软件化锁相环数据并行方法研究

信号处理速度是衡量软件化锁相环性能的重要指标之一。以往的软件化锁相环采用基于数据冗余的并行处理方法,但冗余数据量的引入导致计算机资源浪费、效率降低等问题。因此,设计了一种基于数据块和冗余数据段双重动态划分的并行化处理方法,给出了数据动态划分策略,通过计算机模拟比较了新型并行环路与传统环路的性能。仿真结果表明,数据段动态划分的方法不仅使得跟踪的性能更好,处理结果更完备,把失锁造成的数据缺失减到最小,而且避免了数据冗余并行化方法因计算量增加而使效率降低等问题。     

A high dynamics algorithm based on steepest ascent method for GNSS receiver

High dynamic conditions impose critical challenges on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, leading to large tracking errors or even loss of tracking. Current methods that intend to improve receivers’ adaptability for high dynamics require either complicated structures or prior statistical information of noises. This paper proposes a high dynamics algorithm based on steepest ascent method that can circumvent the deficiencies of existing methods. First, the relationship between the error of carrier tracking and the maximum of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) outputs is established, and a performance function based on the steepest ascent method is designed. It can keep stable in high dynamics. Second, a new carrier-tracking loop is constructed by deploying the performance function. When the variation of GPS receiver acceleration ranges from 10 g to 100 g, compared with the PLL that either loses lock or keeps tracking accuracy less than 33.89 Hz, the experimental results show that the proposed method can not only keep tracking, but also achieve tracking accuracy more than 2.77 Hz.     

Frequency Tracking Characteristics of Split-Loop Phase-Locked Receivers

The excess time delay introduced by the incorporation of the intermediate frequency (IF) stage within the phase-locked loop (PLL) causes serious deterioration in the acquisition and tracking performance of the loop. The split-loop phase-locked system suggested by McGeehan and Sladen considerably reduces the effect of time delay on the acquisition and tracking performance of the loop. The frequency acquisition characteristics of the split-loop phase-locked receiver is investigated, and the effect of possible asymmetry in the arms of the loop on the acquisition range is examined. Closed-form approximate formulas are derived, and a comparison between split-, long-, and short-loop acquisition performance is presented.     

Lock threshold deterioration induced by antenna vibration and signal coupling effects in hypersonic vehicle carrier tracking system of Ka band

The envelope of a hypersonic vehicle is affected by severe fluctuating pressure, which causes the airborne antenna to vibrate slightly. This vibration mixes with the transmitted signals and thus introduces additional multiplicative phase noise. Antenna vibration and signal coupling effects as well as their influence on the lock threshold of the hypersonic vehicle carrier tracking system of the Ka band are investigated in this study. A vibration model is initially established to obtain phase noise in consideration of the inherent relationship between vibration displacement and electromagnetic wavelength. An analytical model of the Phase-Locked Loop(PLL), which is widely used in carrier tracking systems, is established. The coupling effects on carrier tracking performance are investigated and quantitatively analyzed by imposing the multiplicative phase noise on the PLL model. Simulation results show that the phase noise presents a Gaussian distribution and is similar to vibration displacement variation. A large standard deviation in vibration displacement exerts a significant effect on the lock threshold. A critical standard deviation is observed in the PLL of Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK) signals. The effect on QPSK signals is more severe than that on BPSK signals. The maximum tolerable standard deviations normalized by the wavelength of the carrier are 0.04 and 0.02 for BPSK and QPSK signals,respectively. With these critical standard deviations, lock thresholds are increased from à12 andà4 d B to 3 and à2 d B, respectively.     

高动态下惯性加速度辅助三阶锁相环性能分析

针对高阶跟踪环路稳定性比低阶环路差,大带宽带来测量误差大的问题。研究在高动态环境下,惯导加速度信息辅助卫星接收机三阶载波锁相环跟踪算法,以及不同环路参数下跟踪环路的性能。对载体高动态场景、加速度信息延迟进行建模,并对算法进行了数学仿真。仿真分析结果表明,在加速度信息辅助下,即使压缩载波跟踪环路等效噪声带宽到3Hz,在高达1200g/s的加速度动态下,环路跟踪同样稳定可靠。     

基于UKF准开环结构的高动态载波跟踪环路

 对高动态环境下的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）载波信号跟踪方法进行了研究。在分析高动态载波信号模型的基础上,提出了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）的准开环载波跟踪方法。此方法能够消除导航数据二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制的影响,并采用四维UKF相位估计模型提高跟踪精度,同时对估计值进行补偿以减少滤波器的滞后性。通过模拟接收机的高动态运动轨迹,从跟踪误差、跟踪结果和补偿效果3个方面,与基于卡尔曼滤波（KF）的锁频环(FLL)辅助锁相环(PLL)结构的传统跟踪方法进行比较,结果表明基于UKF的准开环跟踪方法能够有效地完成高动态环境下的载波跟踪。     

GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法。分析了时域串行滑动相关捕获算法和频域基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法,设计了适合GPS软件接收机的并行算法,实现了对空中可见卫星的捕获。针对GPS信号的特点,设计了基于DLL与PLL相结合方法的GPS跟踪算法。利用实测中频信号对上述捕获与跟踪算法进行了验证分析,测试结果表明,基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法能够有效增强软件接收机的捕获能力,采用DLL与PLL相结合的方法能够实现对GPS信号的有效跟踪。     

Carrier loop architectures for tracking weak GPS signals

The performance of various carrier recovery loop architectures (phase lock loop (PLL), Doppler-aided PLL, frequency lock loop (FLL), and Doppler-aided FLL) in tracking weak GPS signals are analyzed and experimentally validated. The effects of phase or frequency detector design, oscillator quality, coherent averaging time, and external Doppler aiding information on delaying loss of lock are quantified. It is shown that for PLLs the metric of total phase jitter is a reliable metric for assessing low C/N performance of the tracking loop provided the loop bandwidth is not too small (~> 5 Hz). For loop bandwidths that are not too small, total phase jitter accurately predicts carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) at which loss of lock occurs. This predicted C/N is very close to the C/N predicted by bit error rate (BER). However, unlike BER, total phase jitter can be computed in real-time and an estimator for it is developed and experimentally validated. Total phase jitter is not a replacement for BER, since at low bandwidths it is less accurate than BER in that the receiver loses lock at a higher C/N than predicted by the estimator. Similarly, for FLLs operating at small loop bandwidths, it is found that normalized total frequency jitter is not a reliable metric for assessing loss of lock in weak signal or low C/N conditions. At small loop bandwidths, while total frequency jitter may indicate that a loop is still tracking, the Doppler estimates provided by the FLL will be biased.     

Analysis of interference effects on monopulse radars

The complete numerical analysis of angle-tracking performance of a coherent amplitude-comparison monopulse radar system in a two-target situation is described. This system, equipped with automatic gain control (AGC) and phase-locked loop (PLL), was originally invented for improving the target-tracking performance in multiple-target situation. The general behavior depends on Doppler separation of the targets relative to the bandwidths of AGC and PLL. The performance of this system has previously been roughly analyzed by using linear approximation for four extreme cases: wideband and narrowband AGC in combination with wideband and narrowband PLL. In this study, the author performs nonlinear analysis of the same system for all bandwidths of AGC and PLL, because Doppler separation varies over a wide range in actual tracker, and therefore it is indispensable to know the total system behavior. A special numerical technique called the Galerkin method is used. As a result of this analysis, the extensive target-tracking performance for all intermediate bandwidths of AGC and PLL has been clarified. The result is useful for actual target tracker design     

带通限幅器对锁相环噪声性能的影响

锁相环路中,在鉴相器前加上AGC（自动增益控制）,可以使环路性能在输入信噪比发生变化时保持稳定,带通限幅器也可以起到类似作用。尽管有一些文章对限幅器的性能作了研究,但是在PLL（锁相环）闭环条件下,鲜有文章分析其对环路噪声性能的影响。因此,文章以基本PLL环路的数学模型为基础,推导出PLL中分别加入相干AGC和带通限幅器后新的环路数学模型,以一阶PLL为例,计算和比较不同控制方式下环路相位误差均方值的变化,最后说明应当根据飞行任务的不同选择对环路更有利的控制方式。     

深空测控通信的特点和主要技术问题

分析研究了深空测控通信的特点,对频段提高、灵敏度提高、G/T值提高、EIRP提高、编码增益提高、定轨精度提高、极窄带锁相、低门限接收和调制/解调方式等主要技术问题进行了探讨.     

Limiting the Impulsive Noise in a PLL

This paper analyzes the operation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) preceded by a bandpass limiter (BPL) in the presence of impulsive noise. It is shown that the effect of the limiter consists essentially in a change of the statistics of the pulse strengths of the noise, so that the behavior of a BPL + PLL can be deduced from that of a simple PLL by suitable adjustment of the noise model. It is found that the limiter greatly enhances the PLL performance by reducing both the phase-error variance in the loop and the probability of cycle slippage. Finally, the design of the filter of the BPL is discussed, resulting in the conclusion that the best results are obtained by using a singletuned RLC circuit.     

一种高动态低信噪比下载波快速捕获跟踪方法

针对高动态、低信噪比的接收信号,首先对整个多普勒频率范围进行分段,并在每一段内利用本地产生的带有多普勒频率变化率的复信号来抵消接收信号中多普勒频率变化率的影响,然后在每一段内利用FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）进行载波频率并行捕获,从而同时完成载波多普勒频率及其变化率的初步估计。利用载波多普勒频率及其变化率估计信息辅助锁频环快速入锁,进而利用锁频环辅助三阶锁相环完成载波信号的锁频锁相跟踪。使用这种方法,可以快速获取信号的多普勒频率及其变化率信息,并且在极短时间内完成载波的稳定跟踪,使接收设备具备快速捕获跟踪大动态弱信号的能力。     

Carrier Tracking by Smoothing Filter Improves Symbol SNR

The potential benefit of using a smoothing filter to estimate a carrier phase over use of phase-locked loops (PLL) is determined. Numerical results are presented for the performance of three possible configurations of an all-digital coherent demodulation receiver. These are residual carrier PLL, sideband-aided residual carrier PLL, and finally sideband aided with Kalman smoother. The average symbol SNR after losses due to carrier phase estimation is computed for different total power SNRs, symbol rates, and symbol SNRs. It is found that smoothing is most beneficial for low symbol SNRs and low symbol rates. Smoothing gains up to 0.7 dB over sideband-aided residual carrier PLL, and the combined benefit of smoothing and sideband aiding relative to residual carrier loop is often in excess of 1 dB.     

一种基于数据跳变检测的高动态环境GPS信号参数估计方法

鉴于高动态环境中 Ｇ Ｐ Ｓ信号参数估计和调制数据跳变检测所遇到的问题,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法（ Ｅ Ｋ Ｆ）对信号参数进行了估计,分析了通过载波辅助技术实现伪码延时估计的原理,重点研究了一种简单的数据跳变检测和估计参数修正方法。模拟结果表明这种方法在信号参数估计精度和动态跟踪性能等方面都能够满足高动态环境的要求。     

Improved Phase-Locked Loop Performance with Adaptive Phase Comparators

A major problem in phase-locked loop (PLL) design is to meet the requirements of both fast signal acquisition and good synchronous mode performance. This relation is reviewed for different types of phase comparators. As a result a new phase-and-frequency comparator is proposed. This comparator is based on an up-down counter principle and can be considered as an adaptive acquisition control circuit. The analysis of a PLL with the proposed phase comparator is based on an exact calculation method for the pull-in time. It is shown that fast signal acquisition is possible without affecting the filtering properties of the loop. Experimental results are given of the acquisition behavior of a second-order type-2 loop which show a good correspondence with the theoretical analysis.     

Bernoulli particle flter with observer altitude for maritime radiation source tracking in the presence of measurement uncertainty

For maritime radiation source target tracking in particular electronic counter measures（ECM）environment,there exists two main problems which can deteriorate the tracking performance of traditional approaches.The frst problem is the poor observability of the radiation source.The second one is the measurement uncertainty which includes the uncertainty of the target appearing/disappearing and the detection uncertainty（false and missed detections）.A novel approach is proposed in this paper for tracking maritime radiation source in the presence of measurement uncertainty.To solve the poor observability of maritime radiation source target,using the radiation source motion restriction,the observer altitude information is incorporated into the bearings-only tracking（BOT）method to obtain the unique target localization.Then the two uncertainties in the ECM environment are modeled by the random fnite set（RFS）theory and the Bernoulli fltering method with the observer altitude is adopted to solve the tracking problem of maritime radiation source in such context.Simulation experiments verify the validity of the proposed approach for tracking maritime radiation source,and also demonstrate the superiority of the method compared with the traditional integrated probabilistic data association（IPDA）method.The tracking performance under different conditions,particularly those involving different duration of radiation source opening and switching-off,indicates that the method to solve our problem is robust and effective.     

Maneuvering target tracking with colored noise

It is known that colored noise may degrade the performance of a tracking algorithm. A common remedy is to model colored noise as an autoregressive (AR) process and apply the measurement difference method. One problem with the approach is that the AR parameters are usually unknown. In this work, we propose a new method to adaptively estimate the AR parameters. It is shown that this method is simple and practically feasible. We incorporate oar method into the interacting multiple model (IMM) tracking algorithm and show that the performance is almost as good as that in the known parameters case     

基于IMMKF算法的ADS-B监视应用目标跟踪

目标跟踪是机载广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）应用的基础功能,对提升航空器周边的弱机动民航飞机目标跟踪性能具有重要意义。提出一种基于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波（IMMKF）算法的ADS-B 监视应用目标跟踪方法。首先,针对弱机动背景下的民航飞机的飞行特点,建立包含匀速模型和标准协同转弯模型的运动模型集,并对模型进行线性化近似;然后,将模型预测和ADS-B 状态矢量量测数据作为IMMKF 算法中多个并行卡尔曼滤波器的输入,进行并行滤波;最后,计算得到目标状态矢量的估计和模型近似概率,并作为下一次迭代的输入。结果表明：相比于基于匀速模型的卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪方法,IMMKF 方法的位置跟踪误差降低了59%,速度跟踪误差降低了77%,显著提升了状态估计性能,具备较高的跟踪精度、稳健性与计算效率,在ADS-B 监视应用中具有实际应用价值与借鉴意义。     

密集杂波背景下的水下多目标跟踪方法

水下多目标跟踪是水声信号处理领域研究的热点和难点问题。高斯混合概率假设密度(Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density, GM-PHD)滤波器以其高效的计算效率为解决水下多目标跟踪问题提供了保证。然而,GM-PHD滤波器在跟踪目标时需要先验已知新生目标的强度,否则其性能会出现严重退化。针对该问题,提出一种滑动窗两步初始化高斯混合概率假设密度(sliding window two step initialization GM-PHD, SWTSI-GMPHD)滤波器。将提出的滑动窗两步初始化方法嵌入GM-PHD滤波器,利用滑动窗两步初始化方法估计新生目标强度,减少杂波干扰导致跟踪结果中出现的虚假目标。仿真实验表明,在杂波密集环境下,相较于其他跟踪方法,提出方法将跟踪精度提高69.84%,52.62%和41.05%。