共查询到10条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt A. C. Cummings J. R. Cummings E. C. Stone T. T. Von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):149-154
Measurements of the anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) isotopic composition have been made in three regions of the magnetosphere accessible from the polar Earth orbit of SAMPEX, including the interplanetary medium at high latitudes and geomagnetically trapped ACRs. At those latitudes where ACRs can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field while fully stripped galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) of similar energies are excluded, a pure ACR sample is observed to have the following composition: 15N/N < 0.023, 18O/16O < 0.0034, and 22Ne/20Ne = 0.077(+0.085, –0.023). We compare our values with those found by previous investigators and with those measured in other samples of solar and galactic material. In particular, a comparison of 22Ne/20Ne measurements from various sources implies that GCRs are not simply an accelerated sample of the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
2.
L. A. Fisk 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):129-136
Recent observations from the Voyager spacecraft have suggested that the spectrum of the anomalous cosmic ray component is relatively steep at the termination shock, which is believed to be responsible for accelerating these particles. This conclusion argues that the termination shock must be weak, which in turn requires that the upstream Mach number in the solar wind must be quite low, 2.4. It is pointed out that such conditions are unlikely to prevail at all locations along the shock front. However, it is possible for such conditions to exist at the interface between high speed streams at high heliographic latitudes and the region at low latitudes where high and low speed streams have interacted and come into equilibrium. This discussion suggests a preferred location for the injection of the anomalous component into the shock acceleration process. 相似文献
3.
We review aspects of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) that bear on the solar modulation of energetic particles in the heliosphere. We show that the latitudinal and radial gradients of these particles exhibit a 22-year periodicity in concert with the reversal of the Sun's magnetic field. The power-law index of the low energy portion of the energy spectrum of ACRs at the shock in 1996 appears to be -1.3, suggesting that the strength of the solar wind termination shock at the helioequatorial plane is relatively weak, with s 2.8. The rigidity dependence of the perpendicular interplanetary mean free path in the outer heliosphere for particles with rigidities between 0.2 and 0.7 GV varies approximately as R2, where R is particle rigidity. There is evidence that ACR oxygen is primarily multiply charged above 20 MeV/nuc and primarily singly-charged below 16 MeV/nuc. The location of the termination shock was at 65 AU in 1987 and 85 AU in 1994. 相似文献
4.
The significance of external influences on the environment of Earth and its atmosphere has become evident during recent years.
Especially, on time scales of several hundred years, the cosmogenic isotope concentration during the Wolf-, Spoerer-, Maunder-
and Dalton-Minimum indicates an increased cosmic ray flux. Because these grand minima of solar activity coincide with cold
periods, a correlation of the Earth climate with the cosmic ray intensities is plausible. Any quantitative study of the effects
of energetic particles on the atmosphere and environment of the Earth must address their transport to Earth and their interactions
with the Earth’s atmosphere including their filtering by the terrestrial magnetosphere. The first problem is one of the fundamental
problems in modern cosmic ray astrophysics, and corresponding studies began in the 1960s based on Parker’s cosmic ray modulation
theory taking into account diffusion, convection, adiabatic deceleration, and (later) the drift of energetic particles in
the global heliospheric magnetic field. It is well established that all of these processes determining the modulation of cosmic
rays are depending on parameters that are varying with the solar magnetic cycle. Therefore, the galactic cosmic ray intensities
close to Earth is the result of a complex modulation of the interstellar galactic spectrum within the heliosphere. The modern
view of this cosmic ray modulation is summarized in our contribution. 相似文献
5.
Almost all theoretical and numerical models for the modulation of cosmic ray in the heliosphere are based on Parker's transport equation which contains all the important basic physical processes. The relative importance of the various mechanisms is however not established and may vary significantly over 22 years. The simultaneous measurements of solar wind parameters, heliospheric magnetic field properties and cosmic rays over a wide range of energies and positions in the heliosphere have brought the realization that modulation is much more complicated than what the original drift models predicted. In the process the sophistication of models based on solving Parker's equation has increased by orders of magnitude. A short review of the global modulation of cosmic rays is given from a theoretical and modelling point of view. 相似文献
6.
R. Karrer P. Bochsler C. Giammanco F. M. Ipavich J. A. Paquette P. Wurz 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):317-321
Using the Mass Time-of-Flight Spectrometer (MTOF)—part of the Charge, Elements, Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS)—onboard the
Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, we derive the nickel isotopic composition for the isotopes with mass 58,
60 and 62 in the solar wind. In addition we measure the elemental abundance ratio of nickel to iron. We use data accumulated
during ten years of SOHO operation to get sufficiently high counting statistics and compare periods of different solar wind
velocities. We compare our values with the meteoritic ratios, which are believed to be a reliable reference for the solar
system and also for the solar outer convective zone, since neither element is volatile and no isotopic fractionation is expected
in meteorites. Meteoritic isotopic abundances agree with the terrestrial values and can thus be considered to be a reliable
reference for the solar isotopic composition. The measurements show that the solar wind elemental Ni/Fe-ratio and the isotopic
composition of solar wind nickel are consistent with the meteoritic values. This supports the concept that low-FIP elements
are fed without relative fractionation into the solar wind. Our result also confirms the absence of substantial isotopic fractionation
processes for medium and heavy ions acting in the solar wind. 相似文献
7.
R. A. Mewaldt C. M. S. Cohen G. M. Mason A. C. Cummings M. I. Desai R. A. Leske J. Raines E. C. Stone M. E. Wiedenbeck T. T. von Rosenvinge T. H. Zurbuchen 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):207-219
Although the average composition of solar energetic particles (SEPs) and the bulk solar wind are similar in a number of ways,
there are key differences which imply that solar wind is not the principal seed population for SEPs accelerated by coronal
mass ejection (CME) driven shocks. This paper reviews these composition differences and considers the composition of other
possible seed populations, including coronal material, impulsive flare material, and interplanetary CME material. 相似文献
8.
9.
The Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) for the Mars Express Mission 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Barabash R. Lundin H. Andersson K. Brinkfeldt A. Grigoriev H. Gunell M. Holmström M. Yamauchi K. Asamura P. Bochsler P. Wurz R. Cerulli-Irelli A. Mura A. Milillo M. Maggi S. Orsini A. J. Coates D. R. Linder D. O. Kataria C. C. Curtis K. C. Hsieh B. R. Sandel R. A. Frahm J. R. Sharber J. D. Winningham M. Grande E. Kallio H. Koskinen P. Riihelä W. Schmidt T. Säles J. U. Kozyra N. Krupp J. Woch S. Livi J. G. Luhmann S. McKenna-Lawlor E. C. Roelof D. J. Williams J.-A. Sauvaud A. Fedorov J.-J. Thocaven 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):113-164
The general scientific objective of the ASPERA-3 experiment is to study the solar wind – atmosphere interaction and to characterize
the plasma and neutral gas environment with within the space near Mars through the use of energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging
and measuring local ion and electron plasma. The ASPERA-3 instrument comprises four sensors: two ENA sensors, one electron
spectrometer, and one ion spectrometer. The Neutral Particle Imager (NPI) provides measurements of the integral ENA flux (0.1–60
keV) with no mass and energy resolution, but high angular resolution. The measurement principle is based on registering products
(secondary ions, sputtered neutrals, reflected neutrals) of the ENA interaction with a graphite-coated surface. The Neutral
Particle Detector (NPD) provides measurements of the ENA flux, resolving velocity (the hydrogen energy range is 0.1–10 keV)
and mass (H and O) with a coarse angular resolution. The measurement principle is based on the surface reflection technique.
The Electron Spectrometer (ELS) is a standard top-hat electrostatic analyzer in a very compact design which covers the energy
range 0.01–20 keV. These three sensors are located on a scanning platform which provides scanning through 180∘ of rotation. The instrument also contains an ion mass analyzer (IMA). Mechanically IMA is a separate unit connected by a
cable to the ASPERA-3 main unit. IMA provides ion measurements in the energy range 0.01–36 keV/charge for the main ion components
H+, He++, He+, O+, and the group of molecular ions 20–80 amu/q. ASPERA-3 also includes its own DC/DC converters and digital processing unit
(DPU). 相似文献
10.
K. J. Seidensticker D. Möhlmann I. Apathy W. Schmidt K. Thiel W. Arnold H.-H. Fischer M. Kretschmer D. Madlener A. Péter R. Trautner S. Schieke 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):301-337
SESAME is an instrument complex built in international co-operation and carried by the Rosetta lander Philae intended to land
on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. The main goals of this instrument suite are to measure mechanical and electrical
properties of the cometary surface and the shallow subsurface as well as of the particles emitted from the cometary surface.
Most of the sensors are mounted within the six soles of the landing gear feet in order to provide good contact with or proximity
to the cometary surface. The measuring principles, instrument designs, technical layout, operational concepts and the results
from the first in-flight measurements are described. We conclude with comments on the consequences of the last minute change
of the target comet and how to improve and to preserve the knowledge during the long-duration Rosetta mission. 相似文献