NPLS技术及其在高速飞行器气动研究中的应用

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的超声速/高超声速流动受到了极大关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验研究提出了挑战。纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术（NPLS）是2005年由作者所在的研究团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够获得超声速三维流场的某个剖面的瞬态流动结构,并且具有较高的时空分辨率。目前,许多研究结果表明NPLS是研究超声速湍流的一项非常有效的技术。近年来,作者应用 NPLS 技术在超声速湍流研究中取得了较大的进展,并且基于NPLS开发了其它几种技术,比如基于 NPLS 的密度场测量技术（NPLS-DT）,能够获得超声速流动的密度场信息并还能进一步得到雷诺应力分布。本文介绍了NPLS技术并回顾了其在超声速边界层、激波/边界层相互作用等流动中的应用。由于能够获得雷诺压力和湍动能等统计量, NPLS技术有望在发展可压缩湍流模型的研究中发挥作用。     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

Shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction and its control

The interaction between a shock wave and a boundary layer often leads to extremely detrimental effects, especially if the shock is strong enough to separate the boundary layer. When this happens, there occurs a rapid growth of the dissipative region along with a dramatic intensifying of turbulent fluctuations with the frequent occurrence of buffeting. In the present review some fundamental properties of the interaction are first considered for a two-dimensional, adiabatic flow developing on a flat surface. The following features are first examined: upstream interaction length, incipient shock-induced separation and evolution of the boundary layer properties during the interaction process. Supersonic and transonic flows are both considered. In a second part, the means envisaged to control shock/boundary layer interactions are presented, with emphasis on the physics of phenomena involved in this process. Control methods can be classified into two categories: those acting on the boundary layer properties before it enters the shock region (e.g. wall cooling, wall mass transfer, upstream blowing) and those having a local action in the shock foot region itself (e.g. suction or injection, boundary layer removal, passive control). The most appropriate technique depends on the specific application under consideration. Finally, some calculation methods are briefly presented, most of them being restricted to laminar interactions.     

二维进气道不启动流场非定常特性的混合LES/RANS模拟

采用一种混合大涡模拟/雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(LES/RANS)方程模拟方法结合5阶WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillatory)格式对马赫数为3的来流中、内收缩比为1.5的不启动状态下的二维进气道进行了计算,再现了不启动进气道中的非定常流场.计算结果表明:所采用的模拟方法对入口处的平均绝热壁温、摩擦速度和雷诺应力的计算精度较好,进气道不启动流场中激波波系和分离区存在大时空尺度的低频运动,其占主导的特征频率和典型的激波/湍流边界层干扰问题中激波和分离区的低频频率接近,且进气道出现了间歇性的启动状态.      

Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations

The numerical simulation of high Reynolds number flows is hampered by model accuracy if the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are used, and by computational cost if direct or large-eddy simulations (LES) that resolve the near-wall layer are employed. The cost of a calculation scales like the Reynolds number to the power 3 for direct numerical simulations, or 2.4 for LES, making the resolution of the wall layer at high Reynolds number infeasible even with the most advanced computers. In LES, an attractive alternative to compute high-Re flows is the use of wall-layer models, in which only the outer layer is resolved, while the near-wall region is modeled. Three broad classes of approaches are presently used: bypassing this region altogether using wall functions, solving a separate set of equations in the near-wall region, weakly coupled to the outer flow, or simulating the near-wall region in a global, Reynolds-averaged, sense. These approaches are discussed and their ranges of applicability are highlighted. Various unresolved issues in wall-layer modeling are presented.     

SST湍流模型在高超声速绕流中的改进

为模拟高超声速湍流问题,对剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型系数进行了修正。数值格式采用改进的总变差递减(TVD)格式,并对湍流模型的负值强制项进行了隐式处理。在此基础上计算了绕平板以及具有分离、再附、激波/边界层干扰等复杂流动结构的压缩拐角的高超声速流动。计算结果与试验数据及半经验公式的对比表明:SST湍流模型引入的雷诺剪切应力与湍动能之比为常数(Bradshaw数)在高超声速绕流中并不成立。Bradshaw数修正后的SST湍流模型与原模型相比,所计算的壁面压力、摩擦阻力和壁面热流分布更接近试验结果。     

二维超／高超声速进气道流场数值模拟

对超／高超声速三级压缩进气道流场进行了数值模拟,来流马赫数为4、6,进气道内流动为层流状态,根据二维Navier-Stokes方程,采用二阶精度Roe格式进行离散。按照流场特点,合理地设计网格分布及调整不同黏性范围的熵修正,防止了壁面附近过大的数值耗散,使计算结果更加合理。在进气道模型的各级压缩折转角处,获得了清晰的激波结构,在进气道内部的各种波系的相交、反射和激波诱导的边界层分离等现象都得到合理的描述。计算得到的压力分布,在各级压缩斜板上同简单波理论结果十分接近。用本文方法计算了另一个二级压缩进气道,沿上、下壁面的压力分布与试验比较符合得较好。     

高超声速飞行器流动特征分析

在非流线型构件或突起物的扰动效应、高马赫数和低雷诺数极限效应、低湍流度环境效应和由激波或摩擦导致的气动加热效应等4个方面的影响下,未来高超声速飞行器涉及的流动主要表现出这样的特点:典型流动结构强度高、尺度大,如强激波和厚边界层;局部流动结构数量多;激波、膨胀波和边界层结构之间相互干扰十分严重;转捩、压力脉动和一些流动结构对细微因素非常敏感;压力、摩擦应力和热流峰值现象普遍;升阻比屏障难以突破;流场同时依赖大量无量纲参数和有量纲参数,导致实验模拟难度大。本文在回顾传统高超声速流动主要流动现象的基础上,对上述7个方面涉及的典型流动现象的基础研究现状、问题本质和因果关系进行综合描述,讨论如何更有效地面对基础研究和工程实际问题。该文既可为解决典型流动现象中尚未解决的基础研究提供帮助,也可为如何合理地利用有限的已知知识解决工程应用问题提供指导。     

MVG控制斜激波/湍流边界层干涉的大涡模拟

采用浸没边界法(IBM)对带有微型涡发生器(MVG)控制器的激波/湍流边界层干涉流动进行了大涡模拟(LES)。以来流马赫数为2.3的斜激波(由平板上方8°楔产生)为基本流动入射平板湍流边界层,通过在干涉区前布置MVG阵列来控制激波诱导的边界层分离。采用浸没边界法处理MVG的复杂几何,分析了MVG尾迹区平均流速度剖面,雷诺应力,瞬态旋涡结构。结果表明:时均流场显示MVG尾迹区存在一对对转的主流向涡,流向涡加剧了边界内的动量交换从而增加了边界层抗分离能力,而瞬态流场则反映出MVG尾迹区的剪切层由于Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性会卷起为一列展向旋涡。     

立楔诱导的高超声速流动分离数值分析

高超声速飞行器进气道等关键部件引起的激波与边界层相互作用将导致流动分离,从而改变当地压力分布与局部受热情况,影响飞行稳定性与飞行安全,因此需要对高超声速流动的分离现象进行细致研究。采用高精度5阶特征型WENO格式与3阶TVD型Runge-Kutta方法,求解三维Navier-Stokes方程,对立楔诱导的高超声速激波与边界层相互作用引起的分离流动流场结构进行了细致的数值模拟与分析。结果表明,5阶特征型WENO格式分辨率远高于类TVD格式;Ma=6时得到清晰的激波结构、分离涡结构及其演化过程和壁面极限流线的拓扑结构,证明了WENO格式应用于高超声速分离流动的可行性与高分辨率;对不同来流Mach数的对比证明Mach数的增大抑制流动分离,导致分离涡减小。     

动态微涡流发生器对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

本文基于OPENFOAM数值仿真平台,采用动态网格技术和湍流离散涡(DES)模型,研究了微涡流发生器以一定速度向下游移动时,激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI)流场特性的变化,重点关注干扰区域内的流向和展向的流场特性。来流马赫数为4,微涡流发生器向下游移动速度为0m/s,20m/s和40m/s。研究表明：当MVG向下游移动时,SWBLI区域的“弓”形高压区会演化成“双弓”形；入射激波形成高压区的压力明显降低,同时,入射激波和反射激波形成高压区的峰值位置均会向下游移动；流场下游 “双圆弧”状高压区的高度逐渐降低；SWBLI区域边界层的高度逐渐降低,同时边界层底部的速度也有所降低；随着MVG移动速度的增加,对SWBLI流场的控制效果更加明显；动态MVG对流场的控制是通过尾迹涡和波系结构实现的。     

Large-eddy simulation of shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with and without SparkJet control

The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ‘‘Spark Jet" and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper.The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer.The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is20000.The detailed numerical approaches were presented.The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity.The numerical results including velocity profile,Reynolds stress profile,skin friction,and wall pressure were systematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements of the same flow condition.Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ‘‘Spark Jet" was conducted.The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment.Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer,making the boundary layer more resistant to flow separation.Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.     

RANS analysis of the low-Reynolds number flow around the SD7003 airfoil

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the incompressible flow at Reynolds number 6.0×¹⁰⁴ around the Selig–Donovan 7003 airfoil. The airfoil performances have been computed by the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations and large eddy simulations. The airfoil stall and preliminary post-stall have been obtained by both the methods. Some limitations of the RANS turbulence models for low-Reynolds number flows have been overcome by the κ–ω SST-LR model, a recent modification of the well-known SST model. Large-eddy simulations have also been performed for a more detailed analysis of the results. The relevance in the stall mechanism of the laminar separation bubble arising on the airfoil is highlighted. The stall occurs when the laminar bubble present in the leading edge zone and a separated region forming on the central part of the airfoil join together. The κ–ω SST-LR model returns the same stall mechanism as the large eddy simulation. Flows at low-Reynolds numbers can be simulated by the RANS methods, but the choice of the turbulence model is crucial. The κ–ω SST-LR model has provided results in good agreement with the large eddy simulation and the available experimental data.     

激波/平板湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟

采用理性GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型,模拟了激波/平板湍流边界层干扰现象,结果表明:计算所得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型分布均与实验值吻合很好,并且比较准确地预报出了入射斜激波与平板湍流边界层干扰所引起的边界层分离点和再附点等流动特性.由此表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型能够准确地用来模拟激波/平板湍流边界层的干扰流动.      

运用GAO-YONG湍流模型对扩压器内跨声速流动的数值模拟

运用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组,采用同位网格SIMPLE算法,对扩压器跨声速流动中的二维激波/湍流边界层干扰现象进行了数值模拟。将计算得到的流场的时均参数与实验值进行比较,数值模拟结果在激波强度、壁面压力分布以及分离点和再附点位置等方面,与实验值吻合较好,表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组能够比较准确的模拟较强激波/湍流边界层干扰流动,从而进一步为GAO-YONG湍流模型的正确性及其在可压缩流场模拟方面的适用性提供了佐证。     

高超声速计算中的气体动理学格式

回顾了高超声速连续流部分的计算流体力学(CFD)方法,总结了近些年兴起的气体动理学格式。阐述了该格式的构造机制,强调了将物理规律直接用于构造数值方法的思路。结合一些应用实例,例如激波相互作用、激波边界层相互作用以及边界层分离等高超声速问题,说明了这种构造思路给数值模拟带来的优点。从高超声速的发展历程来看,气体动理学格式的构造过程包含了更基础的物理规律,而且具有多尺度的特性。这些特性有助于研究复杂的高超声速问题。介观或者微观角度直接构造数值方法的发展趋势为高超声速计算工具指出了可能的发展方向。     

STUDY OF SWEPT SHOCK WAVE AND BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTIONS

Ｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｏｆｓｗｅｐｔｓｈｏｃｋｗａｖｅ／ｔｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｆｏｒｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓｂ...     

Assessment of some self-adaptive SGS models for wall bounded flows

Self-adaptive subgrid-scale models for large-eddy simulation of wall bounded flows using a second-order accurate numerical method are described and assessed on the plane channel flow configuration. These models do not include any information related to the location of the wall, and are based on the three following approaches: dynamic modelling as proposed by Germano, filtered models and selection function. These three techniques are found to be efficient, i.e. they yield vanishing subgrid viscosity when approaching the solid wall without any information related to its location. Strong sensitivity of the results to both Reynolds number and grid resolution is observed. The selection function is found to lead to the lowest subgrid-viscosity level.     

激波/边界层干扰及微型涡流发生器控制研究进展

激波/边界层干扰是一种发生在超声速/高超声速流动中的普遍现象。该现象将引起分离、流场结构振荡、局部高热通量和压力载荷。主要总结了近十年来激波/边界层干扰特性与微型涡流发生器及其组合体在流动控制中的最新进展。微型涡流发生器是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的控制方法,其流动机理和控制特性被大量挖掘。为了适应来流条件的变化、满足实际工况的需要,应开发定量评估和参数化设计方法。同时,应探索微型涡流发生器与其他控制方法的组合,实现更大程度、更广范围流场的控制。