Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.     

A study on turbulence transportation and modification of Spalart–Allmaras model for shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow

It is of great significance to improve the accuracy of turbulence models in shock-wave/ boundary layer interaction flow. The relationship between the pressure gradient, as well as the shear layer, and the development of turbulent kinetic energy in impinging shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flow at Mach 2.25 is analyzed based on the data of direct numerical simulation(DNS). It is found that the turbulent kinetic energy is amplified by strong shear in the separation zone and the adverse pressure gradient near the separation point. The pressure gradient was non-dimensionalised with local density, velocity, and viscosity. Spalart–Allmaras(S–A) model is modified by introducing the non-dimensional pressure gradient into the production term of the eddy viscosity transportation equation. Simulation results show that the production and dissipation of eddy viscosity are strongly enhanced by the modification of S–A model. Compared with DNS and experimental data, the wall pressure and the wall skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity profile of the modified S–A model are obviously improved. Thus it can be concluded that the modification of S–A model with the pressure gradient can improve the predictive accuracy for simulating the shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.     

Hypersonic shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a sharp cone/flare model

A direct numerical simulation of hypersonic Shock wave and Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction(STBLI) at Mach 6.0 on a sharp 7° half-angle circular cone/flare configuration at zero angle of attack is performed. The flare angle is 34° and the momentum thickness Reynolds number based on the incoming turbulent boundary layer on the sharp circular cone is Re_θ = 2506. It is found that the mean flow is separated and the separation bubble occurring near the corner exhibits unsteadiness. The Reynolds analogy factor changes dramatically across the interaction, and varies between 1.06 and 1.27 in the downstream region, while the QP85 scaling factor has a nearly constant value of 0.5 across the interaction. The evolution of the reattached boundary layer is characterized in terms of the mean profiles, the Reynolds stress components, the anisotropy tensor and the turbulence kinetic energy. It is argued that the recovery is incomplete and the near-wall asymptotic behavior does not occur for the hypersonic interaction. In addition, mean skin friction decomposition in an axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer is carried out for the first time. Downstream of the interaction, the contributions of transverse curvature and body divergence are negligible, whereas the positive contribution associated with the turbulence kinetic energy production and the negative spatial-growth contribution are dominant. Based on scale decomposition, the positive contribution is further divided into terms with different spanwise length scales. The negative contribution is analyzed by comparing the convective term, the streamwise-heterogeneity term and the pressure gradient term.     

激波/平板湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟

采用理性GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型,模拟了激波/平板湍流边界层干扰现象,结果表明:计算所得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型分布均与实验值吻合很好,并且比较准确地预报出了入射斜激波与平板湍流边界层干扰所引起的边界层分离点和再附点等流动特性.由此表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型能够准确地用来模拟激波/平板湍流边界层的干扰流动.      

对称交叉激波和湍流边界层相互作用的数值研究

针对两种双尖鳍外形的对称交叉激波与湍流边界层相互作用,采用N-S方程和两种湍流模型进行了计算。研究了网格收敛性、鳍的角度和湍流模型对壁面压强、Stanton数和壁面摩擦力线的影响。弱相互作用的计算结果较好,强相互作用的壁面压强和摩擦力线的计算结果与试验吻合较好,而Stanton数的计算结果较差,峰值高达试验的2.5倍左右。随着鳍的角度的增加,壁面压强和Stanton数的分布从单调分布发展为M型分布,两者的峰值不在相同的位置。湍流模型对壁面压强和壁面摩擦力线影响很小,对Stanton数计算的影响很大,SST模型比BSL模型表现好一些。     

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

展向振荡对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

周期振荡作为一种有效的壁面流动控制手段受到广泛关注,而其对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响目前鲜有研究。本文采用高精度直接数值模拟（DNS）方法对马赫数2.9、12°激波入射角、强振荡下的激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了系统研究。通过与无振荡工况的定量比较,揭示了展向强振荡对干扰区内复杂流动结构的影响规律及作用机制,如分离泡尺度、物面压力脉动非定常特性、物面剪切的非定常特性及统计特征等。研究发现：在展向强振荡作用下,分离点位置提前,间歇区长度增大;同时由于分离泡内强黏性耗散的影响,展向振荡的穿透高度约为分离泡高度的4%,因而对流动结构不会产生实质影响。但展向强振荡会对壁面附近流动造成显著影响,如强振荡诱导的壁面展向速度远大于流向速度,造成流向剪切与展向剪切之间夹角的概率密度函数峰值从0°偏移到80°~90°之间。物面压力及剪切本征正交分解分析表明,展向振荡会导致模态能量从低阶模态向高阶模态转移,降低低频运动的能量占比,增强再附后Görtler涡等壁面附近旋涡结构的强度。     

非对称交叉激波和湍流边界层相互作用的数值研究

针对7°×11°双尖鳍外形的非对称交叉激波与湍流边界层相互作用,采用Navier-Stokes方程和5种湍流模型进行了计算.主要考察对壁面压强、热传导、绝热壁面温度和壁面摩擦力线分布的计算精度.计算结果表明:两道斜激波相交后的区域的壁面压强和热传导都比较高;计算的压强和壁面摩擦力线与试验吻合很好,绝热壁面温度次之,热传导最差,峰值高达试验的3倍左右.湍流模型对壁面压强和壁面摩擦力线影响很小,对绝热壁面温度和热传导影响很大.在5种湍流模型中,TNT(turbulent/non-turbulent)和SST(shear-stress transport)模型表现较好.      

温度梯度对平板边界层转捩影响的数值模拟

为了研究温度梯度对边界层转捩的影响,在对有/无压力梯度的T3系列平板转捩实验进行数值模拟获得满意结果的基础上,对原型实验进行重新设计,以在平板边界层内形成不同温度梯度并进行数值模拟。计算结果表明随着温度梯度的增大,转捩位置向下游推延发生,平板相同位置边界层的形状参数和壁面切应力系数也相应大幅增高,边界层湍流脉动得到抑制,这是因为温度梯度形成的密度分层,湍流能量为了克服因为密度分层形成的法向浮力而被逐渐耗散,但是温度梯度对转捩影响与其它流动特性对转捩的影响相比较弱。     

膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,30°激波角的入射激波与膨胀角湍流边界层干扰问题进行了数值研究。入射激波在壁面上的名义入射点固定在膨胀角角点,膨胀角角度分别取为0°、2°、5°和10°。通过改变膨胀角角度,考察了膨胀效应对干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律和作用机制,如分离泡、物面压力脉动特性、膨胀区湍流边界层和物面剪切应力脉动场等。研究发现,膨胀角角度的增大使得分离区流向长度和法向高度急剧降低,尤其是在强膨胀效应下分离泡形态呈现整体往下游偏移的双峰结构。物面压力脉动功率谱结果表明,膨胀角为2°和5°时,分离激波的非定常运动仍表征为大尺度低频振荡,而膨胀角为10°,强膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡,加速了下游再附边界层物面压力脉动的恢复过程。膨胀区湍流边界层雷诺剪切应力各象限事件贡献和出现概率呈现逐步恢复到上游湍流边界层的趋势,Görtler-like流向涡结构展向和法向尺度变化剧烈,同时在近壁区将诱导生成大量小尺度流向涡。此外,物面剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,膨胀效应的影响体现在低阶模态能量的急剧降低从而使得高阶模态的总体贡献相对升高。     

Shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction and its control

The interaction between a shock wave and a boundary layer often leads to extremely detrimental effects, especially if the shock is strong enough to separate the boundary layer. When this happens, there occurs a rapid growth of the dissipative region along with a dramatic intensifying of turbulent fluctuations with the frequent occurrence of buffeting. In the present review some fundamental properties of the interaction are first considered for a two-dimensional, adiabatic flow developing on a flat surface. The following features are first examined: upstream interaction length, incipient shock-induced separation and evolution of the boundary layer properties during the interaction process. Supersonic and transonic flows are both considered. In a second part, the means envisaged to control shock/boundary layer interactions are presented, with emphasis on the physics of phenomena involved in this process. Control methods can be classified into two categories: those acting on the boundary layer properties before it enters the shock region (e.g. wall cooling, wall mass transfer, upstream blowing) and those having a local action in the shock foot region itself (e.g. suction or injection, boundary layer removal, passive control). The most appropriate technique depends on the specific application under consideration. Finally, some calculation methods are briefly presented, most of them being restricted to laminar interactions.     

应用GAO-YONG湍流模式数值模拟三维激波/湍流边界层干扰

应用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模式数值模拟了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰算例之一——单鳍流动.攻角20°,来流马赫数2.93,雷诺数9.8×105.对流项和扩散项分别采用Roe格式和二阶中心差分格式计算.Runge-Kutta显示时间推进方法求解了半离散的控制方程.包括壁面压力分布,边界层内流动偏移角等在内的计算值与试验数据进行了比较.准确地预测出了三维激波/湍流边界层干扰流场的主要流动特性——λ波结构,主分离涡核,膨胀区,滑移线等.计算与Alvi等提出的单鳍流动的理论模型符合很好,得到了平板表面压力以及分离线、再附线等在单鳍流动中所独有的半圆锥特性.      

等离子体气动激励控制超声速边界层分离的实验研究

等离子体气动激励与超声速气流相互作用已成为高速流动控制领域的研究热点。激波与边界层相互作用现象广泛存在于超声速飞行器之中。本文进行了等离子体气动激励控制压缩角区和激波诱导边界层分离的实验,通过流场纹影显示和壁面静压测量,研究等离子体气动激励如何影响激波、激波如何影响边界层特性的科学问题。实验结果表明:施加毫秒量级表面电弧放电能够前移压缩角区的诱导斜激波,使分离区后移,分离区域增加,但激波强度减弱,流场总压增加;施加微秒量级表面电弧放电能够抑制激波诱导边界层分离,使分离区减小,流场总压减小。基于实验结果,认为毫秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为放电过程的焦耳热效应;微秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为焦耳热效应和冲击波效应共同作用。     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are me...     

转捩对压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰分离泡的影响

为了研究转捩对压缩拐角内分离泡结构的影响,进行了来流马赫数2.9,24°压缩拐角激波/转捩边界层干扰的直接数值模拟（DNS）。通过在拐角上游平板的不同流向位置处添加周期性吹吸扰动激发流动转捩,使得转捩不同阶段进入拐角入口,从而在拐角内产生激波/转捩边界层的相互干扰。计算得到的平均速度剖面、壁面压力分布以及分离泡大小与风洞试验及以往直接数值模拟结果吻合较好,验证了计算结果的可靠性。研究了转捩过程对角部干扰区内分离泡结构的影响规律,分析比较了不同转捩阶段下角部分离区内湍动能的生成、耗散和分配机制。研究结果表明：转捩初期的拟序涡结构对分离泡尺度及形状影响最大,发卡涡包在角部拐点附近发生展向融合,并在角部区域形成湍流斑,此时分离泡尺度最小,形状呈现中间高两边低的山峰型。随着转捩的发展,分离区内湍动能生成和近壁区的耗散逐步降低,此时输运项起到了主要的平衡作用。     

激波/湍流边界层干扰物面剪切应力统计特性

为了揭示激波/湍流边界层干扰区内物面剪切应力统计特性的演化规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、12°激波角的入射激波与平板湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了研究。通过与风洞试验数据的比较分析,验证了计算结果的可靠性。系统地探究了干扰区内物面剪切应力的典型特征,如预乘谱、概率密度分布和相干结构等。研究结果表明,分离激波的低频振荡运动对流向及展向分量的预乘谱均没有实质影响,其脉动仍以高频特征为主,低频能量变化较小。干扰区内流向剪切应力概率密度函数分布变化剧烈,分离泡内对数正态分布规律不再适用,而展向剪切应力在干扰区内与正态分布较为接近。相较于上游湍流边界层,分离泡内物面剪切应力矢量夹角与幅值的联合概率密度变化显著,峰值概率降低,峰值范围增大。此外,流向剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,主能量模态与分离激波的低频振荡以及下游再附边界层内的Görtler-like流向涡结构密切相关。     

超声速湍流边界层中横向声速喷流的混合LES/RANS模拟

通过对超声速湍流边界层中横向声速喷流的计算,对一种混合大涡/雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(LES/RANS)模拟方法进行了测试,该方法采用一个依赖于到壁面的距离及当地湍流参数的混合函数结合两方程k-ω SST(shear stress transport)湍流模型和混合尺度亚格子模型来封闭湍流项.计算结果表明:混合模拟方法能够捕捉到喷流/湍流边界层相互干扰的非定常大尺度结构,且对分离区长度、壁面静压峰值和膨胀区静压分布的计算精度要高于RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方法.      

高温化学非平衡湍流边界层脉动量象限分析

高超声速飞行器在较低空域以极高马赫数飞行时，表面会同时存在湍流与化学非平衡流动，但目前针对此类高温化学非平衡湍流边界层流动特性的研究工作还比较有限，对不同湍流特征的主导流动机制的认识还有待于进一步深入。选取高超声速楔形体头部斜激波后的流动状态，设置3种不同的壁面温度，通过直接数值模拟对比了不同壁温条件下的边界层参数分布特性，并采用象限分解技术分析了边界层不同象限流动事件对雷诺剪切应力、湍流热流、湍流质量扩散的贡献。结果显示：在整个边界层中上抛和下扫运动对雷诺剪切应力的贡献占优；冷壁效应会使得流向和法向湍流热流通量的主导流动事件在温度峰值两侧发生改变。O原子组分流向湍流组分扩散主要受到高质量分数流体慢速运动事件和低质量分数流体快速运动事件的影响，而法向湍流组分扩散则主要受到高质量分数流体向上运动事件和低质量分数流体向下运动事件的影响。     

高超声速钝头体边界层转捩试验

为研究高超声钝头体边界层转捩以及头部钝度对转捩的影响,在FD-14和FD-14A两座激波风洞中开展了热流、压力扰动和高速纹影显示等综合测量。试验结果表明,转捩雷诺数关于钝度雷诺数的变化显示出转捩反转的趋势。压力扰动的功率谱密度（PSD）分析结果以流向离散分布云图形式显示,边界层高速纹影图像显示了第二模态波的发展、湍流的生成和熵层对边界层结构的显著影响。大头部钝度带来的强熵梯度熵层流动对边界层压力扰动频谱特性和流动结构影响显著,在转捩反转机理中起到重要作用。此外,马赫数对转捩的影响不容忽视。