Modeling and simulation of bow wave effect in probe and drogue aerial refueling

In a probe and drogue aerial refueling system, the bow wave of the receiver aircraft will produce a strong aerodynamic effect on the drogue once the receiver follows the drogue at a close distance. It is a major difficulty of docking control in the probe and drogue refueling. This paper analyses the bow wave effect and presents a simple method to model it. Firstly, the inviscid flow around the receiver is modeled based on the stream function defined by basic stream singularities.Secondly, a correction function is developed to eliminate the error caused by the absence of air viscosity. Then, the aerodynamic coefficients are used to calculate the induced aerodynamic force on the drogue. The obtained model is in an analytical form that can be easily applied to the controller design and the real-time simulations. In the verification part, computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation tests are conducted to validate the obtained flow fields and aerodynamic forces. Finally,the modeling method is applied to an F-16 receiver aircraft in a previously developed autonomous aerial refueling simulation system. The simulations results are analyzed and compared with the NASA flight-test data, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

带操纵面机翼的非定常跨声速流数值解法

本文介绍一种带操纵面机翼的非定常跨声速流的有限差分计算方法。采用的方程是三元非定常跨声速修正小扰动位势方程,使用时间积分法,求解格式是近似因式分解交替方向隐式(ADI)格式。使用这种方法计算了F-5机翼在来流马赫数为0.9和0.925时的定常气动力和操纵面振荡的非定常气动力。计算结果与国外的NLR试验结果和XTRAN3S方法的计算结果进行了比较,表明计算是成功的。     

CFD/CSD方法分析动力效应对民机气动特性影响

基于Reynolds average Navier-Stockes(RANS)的三维Navier-Stokes流场控制方程耦合结构静力学方程时域分析方法,研究了带有发动机的民用飞机其动力效应对全机气动性能的影响。首先采用数值方法对发动机进排气边界条件进行了模拟,分析了带动力的涡扇发动机模型的流场,并将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证边界条件处理的准确性;以此为基础,考虑结构弹性变形,采用计算流体动力学/计算结构动力学(CFD/CSD)耦合的方法,分别对通气和带动力的翼吊发动机全机的气动性能进行了研究。结果表明:基于通气构型预测的升阻力系数,气动载荷和压心位置与考虑动力效应后的计算结果存在明显不同。弹性变形又会加剧这一差异,使得全机的升阻比下降约12.6%,升力系数下降约8.9%,压心位置后移。数值算例显示,在靠近发动机区域气动载荷受动力效应影响显著,远离该区域,弹性变形效应占主要影响因素,因此在进行带动力效应的民机气动性能分析时,考虑弹性变形的影响是十分必要的。      

High-order accurate,low numerical diffusion methods for aerodynamics

In recent years numerical methods have been widely used to effectively resolve complex flow features of aerodynamics flows with meshes that are reasonable for today's computers. High-order numerical methods were used mainly in direct numerical simulations and aeroacoustics. For many aeronautical applications, accurate computation of vortex-dominated flows is important because the vorticity in the flow field and the wake of swept wings at an incidence and rotor blades largely determines the distribution of loading. The main deficiency of widely available, second-order accurate methods for the accurate computation of these flows is the numerical diffusion of vorticity to unacceptable levels. Application of high-order accurate, low-diffusion numerical methods can significantly alleviate this deficiency of traditional second order methods. Furthermore, higher-order space discretizations have the potential to improve detached eddy simulation predictions of separated flows with significant unsteadiness. Recently developed high-order accurate finite-difference, finite-volume, and finite-element methods are reviewed. These methods can be used as an attractive alternative of traditional low-order central and upwind computational fluid dynamics methods for improved predictions of vortical and other complex, separated, unsteady flows. The main features of these methods are summarized, from a practical user's point of view, their applicability and relative strength is indicated, and examples from recent applications are presented to illustrate their performance on selected problems.     

大尖削机翼非定常跨音速绕流的数值解法(英文)

本文给出一种计算飞机机翼上定常和非定常跨音速气动力的数值解法,使用了一种特殊设计的坐标变换,是用时间精确交替方向隐式(ADI)有限差分算法来求解非定常跨音速修正三元小扰动位势方程。给出了F5战斗机机翼的数值结果并与XTRAN3S,ATRAN3S及试验结果进行了比较,表明本方法是有效的和经济的。     

Improvements on computations of high speed propeller unsteady aerodynamics

This paper presents the application of the CANARI flow solver to the computation of unsteady effects in the aerodynamic interaction of a high speed propeller with the aircraft. The method is first validated on the APIAN isolated propeller test case by comparison with experiment at M=0.7. The method is then applied to the time accurate 3D Euler computation of a generic transport aircraft at M=0.68. Analysis of the results shows significant unsteady effects both on the propeller forces and on the wing aerodynamic flows, by comparison with steady computations.     

Robust and efficient computation of turbulent flows around civil transport aircraft at flight Reynolds numbers

This work aims at providing numerical methods that enable the robust and efficient simulation of turbulent flows around civil transport aircraft configurations at flight Reynolds numbers. Robustness problems related to the multigrid treatment of advanced transport equation turbulence models have been identified preventing convergence of simulations at high or flight Reynolds numbers. Therefore the application of multigrid to the turbulence equations is omitted while the multigrid treatment of the mean flow equations stays unchanged. Moreover, a fully implicit time integration scheme – a DDADI approach – is applied to the turbulence equations. The new approach raised robustness to a sufficient level to converge viscous computations at flight Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, the convergence speed of aerodynamic coefficients for three dimensional applications has also been improved significantly.     

多块多重网格法及其跨声速转子内流并行模拟

为提高压气机内部复杂流动计算的收敛速度,发展了一种多块多重网格上的可压缩流动并行计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,数值模拟了跨声速转子NASA Rotor 35内部流动及气动性能,重点分析了对接分区方式和内界面通信模式对并行性能的影响。结果表明:对接分区方法和多块多重网格内界面数据处理方法能够保证串、并行CFD方法结果基本一致,且与实验数据吻合良好;并行精度基本不受分区数目和通信模式的影响,并行效率随着相对通信负载的增大而降低。所发展的并行计算方法对跨声速转子气动分析和设计具有一定的可靠性,为开发大型流体机械复杂流动的基础并行算法及软件提供了参考价值。     

基于总体布局参数的飞机静稳定性研究

基于飞机初步设计阶段所得到的总体布局参数,建立飞机气动导数数值模型,对亚声速静稳定性进行估算。最后对所建立的数值模型进行算例分析,并与计算流体动力学(CFD)方法所求的气动导数、实际飞行试验数据进行对比,结果表明,基于总体布局参数计算的气动导数方法快速、合理。     

复杂几何形状喷管内外三维流场的数值模拟

研究了球面收敛矩形扩张的二元喷管（ＳＣＦＮ）流场的数值模拟,为了有效地捕获激波与滑流面及较好地模拟分离,采用了Ｒｏｅ格式、ＭＵＳＣＬ方法及Ｖｅｎｄａｔａｋｒｉｓｈｎａｎ限制器、Ｓｐａｌａｒｔ－Ａｌｌｍａｒａｓ方程紊流模型。研究中给出了两个喷管模型四个流动状态的数值模拟结果。结果表明,除了有严重分离的流动情况以外,该算法能得到相当满意的计算结果。     

飞翼布局横航向气动导数的总体估算方法研究

根据飞机设计初级阶段所得到的总体布局参数,建立并估算飞翼布局横航向气动导数的数值计算模型,对模型进行了算例分析,与计算流体力学方法(CFD-FASTRAN)、风洞实验所得的横航向气动导数做了对比分析.结果表明,基于总体布局参数估算的横航向气动导数简洁、快速、合理.     

动基座近舰面流场数值模拟

航母尾迹流场对舰载机的着舰有较大影响,所以需要对其流场特点进行研究,分析不同状态下舰载机气动特性的变化。采用嵌套网格技术对航母处于垂荡状态下无人机的着舰进行了模拟。首先,利用SFS2舰船进行数值计算,验证了舰船流场的数值模拟方法。然后,对比了单独无人机定常与非定常计算结果,表明所建立的嵌套网格适用于无人机流场的模拟。接着,对航母单相流和两相流的流场结果进行了分析,结果显示甲板下方的流动对甲板上方流场没有大的影响。因此,忽略了水的影响只对航母在空气流场中的特性进行研究,结果表明航母尾迹非定常特性明显,静止航母下滑轨迹上的速度均处于周期性波动状态,且波动幅值随着远离航母而逐渐衰减;而在垂荡情况下航母尾迹变得更加紊乱,水平方向速度波动的周期性减弱,但垂向速度的波动幅值进一步增大。对于静止航母,无人机在不同时刻着舰气动特性的变化也存在差异;当航母处于垂荡状态时,无人机的升力和俯仰力矩在短时间内会有更大的波动。     

Review of unsteady transonic aerodynamics: Theory and applications

Unsteady transonic flow theory is reviewed and classical results from the nonlinear asymptotic theory are combined with new results from computational fluid dynamics. The emphasis is on applications to the field of aeroelasticity and on clarifying the limitations of linearized theories in problems involving mixed subsonic-supersonic flows. The inherent differences between nonlinear transonic aerodynamics and linear subsonic and supersonic aerodynamics are considered from a theoretical and computational standpoint, and the practical implications of these differences in formulating suitable aerodynamic models for aeroelastic stability calculations are discussed. Transonic similarity principles are reviewed and their relevance in understanding flutter, divergence, and control reversal phenomena of transonic aircraft is illustrated through practical examples.     

Some vortical-flow flight experiments on slender aircraft that impacted the advancement of aeronautics

This paper highlights the three aerodynamic pillars of aeronautics; namely, theory/CFD, wind-tunnel experiments and flight tests, and notes that at any given time these three are not necessarily at the same level of maturity. After an initial history of these three pillars, the focus narrows to a brief history of some vortical-flow flight experiments on slender aircraft that have impacted the advancement of aeronautics in recent decades. They include the F-106, Concorde, SR-71, light-weight fighters (F-16, F/A-18), and F-16XL. These aircraft share in common the utilization of vortical flow and have flown at transonic speeds during a part of the flight envelope. Due to the vast amount of information from flight and CFD that has recently become available for the F-16XL, this aircraft is highlighted and its results detailed. Lastly, it is interesting to note that, though complicated, vortical flows over the F-16XL aircraft at subsonic speeds can be reliably and generally well-predicted with the current CFD flow solvers. However, these solvers still have some problems in matching flight pressure data at transonic speeds. That this problem has been highlighted is both an advancement in aeronautics and a tempting prize to those who would seek its solution.     

50 years of transonic aircraft design

This article traces the evolution of long range jet transport aircraft over the 50 years since Kuechemann founded the journal Progress in Aerospace Sciences. The article is particularly focused on transonic aerodynamics. During Kuechemann's life time a good qualitative understanding had been achieved of transonic flow and swept wing design, but transonic flow remained intractable to quantitative prediction. During the last 50 years this situation has been completely transformed by the introduction of sophisticated numerical algorithms and an astonishing increase in the available computational power, with the consequence that aerodynamic design is now carried out largely by computer simulation. Moreover developments in aerodynamic shape optimization based on control theory enable a competitive swept wing to be designed in just two simulations, as illustrated in the article. While the external appearance of long range jet aircraft has not changed much, advances in information technology have actually transformed the entire design and manufacturing process through parallel advances in computer aided design (CAD), computational structural mechanics (CSM) and multidisciplinary optimization (MDO). They have also transformed aircraft operations through the adoption of digital fly-by-wire and advanced navigational techniques.     

倾转四旋翼飞行器垂直飞行状态气动特性

综合采用基于滑移网格技术的计算流体力学(CFD)方法与悬停状态气动干扰试验方法,对倾转四旋翼(QTR)飞行器垂直飞行状态的流场进行模拟与试验,研究飞行器垂直飞行状态气动特性以及部分参数对气动特性的影响.结果表明:倾转四旋翼飞行器在垂直飞行状态,前后旋翼之间干扰不明显,但旋翼与机翼的干扰明显;旋翼旋向对旋翼与机翼的干扰不...     

RANS/LES在超声速突起物绕流中的应用研究

安装在超声速/高超声速飞行器表面的突起物如机翼、控制舵等通常会导致复杂的激波/边界层干扰,对突起物的局部气动特性甚至飞行器整体的气动特性产生较大的扰动.在采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟此类问题时,传统的求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程方法由于不能准确预测湍流脉动流场并且精度有限,在应用上受到一定的限制.本文在研究B-L (Baldwin-Lomax)内层模型和Smagorinsky亚格子模型优缺点的基础上,提出了一种新型的RANS/LES(Large Eddy Simulation)混合模型,并进行了算例验证,证实了该方法的可行性.在此基础上,对火箭表面突起物的干扰流场进行了数值模拟研究,细致地刻画了突起物附近的激波/边界层干扰、剪切层失稳和底部分离涡形成的非定常过程,获得了突起物及火箭表面上的压力脉动历程并进行了频谱分析.研究发现,相对于突起物底部的非定常分离流动,突起物前缘的激波和边界层相互干扰的非定常过程是突起物周围压力脉动的主导因素,这种高频的压力脉动可能对火箭内设备的正常工作产生不利的影响.     

高阶精度非线性格式WCNS-E-5在二维流动中的应用研究

本文采用具有5阶精度的加权紧致非线性显式格式(WCNS-E-5)对定常与非定常二维流动进行数值模拟,研究表明该格式对各类间断有很好的分辨捕捉能力,而且对强间断如激波的计算,即使在高马赫数与高雷诺数条件下它仍具有很好的收敛性与可靠的计算结果.此外,WCNS-E-5在粗网格条件下也体现出优越性.类如WCNS-E-5的高精度激波捕捉方法将为以后开展湍流数值模拟工作提供坚实的技术保证.     

翼型的气动最优化设计方法和反设计方法＊

本文将数值优化方法同计算流体动力学（ＣＦＤ）相结合,形成两种跨声速翼型的气动设计方法,即：最优化方法和反设计方法。采用求解Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程的有限体积法计算流场,通过结合优化算法,从正反两个方向对跨声速翼型进行气动优化设计。实例证明它们是翼型气动设计的有效方法,有较高的工程应用价值。     

磁控热防护系统在天地往返运载器上的应用仿真

磁控热防护技术在高超声速领域显现出广泛的应用前景。考虑高超声速流动磁流体力学控制涉及的等离子体生成机制、多电离组分导电机理以及电磁流动能量/动量输运机制,通过耦合求解电磁场泊松方程和带电磁源项的高温热化学非平衡流动控制方程组,搭建了高超声速磁控热防护数值模拟平台。结合美国航天飞机"哥伦比亚"号（OV-102）近似外形和5种磁场配置方案,较为系统地开展了磁控热防护系统在高超声速"滑翔返回式"天地往返运载器上的应用仿真研究。结果表明：搭建的磁控热防护仿真平台具备偶极子磁场、均匀磁场、螺线管磁场及多个磁场组合条件下复杂外形飞行器气动热环境数值模拟能力,其校验结果与文献或飞行试验数据符合较好;采用合适的磁场配置能有效降低航天飞机的表面热流,显著改善了航天飞机的气动热环境,典型状态的表面热流下降25%以上;局部磁场方向与流动方向的夹角,在一定程度上决定了洛伦兹力的强度和方向,对磁控效果的影响明显。