Skylab experiment M-092: results of the first manned mission

Blood pressure at 30-sec intervals, heart rate, and percentage increase in leg volume continuously were recorded during a 25-min protocol in the M092 Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) experiment carried out in the first manned Skylab mission. These data were collected during six tests on each crewman over a 5-month preflight period. The protocol consisted of a 5-min resting control period, 1 min at -8, 1 min at -16, 3 min at -30, 5 min at -40, and 5 min at -50 mm Hg LBNP. A 5-min recovery period followed. Inflight tests were performed at approximately 3-day intervals through the 28-day mission. Individual variations in cardiovascular responses to LBNP during the preflight period continued to be demonstrated in the inflight tests. Measurements of the calf indicated that a large volume of fluid was shifted out of the legs early in the flight and that a slower decrease in leg volume, presumably due to loss of muscle tissue, continued throughout the flight. Resting heart rates tended to be low early in the flight and to increase slightly as the flight progressed. Resting blood pressure varied but usually was characterized by slightly elevated systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic pressure, and higher pulse pressures than during preflight examinations. During LBNP inflight a much greater increase in leg volume occurred than in preflight tests. Large increases occurred even at the smallest levels of negative pressure, suggesting that the veins of the legs were relatively empty at the beginning of the LBNP. The greater volume of blood pooled in the legs was associated with greater increases of heart rate and diastolic pressure and larger falls of systolic and pulse pressure than seen in preflight tests. The LBNP protocol represented a greater stress inflight, and on three occasions it was necessary to stop the test early because of impending syncopal reactions. LBNP responses inflight appeared to predict the degree of postflight orthostatic intolerance. Postflight responses to LBNP during the first 48 hours were characterized by marked elevations of heart rate and instability of blood pressure. In addition, systolic and diastolic pressures were typically elevated considerably both at rest and also during stress. The time required for cardiovascular responses to return to preflight levels was much slower than in the case of Apollo crewmen.     

Skylab experiment M-171 "Metabolic Activity"--results of the first manned mission

The experiment was performed to ascertain whether man's ability to perform mechanical work would be altered as a result of exposure to the weightless environment. Skylab II crewmen were exercised on a bicycle ergometer at loads approximating 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximum oxygen uptake while their physiological responses were monitored. The results of these tests indicate that the crewmen had no significant decrement in their response to exercise during their exposure to zero gravity. Immediately postflight, however, all crewmen demonstrated an inability to perform the programmed exercise with the same metabolic effectiveness as they did both preflight and inflight. The most significant changes were elevated heart rates for the same work load and oxygen consumption (decreased oxygen pulse), decreased stroke volume, and decreased cardiac output at the same oxygen consumption level. It is apparent that the changes occurred inflight, but did not manifest themselves until the crewmen attempted to readapt to the 1-G environment.     

The Skylab sleep monitoring experiment: methodology and initial results

The sleep monitoring experiment permitted an objective evaluation of sleep characteristics during the first two manned Skylab flights. Hardware located onboard the spacecraft accomplished data acquisition, analysis, and preservation, thereby permitting near-real-time evaluation of sleep during the flights and more detailed postmission analysis. The crewman studied during the 28-Day Mission showed some decrease in total sleep time an increase in the percentage of Stage 4 sleep, while the subject in the 59-Day Mission exhibited little change in total sleep time and a small decrease in Stage 4 and REM sleep. Some disruption of sleep characteristics was seen in the final days of both missions, and both subjects exhibited decreases in REM-onset latency in the immediate postflight period. The relatively minor changes seen were not of the type nor magnitude which might be expected to be associated with significant degradation of performance capability.     

Propagation experiment with Japanese satellite,ETS-II (KIKU-2)

The first Japanese geostationary satellite, Engineering Test Satellite Type II [Kiku-2], has been successfully placed at 130°E at the beginning of March 1977.Using beacon transmitters at three coherent frequencies of 1.7, 11.5 and 34.5 GHz which are installed in ETS-II, the Radio Research Laboratories (RRL) of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) conduct propagation experiments to obtain preliminary information for the Experimental Communication Satellite (ECS) experiment.The experimental system for propagation experiment with ETS-II is composed of a main receiving station, a rain radar, a radio-meter, meteorological instruments and data handling computers.The receiving data, including signal levels of co- and cross-polarization in these frequencies and phase differences between each of these frequencies and polarization, are sampled every 200 msec.The satellite-to-Earth propagation experiment at the highest frequency has been satisfactorily started on 11 March 1977.     

二(2,2-二硝基丙基)硝胺的合成及热性能

以2,2-二硝基丙醇为原料,经缩合、硝化反应合成了二(2,2-二硝基丙基)硝胺(BDNPN)。用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对中间体及目标化合物的结构进行了表征。优化了反应条件,硝化反应的最佳条件为nBDNPA:nHNO3=1∶30,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为1 h,收率92.1%。用DSC和TG-DTG考察了目标化合物的热性能。结果表明,BDNPN的热分解峰温为212.3℃,具有较好的热稳定性。     

Uncontrolled motion of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Foton M-2</Emphasis> satellite and quasistatic microaccelerations on its board

The results of determining the uncontrolled rotational motion of the Foton M-2 satellite (in orbit from May 31 to June 16, 2005) are presented. The determination was made using the data of onboard measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field strength. Segments 270 min long (three orbits) were selected from these data covering the first two thirds of the flight. On each such segment the data were processed jointly by the least squares method using integration of the equations of attitude motion of the satellite. In processing, the initial conditions of motion and parameters of the used mathematical model were estimated. The thus obtained results gave a complete overview of the satellite motion. This motion, having started with a small angular velocity, gradually accelerated, and in two days became close to the regular Euler precession of an axisymmetric solid body. On June 09, 2005 (the last day of measurements) the angular velocity of the satellite relative to its lengthwise axis was about 1.1 deg/s, while the projection of the angular velocity onto a plane perpendicular to this axis had an absolute value of about 0.11 deg/s. Deviations of the lengthwise axis from a normal to the orbit plane did not exceed 60°. Based on the results of determination of the rotational motion of the satellite, calculations of quasi-static microaccelerations on its board are performed.     

The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) experiment for NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory

We present a summary of the physical principles and design of the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument onboard NASA's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. The DAN instrument will use the method of neutron-neutron activation analysis in a space application to study the abundance and depth distribution of water in the martian subsurface along the path of the MSL rover.     

GPS C／A码与P（Y）码抗干扰性能分析

讨论C/A码与P(Y)码重复周期的不同对各自抗干扰性能的影响。探讨涉及P(Y)码接收机抗干扰性能的认定问题。分析表明:多数情况下P(Y)码接收机具有比C/A码接收机远高出10dB的抗干扰性能;转发式干扰对P(Y)码接收机很难达到欺骗效果。     

Design, performance, and experiment capabilities of the AGHF: ESA''s advanced gradient furnace for spacelab

AGHF is a Bridgman Furnace Facility for directional solidification experiments in microgravity environment with very well controlled heater temperatures up to 1400°C. A laboratory model and an engineering model exist, the flight model will be built at the end of 1991. The furnace uses heater elements made of W-Re wire wound on a solid TZM heat diffuser, diffuser temperature control by Pt/PtRh thermocouples to ±0.2 K, and a water cooled cooling zone regulated by a thermostatic valve to ±0.3 K. AGHF experiments use front loaded cartridges, which can use conductive coupling to the cooling zone by a liquid metal ring or radiative cooling. The laboratory model furnace, mounted in a dedicated vacuum chamber with peripherals controlled by a commercial computer, was intensively tested up to 1400°C, as specified for the AGHF by ESA, and at 1500°C in a life test under a technology development programme of ESA. Notable laboratory model results are gradients of 95 K/cm in solid Ni of 18 mm dia, with conductive cooling zone coupling by liquid metal, and 70 K/cm with radiative cooling in ZrO₂. EM test are not yet complete, but first tests indicate similar or better results, especially of gradient constancy vs pulling stroke over 140 mm. The first heater model sustained 400 h at 1000°C, 800 h at 1300°C, and 400 h at 1500°C.     

Investigation of the motion of (99942) apophis asteroid using the SKIF cyberia multiprocessor computing system

We present the results of investigation of the dynamics of (99942) Apophis asteroid, which will undergo a very close encounter with the Earth on April 13, 2029. The region of possible motions of the asteroid is considered on the time interval (2004, 2040). In addition, it is shown that an increase of the observational interval (2004, 2006) until 2008 allowed us to reduce significantly the area of possible motions. All investigations were performed by numerical methods with the help of algorithms and software developed by us in the environment of parallel programming using the SKIF Cyberia multiprocessor computer of the Tomsk State University.     

热处理对PBO纤维分子链结构和性能的影响

利用红外光谱分析(FTIR)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)和磷含量分析方法研究了热处理对PBO纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明,热处理使PBO纤维分子链中聚合后期少量的未关环反应趋向完全,使得PBO分子的共轭链长增加,弱键消失,提高了PBO纤维的力学性能;提高了分子链与链之间排列的有序性,使链与链之间堆砌更加紧密,使得热处理后的纤维较难溶于MSA中;热处理使PBO纤维表面化学组成发生变化,并使其表面粗糙化,能改善其表面润湿性能;热处理对纤维强度影响甚微,提高热处理温度、延长热处理时间和增大热处理张力,能提高PBO纤维的模量。     

Evolution of asteroid orbits at the 3 : 1 their mean motion resonance with Jupiter (planar problem)

The 3 : 1 mean motion resonance is studied in the planar elliptic restricted three-body problem (Sun-Jupiter-asteroid). Using double numerical averaging, the equations are constructed that describe the secular evolution of eccentricity and perihelion longitude of the asteroid orbit. The region of adiabatic chaos is isolated in the phase space of the system under study.     

潜入式喷管背区空腔对压强振荡及旋涡运动影响的实验研究

通过转角涡脱落二维缩比实验器的冷流实验,验证了声-涡耦合机理,即当转角涡脱落频率与声腔固有频率接近时将引起压强振荡,并通过改变潜入式喷管背区空腔体积,研究了空腔体积大小对压强振荡以及旋涡运动的影响。实验结果表明,实验器中压强振荡的振幅随着潜入式喷管背区空腔体积的减小而降低,当背区空腔体积为0时,压强振荡消失。通过高速流场显示技术,获得了不同背区空腔体积时的旋涡运动情况。分析表明,随着空腔体积的逐渐减小,旋涡脱落变得杂乱而没有规则,无法与实验器声腔耦合,从而不能产生压强振荡。     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)有机双胺盐的合成及热性能

以有机胺和自制的3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)为原料,合成了DNPP的肼盐(DH-DNPP)、胍盐(DGDNPP)、三氨基胍盐(DTAG-DNPP)、脒基脲盐(DGU-DNPP)、4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐(DAT-DNPP)、氨基脲盐(DS-DNPP)、缩二胍盐(DBG-DNPP)、氨基胍盐(DAG-DNPP)、二氨基胍盐(DBAG-DNPP)、二氨基呋咱盐(DAF-DNPP)等10种有机双胺盐化合物,收率分别为95.7%、58.5%、56.9%、80.5%、59.5%、71.1%、47.0%、81.6%、86.9%、69.7%;采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析等方法,表征了目标化合物的结构;利用差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重(TG)等热分析手段,研究了10种化合物的热性能。结果表明,此类化合物具有较好的热稳定性。     

The comprehensive aerospace index (CASI): Tracking the economic performance of the aerospace industry

In this paper, we described the Comprehensive AeroSpace Index (CASI), a financial index aimed at representing the economic performance of the aerospace industry. CASI is build upon a data set of approximately 20 years of daily close prices set, from January 1987 to June 2007, from a comprehensive sample of leading aerospace-related companies with stocks negotiated on the New York Exchange (NYSE) and on the over-the-counter (OTC) markets. We also introduced the sub-indices CASI-AERO, for aeronautical segment, and CASI-SAT, for satellite segment, and considered the relation between them. These three indices are compared to others aerospace indices and to more traditional general financial indices like DJIA, S&P500 and Nasdaq. Our results have shown that the CASI is an index that describes very well the aerospace sector behavior, since it is able to reflect the aeronautical segment comportment as well as the satellite one. Therefore, in this sense, it can be considered as a representative index of the aerospace sector. Moreover, the creation of two sub-indices, the CASI-AERO and the CASI-SAT, allows to elucidate capital movements within the aerospace sector, particularly those of speculative nature, like the dot.com bubble and crash of 1998–2001.     

多级涡轮气热耦合仿真性能及强度对比研究

航空航天发动机中,涡轮工作环境恶劣,承受流动传热耦合作用下强烈的热冲击,其结构强度问题十分突出。分别采用气动仿真和气热耦合仿真对某多级涡轮结构开展气动和强度性能仿真研究,提取相应的热边界条件进行涡轮盘结构强度有限元计算。结果表明:两种分析方法得到的涡轮气动性能十分接近,但涡轮盘表面的温度分布存在较大差异,计算得到的径向变形偏差达16%,等效应力偏差达50~100 MPa,气热耦合仿真结果更为可靠。     

聚四氢呋喃-聚丁二烯-聚四氢呋喃三嵌段共聚物的合成与力学性能

以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)为引发剂,三氟化硼乙醚络合物为催化剂,环氧丙烷为促开环剂,通过四氢呋喃的阳离子开环聚合反应,制备出聚四氢呋喃-聚丁二烯-聚四氢呋喃三嵌段共聚物(PTHF-PB-PTHF)。采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱、凝胶渗透色谱-激光光散射联用技术,对目标化合物的结构进行了表征。采用相对分子质量为8 066 g/mol的PTHF-PB-PTHF与甲苯二异氰酸酯反应制备了交联弹性体,应力-应变试验显示,在相同交联密度下,PTHF-PB-PTHF交联弹性体的拉伸强度及断裂伸长率较纯HTPB交联弹性体分别提高了16%及19%。动态热机械性能分析表明,PTHF-PBPTHF交联弹性体具有优异的粘弹性能,其玻璃化转变温度为-55.99℃,低于HTPB交联弹性体。     

聚对苯撑苯并双嗯唑（PBO）纤维制备及性能研究

采用4，6-二氨基间苯二酚（DAR）与对苯二甲酸（TPA）缩聚的方法制备PBO聚合物溶液，在180—200℃使聚合物形成液晶态，利用干喷湿纺制法制备纤维。采用DSC、Raman及XRD等方法对纤维进行表征。制备的纤维与商品纤维相比，具有相同的结构和热性能，但表面形貌和强度有差异；两种纤维具有6个相同的主要Raman光谱带，但制备纤维的峰面积较小。制备的PBO纤维热降解温度达650℃，热牵伸处理可使纤维的模量提高至240～300GPa。     

Nucleobases and prebiotic molecules in organic residues produced from the ultraviolet photo-irradiation of pyrimidine in NH(3) and H(2)O+NH(3) ices

Although not yet identified in the interstellar medium (ISM), N-heterocycles including nucleobases-the information subunits of DNA and RNA-are present in carbonaceous chondrites, which indicates that molecules of biological interest can be formed in non-terrestrial environments via abiotic pathways. Recent laboratory experiments and ab initio calculations have already shown that the irradiation of pyrimidine in pure H(2)O ices leads to the formation of a suite of oxidized pyrimidine derivatives, including the nucleobase uracil. In the present work, NH(3):pyrimidine and H(2)O:NH(3):pyrimidine ice mixtures with different relative proportions were irradiated with UV photons under astrophysically relevant conditions. Liquid- and gas-chromatography analysis of the resulting organic residues has led to the detection of the nucleobases uracil and cytosine, as well as other species of prebiotic interest such as urea and small amino acids. The presence of these molecules in organic residues formed under abiotic conditions supports scenarios in which extraterrestrial organics that formed in space and were subsequently delivered to telluric planets via comets and meteorites could have contributed to the inventory of molecules that triggered the first biological reactions on their surfaces.     

Earth Observation Data Policy and Europe (EOPOLE)

A project has recently begun to review, coordinate and help formulate European Earth observation data policy. The project held its first of several workshops at University College London, 11–13 January 1999. The purpose of the first workshop was to conduct a review of the state-of-the-art in Earth observation data policy in Europe. All the EOPOLE team members gave presentations, and an extended discussion was held with Roy Gibson, former Director General of the European Space Agency, as the invited expert. This report describes the raison d'etre of EOPOLE and presents the main conclusions of the first workshop.