out of the ENA jet region. Associated global vibrations of the Martian plasma obstacle may have been the cause of the quasi-periodic flux variations of the ENA flux at the spacecraft location.     

静叶片时序效应对压气机叶片非定常气动负荷的影响

采用数值方法对两级低速压气机中径处的流场进行非定常模拟。研究第二排静叶在两个典型周向位置上的叶片气动负荷,分析各列叶栅气动负荷的非定常波动以及静叶时序效应对叶栅气动负荷的影响。对各列叶栅的非定常气动力和气动力矩进行频谱分析,探讨叶列间的非定常气动干扰。结果表明,时序效应对静叶片气动负荷的影响明显高于动叶片的。时序效应能够提高压气机的性能与叶片寿命.      

螺旋桨滑流与机翼气动干扰的非定常数值模拟

基于动态面搭接网格,求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程模拟螺旋桨滑流与机翼的干扰流动.分别对3种构型,即:单独螺旋桨十短舱构型、螺旋桨十短舱十机翼构型以及短舱十机翼构型进行流场数值模拟,对比分析了机翼对螺旋桨滑流流动结构的干扰,在滑流作用下机翼气动特性的改变以及机翼对螺旋桨桨叶气动力的影响.模拟结果表明:...     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

马赫数对后掠激波和湍流边界层干扰特性的影响

本文介绍了尖前缘翼诱导激波和湍流边界层干扰流场壁面特性，着重强调马赫数影响。给出２．０≤Ｍ≤８．２、ａ≤３５°分离流场中，锥型干扰区内主分离线和再附线位置与无粘激波角β０和迎角ａ的相关式，证实无粘条件是控制锥型区尺度的主要因素，面高超声速与超声速干扰流中二次分离随激波强度的不同发展，表明干扰流场的细致结构与可压缩性有关。     

单光子激光雷达数据去噪与滤波算法

单光子激光雷达获取的点云数据存在大量噪声,这给数据的处理带来了挑战。基于局部距离统计提出了改进的点云去噪算法,对单光子激光雷达点云原始数据进行去噪。然后基于统计分析方法改进了点云滤波算法,对去噪后的点云数据进行滤波处理。利用新提出的算法与传统算法去噪和滤波后得到的点云进行比较,并与传统激光雷达的数字地形模型(DTM)数据进行对比。计算得到MABEL地面点云相对于传统激光雷达高程的均方根误差RMSE为2.98m,相关系数R^2为0.9938。进一步对地面点云插值得到剖面数字高程模型(DEM)数据,其相对于传统激光雷达高程的均方根误差RMSE为2.85m,相关系数R^2为0.9931。实验结果显示,提出的单光子激光雷达点云去噪和滤波算法优于传统算法,与传统激光雷达DTM数据具有较好的相关性,能够精确的恢复地形信息。     

非均匀栅距对压气机叶片非定常气动力的影响

研究了轴流压气机叶片采用非均匀栅距对叶片非定常力影响的问题,利用高分辨率格式求解准三维雷诺平均N-S方程。非定常流场计算采用了双时间步法与LU-SGS隐式解法耦合的方法。研究了带进口导叶的单级三排叶栅非定常流动,其中动叶栅距不变,而导叶和静叶采用非均匀栅距。对不同结构的计算分析表明,在导叶和静叶采用一定的非均匀栅距组合型式后,在保证压气机级的性能变化不大的同时,动叶表面所受非定常气动力的状况得到改善,这将有助于提高动叶片的疲劳寿命。