A spongy icing model for aircraft icing

Researches have indicated that impinging droplets can be entrapped as liquid in the ice matrix and the temperature of accreting ice surface is below the freezing point. When liquid entrapment by ice matrix happens, this kind of ice is called spongy ice. A new spongy icing model for the ice accretion problem on airfoil or aircraft has been developed to account for entrapped liquid within accreted ice and to improve the determination of the surface temperature when enter- ing clouds with supercooled droplets. Different with conventional icing model, this model identifies icing conditions in four regimes： rime, spongy without water film, spongy with water film and glaze. By using the Eulerian method based on two-phase flow theory, the impinging droplet flow was investigated numerically. The accuracy of the Eulerian method for computing the water collection efficiency was assessed, and icing shapes and surface temperature distributions predicted with this spongy icing model agree with experimental results well.     

Remaining useful life prediction based on the Wiener process for an aviation axial piston pump

An aviation hydraulic axial piston pump’s degradation from comprehensive wear is a typical gradual failure model. Accurate wear prediction is difficult as random and uncertain char-acteristics must be factored into the estimation. The internal wear status of the axial piston pump is characterized by the return oil flow based on fault mechanism analysis of the main frictional pairs in the pump. The performance degradation model is described by the Wiener process to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of the pump. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is performed by utilizing the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the initial parameters of the Wiener process while recursive estimation is conducted utilizing the Kalman filter method to estimate the drift coefficient of the Wiener process. The RUL of the pump is then calculated accord-ing to the performance degradation model based on the Wiener process. Experimental results indi-cate that the return oil flow is a suitable characteristic for reflecting the internal wear status of the axial piston pump, and thus the Wiener process-based method may effectively predicate the RUL of the pump.     

Robust Control for Static Loading of Electro-hydraulic Load Simulator with Friction Compensation

Load simulator is a key test equipment for aircraft actuation systems in hardware-in-the-loop-simulation. Static loading is an essential function of the load simulator and widely used in the static/dynamic stiffness test of aircraft actuation systems. The tracking performance of the static loading is studied in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear mathematical models of the hydraulic load simulator are derived, and the feedback linearization method is employed to construct a feed-forward controller to improve the force tracking performance. Considering the effect of the friction, a LuGre model based friction compensation is synthesized, in which the unmeasurable state is estimated by a dual state observer via a controlled learning mechanism to guarantee that the estimation is bounded. The modeling errors are attenuated by a well-designed robust controller with a control accuracy measured by a design parameter. Employing the dual state observer is to capture the different effects of the unmeasured state and hence can improve the friction compensation accuracy. The tracking performance is summarized by a derived theorem. Experimental results are also obtained to verify the high performance nature of the proposed control strategy.     

A practical nonlinear robust control approach of electro-hydraulic load simulator

This paper studies a nonlinear robust control algorithm of the electro-hydraulic load simulator （EHLS）. The tracking performance of the EHLS is mainly limited by the actuator＇s motion disturbance, flow nonlinearity, and friction, etc. The developed controller is developed based on the nonlinear motion loading model. The problems of the actuator＇s disturbance and flow nonlinearity are considered. To address the friction problem, the friction model of the loading motor is identified experimentally. The friction disturbance is compensated using the obtained friction model. Therefore, this paper considers the main three factors comprehensively. The developed algorithm is easy to apply since the controller can be obtained just with one step back-stepping design. The stability of the developed algorithm is proven via Lyapunov analysis. Both co-simulation and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of this method.     

Safety lifetime analysis method for multi-mode time-dependent structural system

It is important to determine the safety lifetime of Multi-mode Time-Dependent Structural System(MTDSS). However, there is still a lack of corresponding analysis methods.Therefore, this paper establishes MTDSS safety lifetime model firstly, and then proposes a Kriging surrogate model based method to estimate safety lifetime. The first step of proposed method is to construct the Kriging model of MTDSS performance function by using extremum learning function. By identifying possible extremum mode o...     

基于分布估计算法的翼型稳健设计(英文)

A transonic airfoil designed by means of classical point-optimization may result in its dramatically inferior performance under off-design conditions. To overcome this shortcoming, robust design is proposed to find out the optimal profile of an airfoil to maintain its performance in an uncertain environment. The robust airfoil optimization is aimed to minimize mean values and variances of drag coefficients while satisfying the lift and thickness constraints over a range of Mach numbers. A multi-objective estimation of distribution algorithm is applied to the robust airfoil optimization on the base of the RAE2822 benchmark airfoil. The shape of the airfoil is obtained through superposing ten Hick-Henne shape functions upon the benchmark airfoil. A set of design points is selected according to a uniform design table for aerodynamic evaluation. A Kriging model of drag coefficient is constructed with those points to reduce computing costs. Over the Mach range from 0.7 to 0.8, the airfoil generated by the robust optimization has a configuration characterized by supercritical airfoil with low drag coefficients. The small fluctuation in its drag coefficients means that the performance of the robust airfoil is insensitive to variation of Mach number.     

On developing data-driven turbulence model for DG solution of RANS

High-order Discontinuous Galerkin(DG) methods have been receiving more and more attentions in the area of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) because of their high-accuracy property. However, it is still a challenge to obtain converged solution rapidly when solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS) equations since the turbulence models significantly increase the nonlinearity of discretization system. The overall goal of this research is to develop an Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs) model with low complexity acting as an algebraic turbulence model to estimate the turbulence eddy viscosity for RANS. The ANN turbulence model is off-line trained using the training data generated by the widely used Spalart–Allmaras(SA) turbulence model before the Optimal Brain Surgeon(OBS) is employed to determine the relevancy of input features.Using the selected relevant features, a fully connected ANN model is constructed. The performance of the developed ANN model is numerically tested in the framework of DG for RANS, where the‘‘DG+ANN" method provides robust and steady convergence compared to the ‘‘DG+SA" method. The results demonstrate the promising potential to develop a general turbulence model based on artificial intelligence in the future given the training data covering a large rang of flow conditions.     

Non-fragile switched H_∞ control for morphing aircraft with asynchronous switching

This paper deals with the problem of non-fragile linear parameter-varying(LPV) H_∞ control for morphing aircraft with asynchronous switching.The switched LPV model of morphing aircraft is established by Jacobian linearization approach according to the nonlinear model.The data missing is taken into account in the link from sensors to controllers and the link from controllers to actuators,which satisfies Bernoulli distribution.The non-fragile switched LPV controllers are constructed with consideration of the uncertainties of controllers and asynchronous switching phenomenon.The parameter-dependent Lyapunov functional method and mode-dependent average dwell time(MDADT) method are combined to guarantee the stability and prescribed performance of the system.The sufficient conditions on the solvability of the problem are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities(LMI).In order to achieve higher efficiency of the designing process,an algorithm is applied to divide the whole set into subsets automatically.Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the method in the paper.     

INTEGRATED GPS/INS OF PSEUDO-RANGE DELTA-RANGE SEMI-PHYSICAL SIMULATION'S RESEARCH

In order to further study the performance of tightly integrated navigation system of GPS/INS, a semi-physical simulation of tightly coupled system has been done based on the data gathered from the experiment of integrated system of GPS and INS. The closed-loop Kalman Filter and U-D discompose algorithm have been used. The simulation results associated to four integrated models of pseudo-range, delta-range, pseudo-range and delta-range alternation, and pseudo-range and delta-range synthesis have been provided, and the actual effects of variously integrated models have been analyzed. The results show that the pseudo-range and delta-range synthesis coupled model is the most effective to improve the coupled system performance and the individual delta-range coupled model had better be avoided in application.     

结冰区流场特征一致的混合缩比翼型设计

提出了一种基于翼型前缘范围流场相似的多控制点混合缩比翼型优化设计方法:以前缘局部范围内的空间流场特征相同为目标,采用多目标遗传优化算法结合翼型参数化、多控制点、网格自适应技术及CFD,进行了不同工况下的混合缩比翼型设计,分别通过低湍流度风洞及结冰风洞对翼型的气动性能及积冰过程进行了实验。设计及实验结果表明:该混合缩比翼型与对应的全尺寸翼型在前缘15%弦长范围内的压力系数偏差均在5%以内,翼型绕流相似;在相同时间历程内两者的冰型增长及气动特性均具有相同的变化规律。该设计方法可以应用于不同实验状态下的混合缩比翼型的设计,提高多状态下结冰实验效率。     

适用于多迎角结冰试验的混合翼型设计

为突破结冰风洞对翼型模型尺寸的限制,提出了一种新的混合翼型设计方法,可使用一套混合翼型模拟原始翼型在不同迎角下的结冰试验,弥补了以往混合翼型只能在单个设计迎角下使用的缺陷.方法采用多段翼的形式设计混合翼型,以多目标迎角等结冰试验条件作为设计输入,优化设计主翼外形和襟翼的位置、偏转角度,利用襟翼位置和偏转角度的变化实现混...     

Robust design of NLF airfoils

 A robust optimization design approach of natural laminar airfoils is developed in this paper. First, the non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) free form deformation method based on NURBS basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. Second, aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving Navier-Stokes equations, and the γ-Re_θt transition model coupling with shear-stress transport (SST) turbulent model is introduced to simulate boundary layer transition. A numerical simulation of transition flow around NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to test the code. The comparison between numerical simulation results and wind tunnel test data approves the validity and applicability of the present transition model. Third, the optimization system is set up, which uses the separated particle swarm optimization (SPSO) as search algorithm and combines the Kriging models as surrogate model during optimization. The system is applied to carry out robust design about the uncertainty of lift coefficient and Mach number for NASA NLF-0115 airfoil. The data of optimized airfoil aerodynamic characteristics indicates that the optimized airfoil can maintain laminar flow stably in an uncertain range and has a wider range of low drag.     

民用飞机翼面冰形的工程修正

翼面结冰是威胁飞行安全的重要因素之一。以数值模拟结冰为基础,进行了翼型结冰的工程修正方面的研究。运用结冰分析软件Sadrice,对不同状态下的不同翼型进行表面冰形数值模拟。结合结冰风洞试验结果,对影响冰形的参数进行了变参研究,得到了最有效的修正方法。对现有对流换热系数经验公式进行线性修正,使修正对流换热系数经验公式后的预测冰形和冰风洞试验结果之间能够较好地吻合,最终总结出了一套工程修正数值模拟冰形的方法。     

飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟

提出了一种适用于各种结冰气象条件下飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟方法。结合欧拉坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动控制方程的计算,对不同气象条件下飞机机翼的结冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了4°攻角NACA-0012翼型表面霜状冰、混合冰及瘤状冰3种冰形。所得冰形与文献中的试验数据和计算结果吻合良好,表明本文方法有效。另外还计算了不同的冰形对机翼升、阻力的影响,结果表明瘤状冰对机翼气动特性的影响最大。      

基于非结构动态网格的翼型积冰过程数值模拟

讨论了积冰气象条件下翼型积冰过程的非结构动态网格数值模拟方法。外部无黏绕流流场采用基于非结构网格的分布式并行计算技术,空间离散采用VanLeer迎风有限体积格式,时间推进为5步显式龙格 库塔方法。采用四阶龙格 库塔方法求解过冷水滴运动轨迹方程,使用了一种合理、简单的物面水积冰量计算方法,提高了计算效率。使用非结构动态网格技术对积冰后的翼型网格进行快速调整。在对NACA0012翼型积冰形状进行校核验证后,对某型飞机在积冰气象条件下飞行时翼型积冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了与参考文献结果相符的冰形特性。     

基于非结构动态网格的翼型积冰过程数值模拟

讨论了积冰气象条件下翼型积冰过程的非结构动态网格数值模拟方法.外部无黏绕流流场采用基于非结构网格的分布式并行计算技术,空间离散采用VanLeer迎风有限体积格式,时间推进为5步显式龙格-库塔方法.采用四阶龙格-库塔方法求解过冷水滴运动轨迹方程,使用了一种合理、简单的物面水积冰量计算方法,提高了计算效率.使用非结构动态网格技术对积冰后的翼型网格进行快速调整.在对NACA0012翼型积冰形状进行校核验证后,对某型飞机在积冰气象条件下飞行时翼型积冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了与参考文献结果相符的冰形特性.     

冰形表面粗糙度对翼型的失速特性影响分析

结冰翼型气动影响分析是飞机结冰问题重要的研究内容之一,可帮助进行飞机结冰安全分析和容冰设计.为填补现阶段关于冰形表面粗糙度对翼型气动影响的研究空缺,以冰形的粗糙度参数(冰形表面粗糙高度和冰形表面粗糙分散度)为依据,提出了一种冰形粗糙度叠加方法;并通过有限体积法求解空间离散的RANS方程,结合S-A湍流模型,分别针对流线...     

Rotor airfoil aerodynamic design method and wind tunnel test verification

Well-designed airfoil is very important for high-performance rotor. This paper developed an efficient multi-objective and multi-constraint optimization design system for rotor airfoils based on RANS analysis, and verified the performance of the optimized airfoil. Using CRA09-A as the baseline rotor airfoil, the CRA09-B optimized rotor airfoil was designed successfully. Combined with the foundation of high-precision rotor airfoil stationary test technology, the CRA09-B and CRA09-A rotor airfoils were tested in the S3MA high-speed wind tunnel of ONERA. In order to correct the aerodynamic data, a single parameter linear wall pressure method is used to consider the tunnel effects. The results indicate that multi-objective and multi-constraint optimization design method developed in this study is reliable, and that CRA09-B optimized airfoil provides better stationary performance than CRA09-A airfoil in terms of maximum lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio.     

运输机翼型结冰的计算和实验

采用数值计算和结冰风洞实验相结合的手段,对某运输机机翼剖面缩比翼型的结冰特性进行了研究.结冰实验在气动中心0.3m×0.2m结冰风洞中进行,实验模型为弦长0.18m的层流翼型.翼型的绕流流场通过求解低速黏流的时均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程得到,采用拉格朗日法计算水滴撞击特性,在此基础上,求解结冰热力学模型...