Precise modeling of arc tooth face-gear with transition curve

A fabrication method is adopted for which an imaginary gear simultaneously realizes conjugated meshing with an arc tooth cylindrical gear and an arc tooth face-gear. The cutter fillet and tooth crest edge form the tooth root fillet of the gear, and the linear tooth surface equation of the imaginary gear and the position vector of the curvature center of the cutter fillet arc constructed with certain cutter inclination to deduce a working arc tooth surface equation. The tooth root fillet equation of the arc tooth face-gear is derived from the meshing geometry and kinematics. A numer- ically controlled machining model of the arc tooth face-gear is established through the transforma- tion of adjustment parameters from the cutter-tilt milling machine to a common multi-axis NC machine. Motion parameters of each movement axis of the NC machine are acquired. A processing example is presented to verify the precision of the fabrication method in processing the arc tooth face-gear. The method provides a theoretical and tentative basis for the analysis of tooth surface contact stress, tooth root bending stress and dynamics. A hobbing test is conducted to demonstrate the good meshing condition of the arc tooth face-gear pair.     

Integrated optimization analyses of aerodynamic/stealth characteristics of helicopter rotor based on surrogate model

Based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method,electromagnetic high-frequency method and surrogate model optimization techniques,an integration design method about aerodynamic/stealth has been established for helicopter rotor.The developed integration design method is composed of three modules:integrated grids generation(the moving-embedded grids for CFD solver and the blade grids for radar cross section(RCS)solver are generated by solving Poisson equations and folding approach),aerodynamic/stealth solver(the aerodynamic characteristics are simulated by CFD method based upon Navier–Stokes equations and Spalart–Allmaras(S–A)turbulence model),and the stealth characteristics are calculated by using a panel edge method combining the method of physical optics(PO),equivalent currents(MEC)and quasi-stationary(MQS),and integrated optimization analysis(based upon the surrogate model optimization technique with full factorial design(FFD)and radial basis function(RBF)),an integrated optimization analyses on aerodynamic/stealth characteristics of rotor are conducted.Firstly,the scattering characteristics of the rotor with different blade-tip swept and twist angles have been carried out,then time–frequency domain grayscale with strong scattering regions of rotor have been given.Meanwhile,the effects of swept-tip and twist angles on the aerodynamic characteristic of rotor have been performed.Furthermore,by choosing suitable object function and constraint condition,the compromised design about swept and twist combinations of rotor with high aerodynamic performances and low scattering characteristics has been given at last.     

Scatter factor confidence interval estimate of least square maximum entropy quantile function for small samples

Classic maximum entropy quantile function method (CMEQFM) based on the probabil-ity weighted moments (PWMs) can accurately estimate the quantile function of random variable on small samples, but inaccurately on the very small samples. To overcome this weakness, least square maximum entropy quantile function method (LSMEQFM) and that with constraint condition (LSMEQFMCC) are proposed. To improve the confidence level of quantile function estimation, scatter factor method is combined with maximum entropy method to estimate the confidence inter-val of quantile function. From the comparisons of these methods about two common probability distributions and one engineering application, it is showed that CMEQFM can estimate the quan-tile function accurately on the small samples but inaccurately on the very small samples (10 sam-ples); LSMEQFM and LSMEQFMCC can be successfully applied to the very small samples;with consideration of the constraint condition on quantile function, LSMEQFMCC is more stable and computationally accurate than LSMEQFM; scatter factor confidence interval estimation method based on LSMEQFM or LSMEQFMCC has good estimation accuracy on the confidence interval of quantile function, and that based on LSMEQFMCC is the most stable and accurate method on the very small samples (10 samples).     

Research of Step-down Stress Accelerated Degradation Data Assessment Method of a Certain Type of Missile Tank

The performance degradation rates of the missile tank are generally time-varying functions uneasily evaluated by general classical evaluation methods. This paper develops a segmented nonlinear accelerated degradation model (SNADM) based on the equivalent method of accumulative damage theory, which tackles the problem that product life is difficult to be determined with degradation rate being a function of the variable of time. A segmented expression of the function of population accumulative degradation is derived. And combined with nonlinear function, an accelerated degradation function, i.e., SNADM is obtained. The parameters of the SNADM are identified by numerical iteration, and the statistical function of degradation track is extrapolated. The reliability function is determined through the type of random process of the degradation distribution. Then an evaluation of product storage life is undertaken by combining the statistical function of degradation track, reliability function and threshold. An example of a missile tank undergoes a step-down stress accelerated degradation test (SDSADT), in which the results with the SNADM and the classical method are evaluated and compared. The technology introduced is validated with the resultant coincidence of both evaluated and field storage lives.     

渐变结构系统模糊可靠性灵敏度分析的矩方法(英文)

For a degradable structural system with fuzzy failure region, a moment method based on fuzzy reliability sensitivity algorithm is presented. According to the value assignment of performance function, the integral region for calculating the fuzzy failure probability is first split into a series of subregions in which the membership function values of the performance function within the fuzzy failure region can be approximated by a set of constants. The fuzzy failure probability is then transformed into a sum of products of the random failure probabilities and the approximate constants of the membership function in the subregions. Furthermore, the fuzzy reliability sensitivity analysis is transformed into a series of random reliability sensitivity analysis, and the random reliability sensitivity can be obtained by the constructed moment method. The primary advantages of the presented method include higher efficiency for implicit performance function with low and medium dimensionality and wide applicability to multiple failure modes and nonnormal basic random variables. The limitation is that the required computation effort grows exponentially with the increase of dimensionality of the basic random vari- able; hence, it is not suitable for high dimensionality problem. Compared with the available methods, the presented one is pretty competitive in the case that the dimensionality is lower than 10. The presented examples are used to verify the advantages and indicate the limitations.     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.     

Electrical discharge and arc milling with automatic tracking of optimal flushing direction: A novel high-efficiency compound machining method

The arc milling method has the advantages of high machining efficiency and low cost and is independent of the strength and hardness of machined materials. However, frequent electrode back-offs and the risk of workpiece burning may occur if erosion products are not removed promptly. In this study, it was found that the flushing method of the working medium had a significant impact on the machining performance of arc milling. Based on this, a novel highefficiency compound machining method of elect...     

激光燃速仪的燃烧室流场分析计算

 Numerical method of flow field of laser servo-controlled strand window bomb was studied and discussed. Stream function and vorticity method of axisymmetric, steady, incompressible flow field was also studied and discussed. Axisymmetric finite difference stream function-vorticity equations on interior points and the points near oblique boundary were derived. Boundary conditions were given and initial interative field was offered before calculation. Cross-bidirectional scanning method was used for increasing parameter transmission rate and relaxation method which could increase convergent stability was applied. At last, the flow field of laser servo-controlled strand window bomb was shown, including motion patterns and vorticity flow scatter diagrams. The solutions were in concordance to the solutions by Mills et al. and the theories by Pan and Acrivos.     

Analysis of crack opening stresses for center- and edge-crack tension specimens

Accurate determination of crack opening stress is of central importance to fatigue crack growth analysis and life prediction based on the crack-closure model. This paper studies the crack opening behavior for center- and edge-crack tension specimens. It is found that the crack opening stress is affected by the crack tip element. By taking the crack tip element into account, a modified crack opening stress equation is given for the center-crack tension specimen. Crack surface displace- ment equations for an edge crack in a semi-infinite plate under remote uniform tension and partially distributed pressure are derived by using the weight function method. Based on these displacements, a crack opening stress equation for an edge crack in a semi-infinite plate under uniform tension has been developed. The study shows that the crack opening stress is geometry-dependent, and the weight function method provides an effective and reliable tool to deal with such geometry depen- dence.     

A REVERSED-FRAME NORMALIZATION DESIGN OF ROBUST FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

In this paper, a discussion is devoted to the theory and method of a reversed-frame normalization design to robust flight control system. The robust stability theory of the normal transfer function matrix with the same characteristic gain loci is proved. An example of flight control system design shows the application and advantage of this method.     

用圆弧样条计算地形跟随技术中的期望航迹

从地形外形的采样数据设计飞机贴地飞行的期望航迹,然后由相应的最优控制器使飞机按此航迹飞行,这一地形跟随技术中的最优控制算法,日益得到重视和发展,并应用在综合地形跟随/回避技术中。 本文提出了采用圆弧样条计算期望航迹的方法,在几十种地形情况下进行了对比研究,证明是可行的。明显地减少了期望航迹计算的工作量,增加了系统实时计算的可能性。     

有理双圆弧插值与双圆弧样条曲面

阐明了用有理参数形式表示圆弧的充要条件。在此基础上建立了由三点确定的双圆弧的有理参数方程。提出了有理双圆弧插值的算法,其中包括建立连续性方程,计算弦切角以及构造样条曲线。此外,构造了一类以双圆弧样条为横向截线的直纹曲面     

嫦娥三号动力落月段轨迹确定策略

针对CE-3（嫦娥三号）月球探测器动力下降弧段,特别是悬停避障段频繁机动的特点,提出了采用B样条函数逼近方法进行落月轨迹确定.仿真分析表明：在动力下降运动较平滑弧段,B样条逼近法计算结果略优于多项式拟合法;而在频繁机动弧段,B样条逼近法有明显优势.计算结果表明,加入VLBI（Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量）数据后能有效提高落月轨迹确定精度,在没有系统误差的情况下联合定位后位置精度优于50 m.此外,还分析了三向测量系统差对定位的影响,可对CE 3任务提供参考.最后对CE 3实测数据进行处理,动力落月段末点位置和着陆器定位计算值相差不到200 m.     

花键滚刀法向齿形计算机辅助设计

复杂刀具采用传统方法设计时，精度低、周期长。介绍了花键滚刀法向齿形计算机辅助设计的基本方法，即首先计算出花键滚刀法向齿形的理论齿形，然后用圆弧来代替理论齿形，并高速代用圆弧使其误差不超过允许值，并利用数据库中的相关参数，完成齿形图及加工零件图的绘制。采用本方法可提高设计精度、缩短设计周期、简化复杂刀具设计过程。     

参数估计的样条函数法应用

简要了介绍了样条函数法的基本原理，飞机的数学模型和空气动力系数的样条函数表达式。用一算例说明了估计过程，获得了纵向气动导数随迎角变化的估计结果。同时还研究了迎角节点间隔和样条函数的次数对估计结果的影响，估计结果表明，样条函数法是非线性参数估计的重要方法之一，适当减小节点和间隔和适当增加样条函数次数可以提高参数估计的精度。     

样条函数在估算飞机气动参数中的应用

根据气动参数估算的需要，分析了样条函数的基本概念，方程及三次插值样条函数在参数估算中的应用，以某歼击机全机平衡升力线斜率对马赫数的偏导数为例，用三次插值样条函数对其进行了估算。     

逆向工程中曲面重构算法研究与实现

给出了基于坐标测量机测得的海量数据重新构造样板物体的数字化表面模型的算法流程。该算法首先利用部分测量数据构造张量积的B样条网格曲面,通过确定适当的检查点,并计算检查点到所构造的B样条网格曲面间的距离,从而控制重构曲面的构造精度。讨论了与文中算法相关的空间点到NURBS曲面间的距离计算等问题。给出了1个工程应用实例,表明该算法稳定可靠、效率较高。     

非球面研磨阶段检测技术的优化

研磨阶段非球面的面形误差将由几十微米收敛到几个微米,适当的测量方法决定了该阶段误差的收敛速度和精度,而非圆对称离轴非球面加工研磨阶段的检测无疑更具难度。本文基于双四阶B样条函数的概念,提出了NURBS曲面拟合模型并用于指导非球面的研磨,同时给出应用实例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

飞机舱温数据处理方法的考核研究

通过编写飞机舱温数据处理与分析软件平台,对有关文献的舱温实测数据处理方法进行考核研究,结果表明：要使得到的样条逼近函数的误差最小,应合理选取自变量取值范围的分段数和样条次数。如若不然,在样条次数相同的情况下,分段计算得到样条逼近函数的误差可能要比在整个区间上不分段时得到的误差大。     

Wavelet-based fairing of B-spline surfaces

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