基于统计置信度的湍流检测门限确定方法

机载气象雷达是检测飞行中湍流的重要设备,对于保障飞行的安全具有重大意义。它通过判断回波信号谱宽是否超过门限来检测湍流,关键在于检测门限的设定。将其看成一个统计问题进行解决,提出了利用统计学中置信度来设置门限的方法,根据湍流微粒的概率分布推导了置信度与检测门限的关系,并利用其进行检测门限设置。最后利用仿真的气象雷达回波信号进行了实验,实验结果表明提出的方法能够检测出实验中设置的湍流区域．验证了方法的有效性．     

Analysis of a signal starting time estimator based on the Page test statistic

Many signal processing applications require the detection of an abrupt change with subsequent estimation of the actual time of occurrence of the change. The time of the most recent reset to zero of the Page test statistic is proposed for this purpose. The probability mass function of the estimator is determined analytically subject to a quantization of the Page test statistic update. Closed-form results for the first three uncorrected moments of the estimator are presented. The analytical results are verified by comparison to simulation results and the fineness of the quantization required for accurate representation is investigated by evaluation of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. The bias, standard deviation, and skewness of the estimator as a function of the signal strength and detector threshold are evaluated for Gaussian shift-in-mean and noncentral chi-squared changes in signal type.     

On Signal and Noise Level Estimation in a Coherent PCM Channel

Joint maximum likelihood estimators are presented for the signal amplitude and noise power density in a coherent PCM channel with white Gaussian noise and a correlation receiver. The estimates are based upon the correlation coefficient outputs of the receiver. From these estimators, an estimator for the quantity (received signal energy)/bit/,(noise power)/(unit bandwidth) upon which the error probabilities depend, is derived. This estimator is shown to be useful as 1) a point estimator for the signal-to-noise ratio for the higher values of this ratio (about 4 dB or greater), and 2) an easily calculated statistic upon which to base data acceptance or rejection criteria. The acceptance or rejection levels are obtained by the use of confidence interval curves in conjunction with word error probability data.     

Analysis of an adaptive algorithm for unbiased multipath time delay estimation

The multipath equalization time delay estimator (METDE) provides an adaptive approach for estimating the difference in arrival times of a signal received at spatially separated sensors as well as the multipath channel characteristics. However, the parameter estimates of the METDE are biased in the presence of noise. The METDE algorithm is improved for unbiased parameter estimation via minimizing a modified cost function. Convergence behaviors and variances of the system variables of the amended method are derived. Computer simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical analysis and to evaluate the adaptive multipath delay estimation performance of the proposed algorithm.     

一种叠加独立颤振的阀用电机双向驱动器

为了实现阀用动圈式直线电机双向驱动及驱动过程中的颤振要求,研发了一种运用脉宽调制信号驱动新型动圈式直线电机的比例放大器,提出将脉宽调制信号与颤振信号相互叠加的驱动方案,能够实现对动圈式直线电机的颤振调节。理论分析与仿真研究表明,所研发的比例放大器性能可靠,能满足动圈式直线电机驱动要求。     

Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar     

An Optimum Phase Synchronizer in a Partially Coherent Receiver

The derivation and the statistical properties of the maximum a posteriori probability phase estimator of a sinusoidal signal in white Gaussian noise are considered. The probability density function of the phase estimate is developed. The estimator efficiency and performance as a phase synchronizer in a partially coherent receiver are calculated and compared with a first-order phase-locked loop phase estimator.     

Angle of arrival estimation of coherent signals using an arraydoublet in motion

Shown here is how the estimation of signal parameters via relational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm may be used with a single pair of antennas in motion to estimate angles of arrival (AOA) for coherent signals. The approach exploits the Doppler frequency shifts caused by the doubler in motion. With this estimator, the number of signals that can be handled is not limited by the size of the array, as in the usual ESPRIT application, but by an adjustable parameter. A theoretical performance analysis of the estimator and typical examples showing the use of this estimator are given     

Direction finding with a four-element Adcock-Butler matrix antennaarray

The conventional analog Adcock-Butler matrix (ABM) antenna array direction finder suffers from systemic errors, component matching problems, and bandwidth limitations. Three digital bearing estimators are developed as candidates to replace the analog signal processing portion of the ABM. Using the same antenna array, they perform all signal processing in the frequency domain, thereby benefitting from the computational efficiency of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The first estimator requires two analog-to-digital converters (A-D) and three antenna elements. It multiplies the difference between the discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) of the output signals from two antenna elements with that from a third antenna element. At each frequency component, the phase of this product is a function of the bearing. A weighted least squares (LS) fit through all the phase components then gives a bearing estimate. The second estimator is similar to the first but uses three A-D and all four antenna elements. The output signal from the additional antenna element provides an independent estimate of the weights for the LS fit, giving an improvement in accuracy. The third estimator applies the physical constraint existing between the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) of a signal intercepted by two perpendicular sets of antenna elements. This yields a better estimator than simple averaging of the bearing from each set of antenna elements. The simulation studies used sinusoids and broadband signals to corroborate the theoretical treatment and demonstrate the accuracy achievable with these estimators. All three direction finders have superior performance in comparison with the analog ABM     

A novel multistage estimation of signal parameters

A multistage estimation scheme is presented for estimating the parameters of a received carrier signal possibly phase-modulated by unknown data and experiencing very high Doppler, Doppler rate, etc. Such a situation arises, for example, in the case of the Global Positioning Systems (GPS). In the proposed scheme, the first-stage estimator operates as a coarse estimator of the frequency and its derivatives, resulting in higher RMS estimation errors but with a relatively small probability of the frequency estimation error exceeding one-half of the sampling frequency (an event termed cycle slip). The second stage of the estimator operates on the error signal available from the first stage, refining the overall estimates, and in the process also reduces the number of cycle slips. The first-stage algorithm is a modified least-squares algorithm operating on the differential signal model and referred to as differential least squares (DLS). The second-stage algorithm is an extended Kalman filter, which yields the estimate of the phase as well as refining the frequency estimate. A major advantage of the proposed algorithm is a reduction in the threshold for the received carrier power-to-noise power spectral density ratio (CNR) as compared with the threshold achievable by either of the algorithms alone     

Matched Filter Criteria and Range Weighting for Weather Radar

The effective weighting function for weather radar is defined. This weighting function considers the effects of both the transmitted signal and the receiver filter. It is used to assign effective ranges to samples taken at prescribed times. For uniformly distributed targets it is shown that "signal"-to-noise ratio depends on the receiver filter, transmitted signal envelope, and receiver noise spectral density. Maximization of this signal-to-noise ratio when range resolution constraints are imposed is discussed, and a receiver design approach specifically adapted for Doppler weather radars is developed.     

Radar/Sonar Signal Design for Bounded Doppler Shifts

In many detection and estimation problems, Doppler frequency shifts are bounded. For clutter or multipath that is uniformly distributed in range and symmetrically distributed in Doppler shift relative to the signal, detectability of a point target or a communication signal is improved by minimizing the weighted volume of the magnitude-squared autoambiguity function. When clutter Doppler shifts are bounded, this volume is in a strip containing the range axis on the range-Doppler plane. For scattering function estimation, e.g., for weather radar, Doppler flow meters, and distributed target classifiers, it is again relevant to minimize ambiguity volume in a strip. Strip volume is minimized by using a pulse train, but such a signal has unacceptably large range sidelobes for most applications. Other waveforms that have relatively small sidelobe level within a strip on the range-Doppler plane, as well as small ambiguity volume in the strip, are obtained. The waveforms are composed of pulse pairs that are phase modulated with Golay complementary codes.     

改进 K-均值算法在雷达辐射源信号预分选中的应用

雷达辐射源信号分选是电子对抗领域一个关键技术,随着电子技术的发展,电磁环境日趋复杂,信号分选的难度越来越大,在这样的条件下,我们应该寻求新的解决问题的方法.本文首先概述了雷达辐射源信号分选意义、系统组成和分选流程,然后介绍了改进 K-均值算法.为了有效实现信号分选,提出了基于改进K-均值算法的信号分选方法,该方法可对到达角、载频和脉宽参数进行分选.最后进行了仿真实验,结果表明该方法实现简单,分选效果较好     

Weak Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise of Unknown Level

An adaptive threshold detector to test for the presence of a weak signal in additive non-Gaussian noise of unknown level is discussed. The detector consists of a locally optimum detector, a noise level estimator, and a decision device. The detection threshold is made adaptive according to the information provided by the noise level estimator in order to keep a fixed false-alarm probability. Asymptotic performance characteristics are obtained indicating relationships among the basic system parameters such as the reference noise sample size and the underlying noise statistics. It is shown that, as the reference noise sample size is made sufficiently large, the adaptive threshold detector attains the performance of a corresponding locally optimum detector for detecting the weak signal were the noise level known.     

Reducing geometric dilution of precision using ridge regression

A signal processing technique is proposed for improving position-fix navigation system accuracy performance when the geometry of the navigation landmarks (e.g. sensors) are nearly collinear. In the navigation literature, the accuracy degradation associated with a nearly collinear measure geometry is termed the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Its presence causes not only the variance of the position estimates to be highly inflated but also any bias terms which may be present in the model. Since a nearly collinear predictor matrix is mathematically equivalent to GDOP, it is proposed to use the ridge regression technique in a navigation signal processor. A position-fix algorithm based on ridge regression reduces the bias and variance inflation caused by GDOP and the overall mean-squared position error as well. Ridge regression contains the GDOP-sensitive least-mean-square (LMS) estimator as a special case. Even with a matched model, GDOP can inflate the mean-square error (MSE) of the ordinary least-squares estimator, whereas the ridge regression technique chooses a suitable biased estimator that will reduce the MSE, which is the main goal. The ridge concept is extended to include GDOP-amplified bias errors. A simple range/range navigation system is analyzed to illustrate the underlying principles of ridge regression     

Radar synthetic vision system for adverse weather aircraft landing

A synthetic vision system (SVS) is described for aid in landing aircraft in poor weather conditions. The system consists of a scanning millimeter wave radar, heads-up display and real-time signal processing hardware. A suite of fast image processing algorithms are used for enhancing and displaying of the imagery. The system has been tested in number of tower and flight demonstration during actual adverse weather conditions. The significance of the work is in both system demonstration of the overall concept and the novelty of its signal processing algorithms     

机载气象雷达回波信号仿真系统

设计了一个机载气象雷达回波信号仿真系统,可用于高保真雷达回波信号的生成与演示。基于高保真风场建模数据,依照真实机载气象雷达的扫描方式初始化仿真参数,对风场数据进行机载气象雷达回波仿真,得到了可靠的仿真数据,并对可靠性进行验证。该系统采用C#与Matlab联合编程的方法进行实现,可实现的功能包括各种气象目标在不同模式下的雷达回波仿真,雷达回波数据正确性的验证及展示。得到的信号可为机载气象雷达信号处理和数据处理算法的开发提供数据支持。     

Optimum Realizable Continuous Range Estimation

The ability to detect the presence or absence of a target is no longer the fundamental design criterion when the vehicle to be tracked is cooperative. In spacecraft tracking or navigation systems, for example, emphasis is placed on post-acquisition performance. Therefore, classical radar theory and design techniques are not specifically applicable. On the other hand, there are optimization techniques for extracting the tracking data from noise that are more to the point. In particular, optimum demodulation theory is directed specifically to the problem of continuously extracting data from a nonlinear modulation process. In this paper, the tracking properties of a multitone PM ranging signal are reviewed and are shown to be nearly optimum for cooperative vehicles. An optimum, but nonrealizable, maximum a posteriori (MAP) continuous estimator of range is derived for this signal. The linearized model of this receiver is the optimum nonrealizable Wiener filter for the data. Interpretation of this optimum nonrealizable estimator leads to a receiver design that is both practical and intuitively satisfying. With the aid of post-detection processing in the Wiener-Hopf sense, almost optimum performance is obtained from the resulting receiver, above threshold.     

Linear Minimum Variance Estimation with Complex Phase Errors

The linear minimum variance estimator of a random signal, received multiplied by a complex Gaussian phase error and added to random noise, is investigated. The results apply to the propagation of images through the turbulent atmosphere, fading channels, and synthetic-aperture radar. Among others, a result is that the multiplicative error can be replaced by an additive error, usually white. The best signal modulation is found in two important special cases.     

Angle Estimation with Adaptive Arrays in External Noise Fields

A method of estimating the angle of arrival of a signal at an array of sensors in an external noise environment is outlined. The development is based on a maximum likelihood estimator and leads naturally to adaptive sum and difference beams which null the external noise sources. An algorithm for estimating angle of arrival, based on the outputs of adaptively distorted sum and differnce beams, is shown to perform well in the presence of sidelobe and/or main beam interference.