LED光谱对模拟空间培养箱中植物生长发育的影响

通过研究在空间植物培养箱中利用LED作为光源对植物生长发育的作用, 并以荧光灯作为对照, 评估LED光源在空间植物培养中的优缺点, 可为中国即将在空间实验室天宫二 号和空间站中开展的高等植物生长实验提供参考. 利用不同比例的红光与白光LED组合光源, 研究光谱组成(红蓝光比例)、光照强度、光周期和气体流通等条件对于模拟空间 植物培养箱中拟南芥和水稻生长发育的影响. 结果表明, 与荧光灯相比, 红蓝光比例高的LED会导致拟南芥提早开花和水稻叶片的早衰. 红蓝光峰值比在3.9左右时, 拟南芥 和水稻生长最为有利; 红蓝光峰值比超过16则明显抑制拟南芥和水稻的生长, 导致叶片早衰. 另外, 在密闭培养箱中, 光强小于150μmol·m-2·s-1时, 增加光照强度可以部分抵消气体流通不足导致拟南芥植物生长的抑制, 而光照强度大 于150μmol·m-2·s-1时, 光强越大拟南芥的生长发育受到抑制越严重. 水稻对密闭培养环境中高光强的耐受性明显好于拟南芥. 因此, 在设计空间植物培养箱的LED光照系统时, 红蓝光的比例选择是关键, 此外还需综合考虑空间微重力条件下气体对流变化影响植物对光的反应.      

辐射条件下微藻基因表达内参基因的选择

作为空间辐射的一种主要成分,紫外辐射可广泛引起陆地植物与水生生物细胞及其组份的破坏.荧光定量PCR技术广泛应用于各类胁迫环境下,研究目的基因的转录水平.在荧光定量PCR中选用合适的内参基因,能够更加准确地校正和标准化目的基因转录水平.本实验研究了辐射条件下水生生物莱茵衣藻6个传统内参基因18SrRNA,GAPDH,β-actin,β-tubulin,EF1-α和UBC基因表达的稳定性.经GeNorm软件研究分析,在辐射条件下,莱茵衣藻18SrRNA基因表达最不稳定,而选用β-actin和GAPDH作为双内参,可以得到更精确的实验结果.      

空间小鼠实验有效载荷研究进展

啮齿动物是空间研究中常见的模型对象,已开展的空间生物实验中,小鼠表现出对飞行条件的有效适应.通过空间培养,研究者可对失重环境下小鼠的生理行为、骨骼和神经系统变化做进一步研究分析.本文对空间小鼠实验有效载荷的研究进展及其空间飞行实验进行了概述,为中国空间站上的小鼠培养箱设计提供参考.概述了地面小鼠培养技术和装置,为空间小...     

空间科学实验通用地面检测系统研制

分析了地面检测设备在空间有效载荷研制过程中的作用,提出一种用于对多种空间微重力科学实验设备（载荷）进行地面测试的通用地面检测设备设计方法.通过载荷特性分析,对载荷中的控制对象进行分类.针对不同控制对象使用不同的操作进行控制.将载荷实验过程分解为一系列固定时刻执行的操作,通过配置静态配置表、动作配置表和动态配置表,实现对载荷实验过程的控制.地面检测设备由计算机、电源和RS422通信接口构成.针对不同载荷,使用规格一致的电缆和通信接口,保证地面监测设备的通用性.地面检测设备配合多功能炉、骨髓培养箱、辐射基因箱、煤燃烧箱、蒸发对流箱、导线特性箱及胶体材料箱7台载荷开展研制工作,在各载荷试验参数确定、空间试验流程确定、设备性能测试、环境模拟实验、电磁兼容实验、地面匹配实验以及载荷设备验收等过程中发挥了重要作用.      

微重力环境下植物培养箱设计

基于空间微重力下植物的生物学效应及其微重力信号转导研究需要,在微重力条件下培养拟南芥,获得经微重力条件生长的拟南芥样品.在空间实验过程中实时采集、存储和传输植物样品的数字图像,并根据生物样品的生长周期对生物样品进行低温固定和储存,再由返回式卫星带回地面,开展微重力植物生物学效应研究.      

动态环境中的无人机路径规划方法

为了解决动态环境中的路径规划问题,提出了一种引入时间轴的方法.在构型空间的基础上引入时间轴,将构型空间扩展为构型-时间空间,在构型-时间空间中可以表示动态障碍物所有时刻的位置.在路径生成阶段,提出了一种改进的蚁群算法,将方向信息作为启发信息引入蚁群算法中,使蚂蚁在初始搜索路径时更有针对性.仿真结果表明:构型-时间空间可以解决动态环境的表示问题,改进蚁群算法可以更快地收敛到全局最优解.      

神舟八号上的生物“百宝箱”——中德合作通用生物培养箱揭秘

2011年11月18日北京时间凌晨0时20分,载人航天工程空间科学实验领域首次开展的国际合作项目——中德合作生物培养箱从内蒙古四子王旗神舟飞船主着陆场平安运抵北京西郊机场。中国西安卫星测控中心与中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心在机场停机坪进行了载荷交接。随后,载荷被迅速运往中国科学院实验室,进行进一步处理。作为中国在空间应用领域首次开展的国际合作项目,该项目不仅为推进空间生命科学研究和技术发展探索了新的途径,而且为中国载人航天开展更为广泛的国际间合作积累了经验。     

基于窄带雷达RCS序列的空间目标尺寸估计

从窄带雷达横截面积(RCS)序列中提取目标尺寸特征对空间目标的分类识别具有重要价值. 本文在研究椭球体RCS序列特性的基础上, 提出了一种空间目标形状估计方法, 并进一步研究了空间目标尺寸估计问题, 提出了一种新的尺寸估计方法. 实测数据的验证表明, 该方法能有效估计卫星、碎片等空间目标的形状和二维尺寸.      

一种高效空间分割算法

针对三角面元目标提出了一种高效率的空间分割算法.该方法以一种空间点与单位立方体位置关系的判断法则为基础,并逐渐延拓到参数直线、三角形的空间分割上,给出了一种新的三角形面元目标快速分割的解决方法.介绍了该方法在参数曲线、NURBS(Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline)曲面目标的空间均匀分割上的应用,并给出了非均匀分割的处理方法.与计算机图形技术中最常用的BSP(Binary Space Partitioning)技术的比较中发现,对于特定情形,该算法的执行效率优于BSP法.通过实例证明了该算法的有效性和可靠性.     

空间交会对接微波雷达测量系统面校准技术研究

介绍一种空间对接雷达测量系统地面校准方法.使用三坐标测量机准确标定立方镜和雷达天线之间的关系,将雷达天线和应答机天线分别固定在两空间舱上,在实验现场使用经纬仪测量系统测试.在测试过程中使用空间坐标转换方法,对位置关系中的姿态角进行标校,验证雷达测量系统的测量准确度,确保空间对接舱在太空中对接成功.     

Changes in gravitational force induce alterations in gene expression that can be monitored in the live, developing zebrafish heart.

Little is known about the effect of microgravity on gene expression, particularly in vivo during embryonic development. Using transgenic zebrafish that express the gfp gene under the influence of a beta-actin promoter, we examined the affect of simulated-microgravity on GFP expression in the heart. Zebrafish embryos, at the 18-20 somite-stage, were exposed to simulated-microgravity for 24 hours. The intensity of GFP fluorescence associated with the heart was then determined using fluorescence microscopy. Our measurements indicated that simulated-microgravity induced a 23.9% increase in GFP-associated fluorescence in the heart. In contrast, the caudal notochord showed a 17.5% increase and the embryo as a whole showed only an 8.5% increase in GFP-associated fluorescence. This suggests that there are specific effects on the heart causing the more dramatic increase. These studies indicate that microgravity can influence gene expression and demonstrate the usefulness of this in vivo model of 'reporter-gene' expression for studying the effects of microgravity.     

Simultaneous measurement of multiple radiation-induced protein expression profiles using the Luminex(TM) system.

Space flight results in the exposure of astronauts to a mixed field of radiation composed of energetic particles of varying energies, and biological indicators of space radiation exposure provides a better understanding of the associated long-term health risks. Current methods of biodosimetry have employed the use of cytogenetic analysis for biodosimetry, and more recently the advent of technological progression has led to advanced research in the use of genomic and proteomic expression profiling to simultaneously assess biomarkers of radiation exposure. We describe here the technical advantages of the Luminex(TM) 100 system relative to traditional methods and its potential as a tool to simultaneously profile multiple proteins induced by ionizing radiation. The development of such a bioassay would provide more relevant post-translational dynamics of stress response and will impart important implications in the advancement of space and other radiation contact monitoring.     

Changes in operational procedures to improve spaceflight experiments in plant biology in the European Modular Cultivation System

The microgravity environment aboard orbiting spacecraft has provided a unique laboratory to explore topics in basic plant biology as well as applied research on the use of plants in bioregenerative life support systems. Our group has utilized the European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to study plant growth, development, tropisms, and gene expression in a series of spaceflight experiments. The most current project performed on the ISS was termed Seedling Growth-1 (SG-1) which builds on the previous TROPI (for tropisms) experiments performed in 2006 and 2010. Major technical and operational changes in SG-1 (launched in March 2013) compared to the TROPI experiments include: (1) improvements in lighting conditions within the EMCS to optimize the environment for phototropism studies, (2) the use of infrared illumination to provide high-quality images of the seedlings, (3) modifications in procedures used in flight to improve the focus and overall quality of the images, and (4) changes in the atmospheric conditions in the EMCS incubator. In SG-1, a novel red-light-based phototropism in roots and hypocotyls of seedlings that was noted in TROPI was confirmed and now can be more precisely characterized based on the improvements in procedures. The lessons learned from sequential experiments in the TROPI hardware provide insights to other researchers developing space experiments in plant biology.     

Effects of space flight on surface marker expression.

Space flight has been shown to affect expression of several cell surface markers. These markers play important roles in regulation of immune responses, including CD4 and CD8. The studies have involved flight of experimental animals and humans followed by analysis of tissue samples (blood in humans, rats and monkeys, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow in rodents). The degree and direction of the changes induced by space flight have been determined by the conditions of the flight. Also, there may be compartmentalization of the response of surface markers to space flight, with differences in the response of cells isolated from blood and local immune tissue. The same type of compartmentalization was also observed with cell adhesion molecules (integrins). In this case, the expression of integrins from lymph node cells differed from that of splenocytes isolated from rats immediately after space flight. Cell culture studies have indicated that there may be an inhibition in conversion of a precursor cell line to cells exhibiting mature macrophage characteristics after space flight, however, these experiments were limited as a result of technical difficulties. In general, it is clear that space flight results in alterations of cell surface markers. The biological significance of these changes remains to be established.     

国际行星保护政策解读与技术前瞻

随着人类空间探测范围的不断拓展,行星保护成为人类后续深空探测必须要面临的一个重要问题。从行星保护的概念入手,对其研究背景以及美国、欧洲、俄罗斯等国目前相关的研究进展做了简要介绍,涉及了政策制定、标准规范、污染防控、技术体系等各个方面。载人深空探测过程中各个环节都可能存在污染源,必须针对性地开展保护和防护技术研究;深入研究国际行星保护政策、法规和技术体系,对于我国后续开展相关研究具有很好的参考和借鉴意义。     

Expression of p53-regulated genes in human cultured lymphoblastoid TSCE5 and WTK1 cell lines after spaceflight in a frozen state

The 53 kDa tumor suppressor protein p53 is generally thought to contribute to the genetic stability of cells and to protect cells from DNA damage through the activity of p53-centered signal transduction pathways. To clarify the effect of space radiation on the expression of p53-dependent regulated genes, gene expression profiles were compared between two human cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines: one line (TSCE5) has a wild-type p53 gene status, and the other line (WTK1) has a mutated p53 gene status. Frozen human lymphoblastoid cells were stored in a freezer in the International Space Station (ISS) for 133 days. Gene expression was analyzed using DNA chips after culturing the space samples for 6 h on the ground after their return from space. Ground control samples were also cultured for 6 h after being stored in a frozen state on the ground for the same time period that the frozen cells were in space. p53-Dependent gene expression was calculated from the ratio of the gene expression values in wild-type p53 cells and in mutated p53 cells. The expression of 50 p53-dependent genes was up-regulated, and the expression of 94 p53-dependent genes was down-regulated after spaceflight. These expression data identified genes which could be useful in advancing studies in basic space radiation biology. The biological meaning of these results is discussed from the aspect of gene functions in the up- and down-regulated genes after exposure to low doses of space radiation.     

An Outline of Investigation of Space Medicine Problem and Its Mechanism

The human exploration of space is one of the great voyages of discovery in human history. For over forty years space exploration, human have gotten more profound knowledge about outer space and life phenomena, ranging from understanding and recognizing space to adapting and utilizing space. With these development, space medicine that aimed at studying effect of space environment on human health and ensuring the safety, health and effective working of human in space exploration, will become increasingly improved and matured.The contents of research will develop from the early phenomena observation of the effect of space environment on human physiology and biochemistry, and the effect definition, to the study of the mechanism of changes of cell, molecule, and gene, from the passive adaptation for space environment to taking the initiative countermeasures, in order to ensure the safety, health and effective working of astronauts during space flight.Space practices in the past forty years have confirmed that a variety of physiological and pathological changes have been found for organism exposed to space flight. These changes include cardiovascular dysfunction, bone loss,muscle atrophy, decline of immune function, endocrine function disorder and space motion sickness. In recent years, more attention has been focused on the study of the mechanism of these changes, especially the effects of space environment on cell, molecule and its gene expression. With the demand of China's manned space engineering task and continuous development, a series of studies on medical problem caused by space environment have been carried out.     

Land use/land cover classification using time series Landsat 8 images in a heavily urbanized area

It is of great significance to timely, accurately, and effectively monitor land use/cover in city regions for the reasonable development and utilization of urban land resources. The remotely sensed dynamic monitoring of Land use/land cover (LULC) in rapidly developing city regions has increasingly depended on remote-sensing data at high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, due to the influence of revisiting periods and weather, it is difficult to acquire enough time-series images with high quality at both high temporal and spatial resolution from the same sensor. In this paper we used the temporal-spatial fusion model ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) to blend Landsat8 and MODIS data and obtain time-series Landsat8 images. Then, land cover information is extracted using an object-based classification method. In this study, the proposed method is validated by a case study of the Changsha City. The results show that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 94.38% and 0.88, respectively, and the user/producer accuracies of vegetation types were all over 85%. Our approach provides an accurate and efficient technical method for the effective extraction of land use/cover information in the highly heterogeneous regions.     

空间光学敏感器技术进展与应用

空间光学敏感器作为航天器控制与导航以及空间监视测量的重要传感器在航天任务实施中发挥着重要作用,论述空间光学敏感器概念的内涵和外延、分类方法、特点、设计目标与方法、应用,对各类敏感器的技术进展和应用情况进行概要综述,归纳此类敏感器的发展趋势.