基于RANS/LES方法的超声速底部流场数值模拟

分别采用基于两方程k-ω剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型的延迟DES(DDES)、更改的DDES(MDDES)和改进的DDES(IDDES)方法,并引入可压缩修正,结合三阶MUSCL-Roe和五阶WENO-Roe两种空间离散格式,针对超声速底部的复杂流动现象,开展了数值模拟研究。计算结果表明本文方法能够捕捉到超声速底部流动中丰富的湍流结构,通过分析计算结果对超声速底部的流动机理有了进一步的认识,为下一步的超声速底部流动减阻改进和雷诺平均NavierStokes/大涡模拟(RANS/LES)方法在非定常高可压缩性流动中的应用提供了参考。通过对比分析不同空间离散格式的计算结果研究了数值耗散对计算的影响,五阶WENO-Roe格式的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好;对不同RANS/LES混合方法的计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明IDDES方法在近壁区的表现优于DDES和MDDES方法。     

复杂湍流流动的混合RANS/LES方法研究

混合RANS/LES方法是近年来复杂湍流模拟的重要方法。简要回顾了混合RANS/LES模拟方法的发展历程,着重总结和分析了分离涡混合模型、类Menter SST混合模型以及湍流能量谱一致混合方法三类混合模型的构造方法和发展历程,对这三种方法的应用以及优缺点进行了简要评述,最后指出了混合RANS/LES方法发展应该兼顾的问题,为下一步的混合RANS/LES模拟提供了参考。     

基于RANS/LES混合方法的分离流动模拟

飞行器在大迎角、快速俯仰机动时,流场中含有大尺度、非定常的涡结构,传统雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）模型不能准确模拟流场结构,根据国际上相关研究的发展趋势,需要采用混合RANS/大涡模拟（LES）模型来对复杂分离流动进行准确模拟。本文对基于分区混合与湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型进行发展与应用。通过典型简化模型的静、动态湍流大分离流动,测试和验证所采用的脱体涡模拟（DES）类方法,重点研究改进的延迟DES （IDDES）模型在动态问题应用中的正确性和有效性,并对所采用的数值模拟方法和相应的计算软件的可靠性、鲁棒性以及精度进行了考核验证。典型算例包括超声速圆柱底部流动、跨声速方腔流动、NACA0015机翼深失速分离涡模拟等。计算表明：发展的IDDES类混合计算模型可有效解决对数层不匹配的问题;对于定态非定常分离流动,DES、DDES、IDDES等模型计算结果差别不大,随着流动的非定常特性增强,IDDES模型的优势逐渐显现;对于动态非定常分离流动,则需要采用IDDES类模型。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

一种改进的类DES湍流模拟方法

构造了一种基于一方程S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)模型和一方程Yoshizawa亚格子模型的混合RANS/LES(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation)湍流模拟方法.在涡黏假设的基础上,将Yoshizawa亚格子湍动能方程转化为等效的亚格子湍流涡黏性输运方程,并采用混合函数将其与S-A模型方程进行混合,从而改进了DES(detached eddy simulation)模型的亚格子行为,同时克服了其依靠网格控制模型转换的缺点.模拟了超声速的带斜坡凹腔流动,并与相同网格下的LES及DES结果进行了比较,结果表明该混合RANS/LES方法在远离壁面的自由剪切流区域与LES行为一致,而在附着边界层区域表现优于LES和DES方法.      

战斗机垂尾脉动压力数值模拟

在亚跨超计算流体力学（CFD）软件平台（TRIP）上开发了基于RANS/LES混合思路的IDDES流动模拟技术,并通过NACA0021翼型60°大迎角分离流动与串列圆柱绕流模拟对RANS/LES混合方法的精确度进行了验证,针对某战斗机外形的垂尾脉动压力开展了数值模拟研究。战斗机来流马赫数为0.1,基于全机长度的雷诺数为2×10⁶,模型迎角为20°、30°和40°。分别通过脉动压力系数、脉动压力功率谱密度、空间流动结构以及侧向力响应曲线等对战斗机的垂尾脉动压力进行了分析。脉动压力模拟结果表明：当垂尾完全沉浸在边条翼脱体涡破碎后的宽频湍流脉动气流中时,垂尾翼梢位置的脉动压力会发生明显的增大。     

用DES数值模拟具有横向喷流的紊流流场

DES(DettachedEddySimulation)是把RANS(雷诺平均Navier Stokes方程)方法及LES(大涡模拟)方法结合起来的模拟有脱体涡的紊流流场的数值模拟方法。其主要思想是在物面附近解雷诺平均Navier Stokes方程、在其他区域采用Smagorinski大涡模拟方法。本文用DES及混合非结构网格数值模拟复杂紊流流场,算法采用Osher逆风格式,对超音速钝头体、三角翼、某型飞机及带喷流的导弹绕流用该程序进行了数值模拟。结果表明用DES模拟有分离的紊流流场是高效的。     

Computation of unsteady turbomachinery flows: Part 2—LES and hybrids

The choice of turbulence model can have a strong impact on results for many turbomachinery zones. Palliative corrections to them and also transition modeling can have a further profound solution impact. The spectral gaps necessary for theoretically valid URANS solutions are also lacking in certain turbomachinery zones. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) alleviates the serious area of turbulence modeling uncertainty but with an extreme increase in computational cost. However, there seems a lack of validation data to explore in depth the performance of LES and thus strategies to refine it. LES best practices are needed. Although LES is, obviously, much less model dependent than RANS, grids currently used for more practical simulations are clearly insufficiently fine for the LES model and numerical schemes not to be playing an excessively strong role. Very few turbomachinery simulations make use of properly constructed, correlated turbulence inflow. Even if this is attempted, most measurement sets are incomplete and lack an adequate basis for modeling this inflow. Gas turbines are highly complex coupled systems and hence inflow and outflow boundary condition specification needs to go beyond just synthesizing turbulent structures and preventing their reflection.Despite the strong limitations of the dissipative Smagorinsky model, it still sees the most wide spread use, generally, in excessively dissipative flow solvers. Monotone Integrated LES (MILES) related approaches, hybrid LES–RANS and more advanced LES models seem to have an equal but subservient frequency of use in turbomachinery applications. Clearly the introduction of a RANS layer can have a substantial accuracy penalty. However, it does allow LES to be rationally used, albeit in a diluted sense for industrial applications. The Reynolds numbers found in turbomachinery are substantial. However, in certain areas evidence suggests they will not be enough to ensure a long inertial subrange and hence the use of standard LES modeling practices.Despite the excessively coarse grids used in much of the LES work reviewed, with essentially RANS based codes, meaningful results are often gained. This can perhaps be attributed to the choice of cases, these being ones for which RANS modeling gives extremely poor performance. It is a concern that for practical turbomachinery LES studies grid densities used tend to have an Reynolds number scaling to a strong negative power.     

超声速湍流流场的RANS/LES混合计算方法研究

采用对接/拼接网格技术,建立了基于分区混合和基于湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型,并对环翼低速绕流、翼型跨声速绕流和球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流进行了初步的数值模拟.环翼和翼型绕流计算表明,该混合模型可给出较合理的湍流宏观平均量;球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流计算表明,该混合模型可得到超声速瞬态湍流脉动流场,凹窗处存在复杂的旋涡结构和波系结构,呈现较大尺度的脉动.但该模型还需要进一步的考核验证.     

超声速湍流边界层中横向声速喷流的混合LES/RANS模拟

通过对超声速湍流边界层中横向声速喷流的计算,对一种混合大涡/雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(LES/RANS)模拟方法进行了测试,该方法采用一个依赖于到壁面的距离及当地湍流参数的混合函数结合两方程k-ω SST(shear stress transport)湍流模型和混合尺度亚格子模型来封闭湍流项.计算结果表明:混合模拟方法能够捕捉到喷流/湍流边界层相互干扰的非定常大尺度结构,且对分离区长度、壁面静压峰值和膨胀区静压分布的计算精度要高于RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方法.      

Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations

The numerical simulation of high Reynolds number flows is hampered by model accuracy if the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are used, and by computational cost if direct or large-eddy simulations (LES) that resolve the near-wall layer are employed. The cost of a calculation scales like the Reynolds number to the power 3 for direct numerical simulations, or 2.4 for LES, making the resolution of the wall layer at high Reynolds number infeasible even with the most advanced computers. In LES, an attractive alternative to compute high-Re flows is the use of wall-layer models, in which only the outer layer is resolved, while the near-wall region is modeled. Three broad classes of approaches are presently used: bypassing this region altogether using wall functions, solving a separate set of equations in the near-wall region, weakly coupled to the outer flow, or simulating the near-wall region in a global, Reynolds-averaged, sense. These approaches are discussed and their ranges of applicability are highlighted. Various unresolved issues in wall-layer modeling are presented.     

一种滤波SST方法在翼型深失速模拟中的应用

 为了提高原始剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型对于分离流动的求解精度,将大涡模拟(LES)中的滤波因子和SST方程相结合构造出一种滤波SST方法,利用湍流尺度对流场求解区域进行划分,近壁面附近的稳态流动由湍流模型控制,远壁面采用LES方法进行模拟。与传统混合RANS/LES方法相比,该方法的特点是:滤波因子的选取不再依赖于网格尺度,可以有效地降低网格诱导分离现象发生的概率。采用该方法对NACA0021翼型深失速特性进行了仿真研究,对比了非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方法和SST-DES方法,从仿真结果可以看出滤波SST方法有效地激活了分离区域的脉动,充分展现了分离的三维特性;同时算例求解结果证明该方法的精度高于URANS方法,与试验结果吻合较好,显示其具有一定的工程应用价值。     

超声速燃烧凹腔质量交换特性的混合RANS/LES模拟

对超声速冷流及燃烧流条件下超燃冲压发动机火焰稳定凹腔的质量交换特性进行了研究.采用混合RANS/LES(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large-eddy simulation)方法对非定常流场进行数值模拟,系统研究了凹腔结构参数和横向喷流燃烧放热对凹腔质量交换特性的影响.首次采用"原子追踪法"对化学反应流条件下的凹腔质量交换过程进行了刻画.结果表明:在冷流条件和燃烧流条件下,凹腔驻留时间均随长深比的增大而增加;凹腔后缘倾角对驻留时间的影响在冷流条件下比较显著,而在燃烧流条件下明显减弱;相同结构的凹腔,在燃烧流条件下的驻留时间相对于冷流条件明显减小.      

高超声速低温喷管横向射流混合反应过程的非定常数值模拟

基于混合RANS/LES (Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation)方法模拟了高超声速低温(HYLTE)喷管倾斜入射横向射流的非定常混合反应过程,研究了不同副喷管喷射角和副喷管间距对射流穿透、混合以及总压损失的影响.计算表明,射流穿透深度和混合程度随着副喷管喷射角的增大而增大,但是总压损失也随之增大;副喷管间距增大,燃料射流的穿透深度增大而且总压损失略有减小,但反转旋涡对(CVP)的集中会造成射流与来流的接触面积减小,侧面混合变差.因此优化副喷管喷射角和间距对于提高HYLTE喷管混合性能乃至激光器光学性能都十分重要.通过模拟HYLTE喷管和光腔耦合区域的12组分23方程的反应流场发现,在中心线附近有较强的小信号增益系数,混合RANS/LES相比RANS方法更能反映流场变量的细节变化.      

Numerical simulations of shock/boundary layer interactions using time-dependent modeling techniques: A survey of recent results

Supersonic or hypersonic flows within and around flight vehicles inevitably involve interactions of strong shock waves with boundary layers. Flows within inlet/isolator configurations, and flows induced by control surface deflections are some examples. Such interactions are time dependent in nature and are often subject to low-frequency, large-scale motion that induces local pressure and heating loads. With recent increases in available computer power, it has now become possible to simulate such interactions at experimentally relevant Reynolds numbers using time-dependent techniques, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (LES–RANS) methods. This paper will survey some recent work in this area and will describe insights in shock/boundary layer interaction physics gained by using these high-fidelity methods. Attention will be focused on studies that compare directly with experimental data at the same (or nearly the same) Reynolds number. Challenges in the application of these techniques to even more complicated high-speed flow fields are also outlined.     

A new two-scale model for large eddy simulation of wall-bounded flows

A new hybrid approach to model high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows is developed based on coupling a two-level simulation (TLS) approach (Kemenov and Menon, 2006 [1], 2007 [2] in the inner region with conventional large eddy simulation (LES) away from the wall. This new approach is significantly different from previous near-wall approaches for LES. In this hybrid TLS–LES approach, a very fine small-scale (SS) mesh is embedded inside the coarse LES mesh. The SS equations capture fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in all three Cartesian directions for all three velocity components near the wall. The TLS–LES equations are derived using a new scale separation operator that allows a smooth transition between the two regions, with the equations in the transition region obtained by blending the TLS large-scale and LES equations. New terms in the hybrid region are identified. The TLS–LES approach is used to study the near-wall features in canonical turbulent channel flows for a range of Reynolds number using relatively coarse large-scale (LS) grids. Results show that the TLS–LES approach is able to capture the effect of both the LS and SS features in the wall region consistently for the range of simulated Reynolds number.     

多段翼型大迎角分离流动的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法

多段翼型的大迎角绕流发生大范围附面层分离,具有明显的三维与非定常流动特性。RANS/LES混合算法继承了LES对流动分离区大尺度漩涡准确模拟的优点,避免了纯LES算法需求网格量巨大与亚格子模型壁面函数不成熟等问题,对分离流动的模拟效果优于RANS算法。以S-A湍流模型与Smagorinsky亚格子模型为基础,借鉴DDES的附面层延迟控制思想,构造了可用于对接网格、重叠网格的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法。研究了GA（W）-1多段翼型的大迎角分离流动及其气动特性。     

风沙两相流数值模拟研究进展

大气表面层中的风沙运动是典型的高雷诺数湍流气固两相流动,同时具有可蚀地表上的冲击溅起过程、风-沙-电多场耦合、多尺度与跨尺度等复杂特性,使其定量预测极具挑战性。回顾了近30年风沙运动数值模拟的研究进展以及取得的成果,主要包括基于湍流雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）方法的风沙运动多场耦合模拟与风成地貌耦合尺度模型建立,基于湍流大涡模拟（LES）与高雷诺数湍流理论的风沙运动模拟方法。最后明确了风沙运动现有数值模拟方法的不足和值得进一步研究的方向。     

The LES model's role in jet noise

Problem definition, near wall modeling and other factors, including grid structure along with its implications on filter definition, are suggested to be of potentially greater importance for practical jet simulations than the LES (large eddy simulation) model. This latter element in itself can be theoretically questionable. When moving to realistic engine conditions, it is noted that disentangling numerical influences from the LES model's appear difficult and negates the model value with its omission potentially being beneficial. Evidence cited suggests that if using an LES model for jets, choosing the numerically best conditioned or the one the code has or, for a dissipative solver, even LES model omission seems sensible. This view point precludes combustion modeling. Tensors of additional derivatives, used in non-linear LES models, when expanded, can yield potentially several hundred interesting derivatives. It is suggested that the MILES (monotone-integrated LES) and LES communities should move towards seeing where modified equation derivatives connect with derivatives that appear in more state of the art non-linear LES models. Then the best features could be combined to form mixed MILES–LES models or even mixed MILES–LES–RANS models. Combustion modeling also presents hybridization potential but in a different context. Most MILES-modified equation analysis focus on the spatial discretization and not the temporal. However, with some codes the spatial discretization terms are deliberately constructed to cancel temporal truncation error terms. Hence, the two things work in harmony and the temporal discretization can make a strong impact on resolved scales.