喷管尺寸对电弧风洞流场和热环境的影响分析

为获得电弧风洞喷管尺寸对试验流场以及模型表面热流的影响规律,针对某特定模拟参数试验状态,采用高焓流动数值模拟方法对不同尺寸锥形喷管下的球柱校核模型试验流场进行了模拟和比较分析。研究发现,在模拟气流焓值和模型驻点热流的条件下,采用出口尺寸小的喷管所需电弧加热功率更低,同时单位流向截面上气流能量转化为模型驻点气动热的比例更低。不同喷管出口尺寸下,试验流场喷管出口区域热力学非平衡程度、波后氧原子质量分数、模型驻点区域压力以及表面传导热流和扩散热流占比都比较接近,但相较飞行状态存在明显差异;不同喷管出口尺寸下来流速度、激波脱体距离以及驻点线上平动温度之间的差异明显,喷管出口尺寸越大,其与飞行状态越接近。     

不同表面自由能的酒精水溶液在不同微结构表面上的静态润湿模型研究

通过改变酒精溶液中酒精的质量分数来得到具有不同表面自由能的酒精溶液，继而分别实验测量酒精溶液在光滑硅片表面、具有凸柱微结构的硅片表面、具有凹槽微结构的硅片表面上的静态接触角，通过经典的Cassie模型和Wenzel模型，得到凸柱微结构硅片表面和凹槽微结构硅片表面上的理论静态接触值，从而根据理论角值和实验值对比推断出各自的润湿模型，并分析形成各自润湿模型的原因。     

粉尘颗粒在纤维介质表面沉积形成滤饼的计算机模拟

基于DLA模型,建立粉尘颗粒在纤维介质表面沉积形成滤饼的模拟模型.模拟中考虑了颗粒运动方式对滤饼孔隙率的影响.模拟结果表明,滤饼的形态结构与Pe数密切相关,Pe数越小,滤饼结构越松散、沉积颗粒的空间分布越不均匀.颗粒作惯性运动形成滤饼的孔隙率为0.720±0.024,不同Pe数下,滤饼厚度与沉积颗粒数均呈线性关系.     

月球探测器着陆冲击试验及关键技术研究

中国正在开展月球探测活动,下一步将发射月球着陆器并实现月面软着陆。为确保着陆器在月面着陆时的稳定性和可靠性,发射前需在地球表面进行着陆冲击试验。对会影响月球着陆器着陆性能的月貌和月壤进行了详细的叙述,以便在试验过程中进行相应环境特征的模拟。用图表详尽阐述了三种月球重力场模拟器的原理和装置,并对各自的优缺点进行了评述。根据试验模型的不同,将月球着陆器着陆冲击试验分为原尺寸试验（模拟的月球重力场下）和1/6模型试验（地球重力场下）两类,分别介绍了两类模型的结构以及试验模型与着陆器原型机之间缩放关系。分别给出了原尺寸试验和1/6模型试验的试验平台和试验步骤,以及初始试验参数的给定方法。根据试验研究的需要以及月球探测器在月球表面着陆时的真实情况,给出了在地球上进行着陆模式模拟的方法。研究表明两种试验结果之间有良好的一致性,但是这两种试验的花费很高,且对试验场地有较高的要求。再者,由于在试验中对月壤没有太好的模拟方法,试验数据与真实着陆时数据存在一定差异。     

太阳电池月尘遮蔽模型分析及试验研究

扬起的月尘颗粒沉积在月球探测器的太阳电池表面,可导致其性能下降。文章基于层叠遮挡理论,建立了一种月尘遮蔽光线透射的理论模型,利用该模型开展了模拟月尘颗粒形状与粒径对遮蔽效果影响的分析和计算,并与NASA的同类模型进行了对比分析。分析结果显示:2种模型给出的相对透过率随沉积月尘面密度的变化趋势相同,均呈指数型衰减关系;在随月尘形状、粒径、透过率的变化方面,2种模型存在差异。利用月尘沉积与吸附试验装置实施了模拟月尘沉积试验,验证了所建立模型的正确性,其预测准确度优于NASA模型。     

多层薄膜的二次电子发射蒙特卡罗模拟研究

为了深入研究多层薄膜材料中二次电子发射这一影响部件微放电效应的重要物理过程，基于金属表面多代二次电子发射蒙特卡罗模型，建立了多层薄膜二次电子发射蒙特卡罗模型，并构建了多层薄膜的平面和矩形沟槽这两种表面结构。通过对这两种表面的多层薄膜二次电子发射系数进行蒙特卡罗模拟，并对不同薄膜厚度的二次电子发射系数模拟结果进行分析，验证了多层薄膜抑制二次电子产额的实验效果，并得出抑制效果与多层薄膜厚度和表面结构有关的结论。     

面向火星表面巡视探测的热惯量反演模型及试验验证

基于火星表面土壤温度的昼夜周期性变化特性,建立了一种面向火星表面巡视探测的热惯量反演模型,可根据表层不同深度的热电偶测温数据计算被测区域的热惯量,实现表面巡视探测过程中的热惯量在线反演。为验证模型正确性,在地面建立了火星表面热特性试验测试系统,通过对比被测模拟火星土壤的热惯量实际值与模型计算值,验证热惯量反演模型的精度。结果表明,与试验模拟火星土壤的热惯量数值相比,该模型对热惯量的反演误差小于6%,为在线反演火星表面不同土壤地形的热惯量,辅助识别地形可通过性提供了一种可行方法。     

水翼非定常空化流动中湍流模型研究

为了改进常规RANS方法中标准k-ε模型过渡预测流场涡黏性的问题,对几种标准k-ε模型的修正模型在空化流动的模拟中进行了应用评价,将修正后的湍流模型以二次开发的形式嵌入至商用CFD软件中,对某二维翼型表面空化流动进行了非定常数值仿真。结果表明:采用MFBM模型计算得到的翼型升力系数频率与实验偏差最小,达到0.6%;翼型表面非定常空化形态与实验结果最接近,具备最佳的计算效果。同时基于计算结果揭示了翼型表面非定常空化流动的产生机理,发现逆压梯度引起的反向射流作用导致空化云脱落,脱落后的空化云溃灭会改变翼型表面压力分布,造成空化云周期性脱落,进一步导致翼型升力系数周期性变化。     

大气环境电子束材料表面强化机理数值模拟

建立了大气环境电子束材料表面强化过程的多阶段数值模型,用于对电子束与材料表面层的相互作用过程和结构与相变过程进行研究。通过应用这一模型,使得对材料表面强化中电子束传输、温度演化和相变动力学等多参数研究成为可能,由此建立了电子束输入参数与结构相变结果之间的关系。     

导航卫星光压建模及表面光学特性参数影响分析

为分析某导航卫星（为表述方便,下文称为B导航卫星或B卫星）的表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响,本文首先参考GPS光压建模方法,结合B卫星的结构、控制及轨道特点,构建了一种适合B卫星的分析型光压模型。在该光压模型的约束下,分析表面光学特性参数变化产生的影响。最后利用建立的光压模型进行轨道预报,与精密星历等实际数据比较,验证了模型并分析了表面光学特性参数对轨道预报的影响。     

Optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment

This paper deals with the determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE). The intent of this experiment is to simulate a GEO-to-LEO transfer, where GEO denotes a geosynchronous Earth orbit and LEO denotes a low Earth orbit. Specifically, the AFE spacecraft is released from the Space Shuttle and is accelerated by means of a solid rocket motor toward Earth, so as to achieve atmospheric entry conditions identical with those of a spacecraft returning from GEO. During the atmospheric pass, the angle of attack is kept constant, and the angle of bank is controlled in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the atmospheric velocity depletion is such that, after exiting, the AFE spacecraft first ascends to a specified apogee and then descends to a specified perigee; and (b) the exit orbital plane is identical with the entry orbital plane. The final maneuver, not analyzed here, includes the rendezvous with and the capture by the Space Shuttle. In this paper, the trajectories of an AFE spacecraft are analyzed in a 3D space, employing the full system of 6 ODEs describing the atmospheric pass. The atmospheric entry conditions are given, and the atmospheric exit conditions are adjusted in such a way that requirements (a) and (b) are met, while simultaneously minimizing the total characteristic velocity, hence the propellant consumption required for orbital transfer. Two possible transfers are considered: indirect ascent (IA) to a 178 NM perigee via a 197 NM apogee; and direct ascent (DA) to a 178 NM apogee. For both transfers, two cases are investigated: (i) the bank angle is continuously variable; and (ii) the trajectory is divided into segments along which the bank angle is constant. For case (ii), the following subcases are studied; 2, 3, 4 and 5 segments; because the time duration of each segment is optimized, the above subcases involve 4, 6, 8 and 10 parameters, respectively. It is shown that the optimal trajectories of cases (i) and (ii) coalesce into a single trajectory: a two-subarc trajectory, with the bank angle constant in each subarc (bang-bang control). Specifically, the bank angle is near 180° in the atmospheric entry phase (positive lift projection phase) and is near 0° in the atmospheric exit phase (negative lift projection phase). It is also shown that, during the atmospheric pass, the peak values of the changes of the orbital inclination and the longitude of the ascending node are nearly zero; hence, the peak value of the wedge angle (angle between the instantaneous orbital plane and the initial orbital plane) is nearly zero. This means that the motion of the spacecraft is nearly planar in an inertial space.     

滚转偏转头导弹动态特性分析

基于复角模型,研究了弹头偏转对于偏转头导弹飞行稳定性和操纵性的影响。依据偏转头导弹的多体特点,建立了包含弹头和弹体动力学特征的滚转偏转头导弹多体动力学模型,通过模型简化,得出了其复角模型。以弹头偏角作为输入,攻角和侧滑角作为输出,得出了滚转偏转头导弹的传递函数。分析传递函数发现,弹头偏转主要影响了导弹传递函数的零点,文中给出了满足系统最小相位的条件公式;当弹体绕纵轴逆时针旋转时（由弹尾向前看）,导弹模型总为最小相位系统;定性分析了气动参数对于导弹运动稳定性的影响,得出弹头偏转运动对于飞行稳定性没有直接影响的结论;动力学仿真表明,弹头与弹体相互作用,导致两者产生相反的角运动。本研究表明,通过合理的选择气动和结构参数,并使导弹飞行过程中绕纵轴逆时针旋转,可以保证偏转头滚转导弹飞行过程中的运动稳定性,并有利于自动驾驶仪的设计。     

The rigidity dependence of characteristic decay time and mean free path in SCR events

Combination of data on declined intensities of particles of different nature (e, p, and α) into a single dependence of characteristic decline time τ on particle rigidity in a wide range of R reveals the diversity of forms of τ(R) in different events: regular increase, decrease, and independence of R, as well as the presence in some events of maxima and minima. The problem of studying τ(R) has something in common with long standing problem of the rigidity dependence of mean free path λ(R). The considered set of forms of τ(R) allows one to conclude that at present there is no uniform dependence τ(R), as well as λ(R), and, therefore, no their common model interpretation in a wide range of rigidities exists.     

气动引力辅助的火星自由返回轨道设计方法

为更准确地描述大气飞行过程，提出一种三段式大气飞行模型，将大气飞行段分为下降段、平飞段和上升段，使用大气飞行角和航迹角描述飞行过程，并建立了相应的计算模型。对“地球-火星-地球”、“地球-火星-金星-地球”和“地球-金星-火星-地球”自由返回轨道序列的优化结果表明，三段式模型可以准确描述气动引力辅助过程，同时气动引力辅助技术可以有效提升自由返回轨道性能，如减少转移时间，降低燃料消耗等。     

航天器机构固体润滑球轴承磨损失效模型

根据赫兹接触理论和运动学基本原理,推导了固体润滑球轴承的接触应力和滑动速度公式。基于“航天器机构固体润滑球轴承的失效主要取决于固体润滑膜磨损”的分析结论,建立了固体润滑球轴承的磨损失效模型,并用已有的试验数据进行了初步验证。     

光学遥感卫星杂散光扫描测试系统测控设计

文章介绍了一种光学遥感卫星杂散光扫描测试系统,用于发射前整星条件下对光学载荷杂散光抑制能力的模拟、分析及验证测试。根据卫星的杂散光测试特点,对杂散光扫描测试系统进行了安全性、有序性、有效性、准确性、重现性、完整性和通信控制等测控设计,并推导了光束扫描子系统的控制方程。对杂散光扫描系统的控制准确性进行检测,结果表明:光束扫描位置精度优于10 mm,方位角精度优于0.2°,俯仰角精度优于0.1°。     

Characteristics of thermal ion outflows in the polar cap according to data of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Interball-2</Emphasis> satellite

Characteristics of polar wind fluxes at a height of ∼20000 km measured by the Hyperboloid mass-spectrometer installed onboard the Interball-2 satellite are presented in the paper. The characteristics are presented for the upwelling flows of ionospheric ions H⁺, He⁺, and O⁺ from the sunlit polar cap in the period of solar activity minimum. Orbit segments with minimal precipitation of magnetospheric ions and electrons were preliminarily selected, and the measurements where the fluxes of ions coming from the cusp/cleft were excluded as carefully as possible. Thus, the densities, field-aligned velocities, and temperatures of ions in the regions where fluxes of polar wind could be detected with the maximal probability degree are presented in the paper. It is found that cases when only H⁺ ions are reaching the detector are with high probability the polar wind outflows. Their characteristics agree well with the Tube-7 hydrodynamic model and are as follows: n ≈ 1.5 cm⁻³, V _∥ ∼ 21 km/s; T _∥ = 3500 K, and T _⊥ = 2000 K. In cases when He⁺ and O⁺ ions are also detected, the temperatures are substantially higher than the model ones, and the measured field-aligned velocities of O⁺ fluxes are several times higher than the model ones. Moreover, it was revealed that the polar wind outflows are predominantly observed in the polar cap regions where the polar rain fluxes are very small.     

Activation of the tail open part during the magnetospheric storm

In each polar cap (PC) we mark out “old PC” observed during quiet time before the event under consideration, and “new PC” that emerges during the substorm framing the old one and expanding the PC total area. Old and new PCs are the areas for the magnetosphere old and new tail lobes, respectively. The new lobe variable magnetic flux Ψ₁ is usually assumed to be active, i.e. it provides the electromagnetic energy flux (Poynting flux) ɛ′ transport from solar wind (SW) into the magnetosphere. The old lobe magnetic flux Ψ₂ is supposed to be passive, i.e. it remains constant during the disturbance and does not participate in the transporting process which would mean the old PC electric field absolute screening from the convection electric field created by the magnetopause reconnection. In fact, screening is observed, but far from absolute. We suggest a model of screening and determine its quantitative characteristics in the selected superstorm. The coefficient of a screening is the β = Ψ₂/Ψ₀₂, where Ψ₀₂ = const is open magnetic flux through the old PC measured prior to the substorm, and Ψ₂ is variable magnetic flux through the same area measured during the substorm. We consider three various regimes of disturbance. In each, the coefficient β decreased during the loading phase and increased at the unloading phase, but the rates and amplitudes of variations exhibited a strong dependence on the regime. We interpreted decrease in β as a result of involving the old PC magnetic flux Ψ₂, which was considered to be constant earlier, in the Poynting flux ɛ′ transport process from solar wind into the magnetosphere. Transport process weakening at the subsequent unloading phase creates increase in β. Estimates showed that coefficient β during each regime and the computed Poynting flux ɛ′ varied manifolds. In general, unlike the existing substorm conception, the new scenario describes an unknown earlier of tail lobe activation process during a substorm growth phase that effectively increases the accumulated tail energy for the expansion and recovery phases.     

导弹直接侧向力机动突防方案设计

针对敌方不同来袭方位的拦截弹,提出了一种可用于导弹末段侧向力机动的突防方案。在建立拦截弹和导弹的相对运动模型基础上给出了脱靶量与视线转率、相对距离和机动加速度的解析表达式。以拦截弹在视线系Z向上的脱靶量达到最大值作为性能指标,对机动发动机开启时刻进行优化确定。同时通过分析机动发动机与Y向舵偏的不同组合方式对导弹的速度增量及交会角的影响,确定机动发动机的推力方向应与气动力方向一致,并使交会角明显减小。仿真结果表明,此方案能使导弹最终落入拦截弹杀伤半径10 m之外,成功实现突防。     

侧向旋转射流进气对固冲发动机性能的影响

采用Reynolds应力方程模型及涡耗散燃烧模型,在不同旋转工况下给定相同进气流量,对侧向进气固冲发动机补燃室湍流反应流场进行了数值计算,得到了燃烧产物的平衡组分、燃烧温度和其他热力学参数,并在此基础上计算了补燃室燃烧效率、发动机推力等参数。数值模拟表明,对于侧向进气固体火箭冲压发动机,在空气射流中引入旋转流动,能有效提高补燃室内的燃烧效率,进一步提高发动机性能。燃烧效率随旋流强度呈先增大、后又减小的规律。采用最佳旋流数的旋转进气后,可使发动机推力提高约2.3%。