Direct radiation action of heavy ions on DNA as studied by ESR-spectroscopy.

The effects of heavy ions on the mechanisms of free radical formation in DNA-constituents as compared to low-LET irradiation are investigated by means of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Dose-yield curves were measured at low (T < 100 K) and ambient temperatures in order to obtain the G-value, that is number of radicals formed per 100 eV absorbed energy. These G-values show a characteristic LET-dependence and are one to two orders of magnitude lower than for low-LET irradiation. Measurements on 2'Deoxycytidine at 300 K using combined heavy ion and X-ray irradiation methods suggested that this effect can be partially explained by a destruction of radicals during the irradiation.     

Induction of DNA breaks in SV40 by heavy ions.

Simian virus (SV40) DNA was used to study the induction of DNA strandbreaks by heavy ions varying in LET. DNA was exposed to X-rays and to accelerated particles either in dilute solution or in the presence of different radical scavengers. Relative proportions of the intact supercoiled DNA, nicked form arising from single strand breaks (SSB) and linear molecules produced by double strandbreaks (DSB) were quantified on the base of their electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels. Cross sections for the induction of SSBs and DSBs were calculated from the slope of dose effect curves. Mercaptoethanol was found to protect more efficiently against DNA strand breakage than Tris. When the biological efficiency, i.e. the number of strand breaks per unit dose and molecule weight was evaluated as a function of LET, curves for SSB induction always showed a continuous decrease. For DSB induction, an increase in the yield of DSBs with a maximum around 500 keV/micrometer was observed in the presence of radical scavenger. This peak of biological efficiency gradually disappeared when the radiosensitivity of the system was increased, and was no longer apparent in the dilute buffer system, where DNA showed a high susceptibility to strand breakage. When the relative biological efficiency was plotted versus LET, the curve for DSB induction observed in a low radical scavenging environment paralleled the curve obtained for SSB induction.     

Induction of asymmetrical type of chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes by ion beams of different energies at varying let from HIMAC and RRC

Frequencies of asymmetrical type of chromosome aberration were scored in cultured human blood lymphocytes irradiated with carbon and neon beams. Blood cells were irradiated with various doses to establish dose response curves for chromosome aberration frequency vs. dose, and chromosome preparation was made by conventional method. Dose response curves for the per cell frequencies of the dicentrics and centric rings as well as the excess amount of acentric fragments were described for 7 different qualities (LET= 22.4, 40.0, 41.5, 69.9, 70.0, 100.0 and 150 KeV/μm) of carbon and neon beams with three different energies, 135, 290 and 400 MeV/u. From the analysis of those dose response curves, the maximum effect was found in the region of LET value at near 70 KeV/μm together with linear expression in the response from all endpoints examined. The 135 MeV/u of carbons (69.9 KeV/μm) and neons (70.0 KeV/μm) showed linear response. The 290 MeV/u of carbons (100 KeV/m) and neons (150 KeV/μm) showed medium effects with different shape of response, linear with a plateau and upward concavity. The 2 carbon beams (41.5 and 40 KeV/μm) from 2 different accelerators showed much discrepancy in the response. RBE-LET relationship was also described by comparing the coefficient of the 7 different dose responses. The peak (near 70 KeV/m) was localized colse to that (80 KeV/m) for the survivals of dsb repair deficient cells (Eguchi-Kasai et al. 1998), but in different position from that previously reported in many other studies (100–200 KeV/mm). Identification of the RBEmax in the present study has yet to be definitive.     

流动应力计算对铝合金板材充液热成形性能影响

为研究流动应力计算对铝合金板材充液热成形性能的影响,进行了板材热态胀形试验,得到了不同直径的胀形高度-压力曲线。结合三坐标测量仪测得的胀形零件轮廓数据,拟合出了最小二乘圆（LSCF）半径,发现在高径比（h/a）范围（0.18 < h/a≤0.68）内,对应的曲率半径与圆形半径之间的圆形度误差为5%。为获取更为精确的应力-应变曲线,通过对现有曲率半径和厚度理论模型进行比较,结合流动应力计算,发现Hill及Panknin曲率半径模型的平均值及Kruglov-Hill厚度模型最符合试验数据。利用组合模型计算胀形试验所得到的胀形高度-压力曲线,得到了不同温度、不同压力率下的应力-应变曲线。结果表明,210℃时方向异性（轧制方向及垂直方向）对铝合金7075-O胀形件曲率半径的影响很小;同时,压力率可影响其应力-应变曲线。      

低纬地区夜间电离层底部电子浓度与磁扰的关系

本文利用100kHz的低频无线电波资料,计算分析了1986—1987年期间,几种不同磁扰情况下,低纬地区夜间电离层中100km以下区域积分电子浓度及其变化的起因.结果表明:该区域电子浓度的变化与地磁扰动关系密切.在磁静日期间,其值较小,且随磁扰而变化,但比磁扰滞后1到2天.在磁暴后,其值较大,会出现几次剧烈起伏.该区域积分电子浓度的起伏可大于一个量级.沉降电子产生的动致辐射可能是引起该区域电子浓度变化的主要原因之      

Nuclear-to-disk rotation curves and mass-to-luminosity ratio in galaxies

High-resolution nuclear-to-outer rotation curves for Sb, SBb, Sc, and SBc galaxies generally show a steep nuclear rise and flat rotation from the disk to the halo. The high-velocity central rotation indicates massive cores within bulges. Since this characteristic is common to most galaxies, the high-velocity central rotation cannot be due to a particular orientation of non-circular motion. Using these rotation curves, we derive the distributions of surface-mass density, and compare them directly with observed surface-luminosity distributions. The mass-to-luminosity ratio (M/L) increases from the outer bulge to the disk, indicating that the outer disk is already dominated by dark-mass. It, then, increases more rapidly toward the outer optical edge, indicating the massive halo. In the central regions of some galaxies, the M/L increases steeply toward the nucleus, reaching a value an order of magnitude greater in the central 100 pc region than that in the disk, which may indicate a massive core of radius ∼ 100 parsecs and mass of ∼ 10⁹ M_⊙. The core may be an object linking a bulge and a black hole at the nucleus.     

泡沫铜作为填充材料的相变储热实验

对填充有泡沫铜的固-液相变储热装置进行了试验研究.采用纯度为98%的正21烷(C₂₁H₄₄)作为相变材料(PCM),通过抽真空灌注的方法将其灌注到泡沫铜内部,封装并作绝热处理后作为试验件.在进行储热试验时,用嵌入了加热棒的铝制底座模拟被散热件对试验件加热,利用探针式和贴片式铂电阻(pt100)测量试验件温度并通过数据采集仪进行采集.整理绘制了在不同加热功率下的温度时间曲线,讨论和分析了此装置的热性能,结果表明泡沫铜作为填充材料能明显改善相变储能装置的传热性能和内部温度均匀性.      

A model for stochastic acceleration of electrons during geomagnetic storms

The theory of resonant diffusion is extended to fully relativistic plasmas, and we examine resonant interactions between electrons and electromagnetic R mode (whistler) and L-mode (EMIC) waves. Resonant diffusion curves are constructed for plasma parameters representative of the Earth's storm time magnetosphere, both inside and outside the plasmapause. EMIC waves can resonate with electrons > 1 MeV, but the energies remain nearly constant along the diffusion curves. Storm-time EMIC waves can induce rapid pitch—angle scattering, but the waves are ineffective for stochastic acceleration of elections. Substantial energy change can occur along the diffusion curves for interactions between resonant electrons and whistler—mode waves, especially in regions of low plasma density. Specifically, whistlers can accelerate electrons from energies near 100 keV to above 1 MeV outside the plasmapause. A model is proposed comprising energy diffusion by whistler-mode chorus and pitch-angle scattering by EMIC waves to account for the gradual acceleration of electrons over the region 4 ≤ L ≤ 6 during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm.     

各向异性弹性开孔泡沫压缩行为的数值模拟

基于各向异性开孔泡沫的随机模型,对低密度弹性开孔泡沫材料的压缩力学行为进行了有限元数值模拟,得到了其应力-应变曲线及弹性坍塌强度.讨论了模型的随机度、各向异性比及相对密度对力学性能的影响.结果表明,沿不同方向加载时,各向异性胞体的微观变形机制不尽相同,且变形较大时,支柱的弹性屈曲占主导地位;模型随机度的增大,使两个方向的压缩无量纲应力-应变曲线均有所降低,且 λ =1时的无量纲应力-应变曲线与实验曲线吻合得较好.此外,开孔泡沫各向异性比的增大可使胞体伸长方向的弹性坍塌强度增大,而垂直方向的弹性坍塌强度则减小.      

RHESSI observation of the M4.0 flare on 17 March 2002

The M4.0/SF flare on 17 March 2002 is a good example of the early observations with RHESSI. We presenthard X-ray images, light curves and energy spectra of individual hard X-ray sources, the spatial relationship between the hard X-ray sources and the H emission regions, and comparisons of light curves observed by RHESSI and GOES. We found that the picture exhibited by RHESSI is consistent with the general cartoon of a solar flare. In particular, we showed that the hard X-ray image spectra could be explained by a power-law electron beam with a lower energy cutoff E_c. The derived E_c could be as high as 40 keV, larger than the usually value of 20 keV.     

DNA-lesion and cell death by alpha-particles and nitrogen ions.

When the natural logarithm of the surviving fraction is plotted against the dose of radiation, curves with shoulders at relatively high survival levels are obtained after gamma-rays. The curves were practically linear in case of HMV-I and HA-1 cells irradiated by charged particle beams. These cells were derived from human malignant melanoma and Chinese hamster cells, respectively. The amount of DNA single strand breaks (ssb) by gamma-rays or nitrogen-ions (LET=530KeV/micrometers) in HMV-I cells increases linearly with increment in dose, when the ssb is detected using the alkaline elution technique. There is no close relationship between the dose-response curve of the ssb and the dose-survival curves after gamma-rays or N-ions. The amount of DNA double strand breaks (dsb) by gamma-rays increases quadratically with increment of dose, in both HMV-I cells and HA-1 cells, when the dsb is detected using the neutral elution technique. The survival fraction for HA-1 cells is slightly higher than that for HMV-I cells, at the same dose, and the amount of dsb for HA-1 cells is considerably greater than that for HMV-I cells. These results suggest that the radiosensitivities to gamma-rays in different cell lines do not correspond to the number of DNA strand breaks. The amount of both non-repairable ssb and dsb also increases quadratically with increment of dose for gamma-rays and almost linearly with increment of dose for N-ions and alpha-particles (LET=36keV/micrometers for HA-1 cells and LET=77keV/micrometers for HMV-I cells). The dose-response curves for non-repairable dsb in case of these radiations seemed to mirror image the dose-survival curves for these radiations, in both cell lines. The number of non-repairable DNA strand breaks in the two cell lines, at the same level of survival was much the same. These results show the close relationship between the induction of non-repairable DNA strand breaks and cell killing.     

A100钢表面粗糙度与HVOF碳化钨涂层结合强度

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法在AerMet100钢(A100钢)基体上制备了WC10Co4Cr涂层,研究了不同喷砂条件对AerMet100钢表面粗糙度变化及对涂层与基体结合强度的影响.之后将涂层使用化学方法退除,观察涂层制备对AerMet100钢基体表面状态的影响,分析了粗糙度与涂层结合强度之间的关系.结果表明:AerMet100钢基体不同吹砂工艺产生的表面粗糙度 S_a=0.994~4.983 μm时,超音速火焰喷涂WC10Co4Cr涂层的结合强度均不低于72 MPa.喷涂涂层过程对基体表面状态没有较大影响:基体粗糙度 S_a<2 μm时,喷涂后,基体表面的粗糙度略有降低;基体粗糙度 S_a>3 μm时,喷涂后,基体粗糙度略有升高.超音速火焰喷涂的碳化钨钴涂层与AerMet100钢基体的结合同时存在物理与机械力结合,以前者为主要结合力.     

Properties of the high area-to-mass ratio space debris population at high altitudes

In the framework of its space debris research activities ESA established an optical survey program to study the space debris environment at high altitudes, in particular in the geostationary ring and in the geostationary transfer orbit region. The Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) performs these surveys on behalf of ESA using ESA’s 1-m telescope in Tenerife. Regular observations were started in 1999 and are continued during about 120–140 nights per year. Results from these surveys revealed a substantial amount of space debris at high altitudes in the size range from 0.1 to 1 m. Several space debris populations with different dynamical properties were identified in the geostationary ring. During the searches for debris in the geostationary transfer orbit region a new population of objects in unexpected orbits, where no potential progenitors exist, was found. The orbital periods of these objects are clustered around one revolution per day; the eccentricities, however, are scattered between 0 and 0.6. By following-up some of these objects using the ESA telescope and AIUB’s 1-m telescope in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, it was possible to study the properties of this new population. One spectacular finding from monitoring the orbits over time spans of days to months is the fact that these objects must have extreme area-to-mass ratios, which are by several orders of magnitudes higher than for ‘normal-type’ debris. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the new population actually is debris generated in or near the geostationary ring and which is in orbits with periodically varying eccentricity and inclination due to perturbations by solar radiation pressure. In order to further study the nature of these debris, multi-color and temporal photometry (light curves) were acquired with the Zimmerwald telescope. The light curves show strong variations over short time intervals, including signals typical for specular reflections. Some objects exhibit distinct periodic variations with periods ranging from 10 to several 100 s. All this is indicative for objects with complicated shapes and some highly reflective surfaces.     

Cellular and subcellular effect of heavy ions: a comparison of the induction of strand breaks and chromosomal aberration with the incidence of inactivation and mutation.

Radiobiological effects of heavy charged particles are compared for a large variety of ions from Helium to Uranium and energies between 1 and 1000 MeV/u which correspond to LET values between 10 and 16000 keV/micrometers. The different cross section for the induction of strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations as well as for inactivation and mutation induction exhibit striking similarities when compared as function of the linear energy transfer (LET). At LET values below 100 keV/micrometers all data points of one specific effect form one single curve as a function of LET, independent of the atomic number of the ion. In this LET range, the biological effects are independ from the particle energy or track structure and depend only on the energy transfer. Therefore, LET is a good parameter in this regime. For LET values greater than 100 keV/micrometers, the curves for the different ions separate from the common curve in order of increasing atomic numbers. In this regime LET is no longer a good parameter and the physical parameters of the formation of particle tracks are important. The similarity of the sigma-LET curves for different endpoints indicates that the 'hook-structure' is produced by physical and chemical effects which occur before the biologically relevant lesions are formed. However, from the existing data of biological effects, it can be concluded that the efficiencies for cell killing are always smaller than those extrapolated from X-ray data on the basis of the energy deposition only. Therefore, cells which are directly hit by an HZE particle are not killed and undergo a finite risk of mutation and transformation.     

非相干雷达探测低电离层的结果分析

位于波多黎各的Arecibo非相干雷达可以获得低电离层电子和离子密度, 利用此非相干雷达数据对中纬度低电离层的运动特征进行研究. 得到了电子密度随时间和高度的变化 情况, 结果显著呈现出周日变化特征, 并分析了电子密度随高度的变化规律. 进一步对数据进行频谱分析, 深入研究低电离层电子密度的周日变化效应. 得到电子密度的高度剖面, 发现从F层底部到E层有明显的等离子体沉降. 低电离层的层结构特征及电子密度变化表明, 在该区域还存在不同程度的等离子体扰动, 由此对低电离层的作用因素 进行分析, 认为大气潮汐或声重波可能对低电离层产生扰动, 即低电离层与大气存在一定程度的耦合作用.      

Fractal signatures for multiscale processing of hyperspectral image data

A multiscale approach to hyperspectral image data analysis using fractal signatures was proposed and implemented in the Interactive Data Language (IDL). For 2-D hyperspectral curves, fractal signature measures the changes in curve length with changing scale. Using NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion image from a study area near Denton, Texas, USA, the capabilities of fractal signatures in discriminating different land cover types were presented in three different ways: (1) fractal signature curves, (2) distances between fractal signatures, and (3) fractal signature images. The asymmetry in length measurement was found to be effective in handling hyperspectral curves obtained from Hyperion radiance data. The contribution of fractal signature images was shown through comparison of image classification results. The results from the Hyperion radiance data suggest that fractal signatures at certain scales can reveal important differences in land cover types.     

多个裁剪参数曲面的有限元混合网格剖分法

根据冲压模具形状特点,对由CAD/CAM系统建立的冲压模具的多裁剪参数曲面数学模型,提出了一种符合冲压成形有限元分析需要的三角形和四边形混合网格剖分算法.按几何离散控制参数即最长边、最短边、距离误差和角度误差,将多裁剪参数曲面离散为多边形集.利用曲面曲线查找裁剪参数曲面相邻关系,建立B-Rep表示的曲面几何模型,并更新多边形集.然后由多边形集得到三角形和四边形混合网格,结果网格单元是相容的,在相邻裁剪参数曲面边界处无裂缝和覆盖.      

Induction of chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells after heavy ion exposure.

The induction of chromosome aberrations by heavy charged particles was studied in V79 Chinese hamster cells over a wide range of energies (3-100 MeV/u) and LET (20-16000 keV/micrometer). For comparison, X-ray experiments were performed. Our data indicate quantitative and qualitative differences in the response of cells to particle and x-ray irradiation. For the same level of cell survival the amount of damaged cells which can be observed is smaller in heavy ion (11.4 MeV/u Ar) irradiated samples. The highest yield of damaged cells is found 8 to 12 hours after particle irradiation and 4 hours after x-irradiation. Differences in the amount of damaged cells are attributed to cell cycle perturbations which interfere with the expression of damage. After heavy ion exposure the amount of cells reaching mitosis (mitotic index) decreases drastically and not all damaged cells reach mitosis within 48 hours after exposure. A portion of cells die in interphase. Cell cycle delays induced by x-ray irradiation are less pronounced and all cells reach the first post-irradiation mitosis within 24 hours after irradiation. Additionally, the damage produced by charged particles seems to be more severe. The disintegration of chromosomes was only observed after high LET radiation: an indication of the high and local energy deposition in the particle track. Only cross sections for the induction of chromosome aberrations in mitotic cells were reported in this paper because of the problems arising from the drastic cell cycle perturbations. In this case, cells were irradiated in mitosis and assayed immediately.     

基于Cluster观测的磁尾场向电流在南北半球投影位置的分布

利用Cluster四颗卫星的磁场探测数据计算磁尾场向电流并投影到极区电离层,研究其投影位置在南北半球的分布规律,统计过程中去除了强磁暴（磁暴主相Dst<–100 nT）期间的场向电流事件。结果显示:磁尾场向电流事件在极区投影位置的纬度分布具有明显的南北半球不对称性,北半球为单峰结构,南半球为双峰结构。在北半球投影到较低纬度（<64°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于南半球,并且所能达到的最低纬度更低;在南半球投影到较高纬度（>74°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于北半球,并且所能达到的最高纬度更高。地磁平静条件下（|AL|<100 nT）,磁尾场向电流密度随磁地方时（MLT）呈递增趋势,这一结果与低高度卫星在极区对I区场向电流的探测结果符合很好。研究结果表明,磁尾场向电流投影位置的纬度分布呈现出明显的南北不对称性,这与南北半球磁尾场向电流的空间分布以及磁层中磁场结构具有密切关系。      

Puerto Rico地区偶发E层临界频率特性统计分析

利用Puerto Rico站(18.5°N, 67.2°W) 1997—2013 年的Es临界频率数据, 对该地区Es特性进行了分析. 结果表明: 临界频率 f₀E_s 日均值具有一定的16天周期性变化特征, 其可能是大气行星 波引起的; f₀E_s 随地方时的变化基本上呈一个波峰波谷结构, 波谷 位于06:00LT左右, 波峰位于14:00LT左右, 同时存在午夜和日落后异常高 值现象, 其分别与午夜南向风场减弱和夜间电场变化有关; 通过分析不同强 度Es, 发现潮汐风造成较低强度Es发生率的地方时分布与中等和高强度Es 明 显不同. 这些现象的相关物理机制尚需进一步研究论证.